Polymorphic toxins (PTs) are multi-domain proteins primarily involved in competition between bacteria but also involved in pathogenesis when injected in eukaryotic cells.[1][2] They are found in all major bacterial clades.[3]

Bacteria live in complex multispecies communities such as biofilms and human-associated microbiotas. The dynamics and structure of these communities are greatly influenced by interbacterial competition through the secretion of toxic effectors. Bacteria have evolved several systems to outcompete their neighbors by poisoning them through a contact-dependent killing (including effectors of type V and VI secretion systems) or the release of soluble toxins (including colicins) in the environment.

Definition

Polymorphic toxins are bacterial exotoxins which share common features regarding their domain architecture.

Each family of PTs is defined by a conserved N-terminal region associated with diverse C-terminal (CT) toxic domains, which can be found in several other PT families. The fact that toxic domains are shared between several families of PTs is a hallmark of this category of toxins. A pool of more than 150 distinct toxic domains have been predicted by an in silico study. The most frequent toxic activities found among PTs are RNases, DNases, peptidases and protein-modifying activities.[3]

PTs are involved in killing or inhibiting the growth of bacterial competitors lacking the adequate immunity protein. Indeed, in PT systems, a gene encoding a protective immunity protein is always located immediately downstream of the toxin gene. The immunity protein is present in the cytoplasm to protect the toxin producing-cell both from auto-intoxication and from toxin produced by other strains.[4]

Polymorphic toxin families

The most studied PT families encompass colicins, toxic effectors of type V secretion systems, some toxic effectors of type VI secretion systems and MafB toxins.

See also

References

  1. ↑ Hayes, C. S; Koskiniemi, S; Ruhe, Z. C; Poole, S. J; Low, D. A (2014). "Mechanisms and Biological Roles of Contact-Dependent Growth Inhibition Systems". Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine. 4 (2): a010025. doi:10.1101/cshperspect.a010025. PMC 3904093. PMID 24492845.
  2. ↑ Jamet, Anne; Nassif, Xavier (2015). "New Players in the Toxin Field: Polymorphic Toxin Systems in Bacteria". mBio. 6 (3): e00285–15. doi:10.1128/mBio.00285-15. PMC 4436062. PMID 25944858.
  3. 1 2 Zhang, Dapeng; De Souza, Robson F; Anantharaman, Vivek; Iyer, Lakshminarayan M; Aravind, L (2012). "Polymorphic toxin systems: Comprehensive characterization of trafficking modes, processing, mechanisms of action, immunity and ecology using comparative genomics". Biology Direct. 7: 18. doi:10.1186/1745-6150-7-18. PMC 3482391. PMID 22731697.
  4. ↑ Zhang, Dapeng; Iyer, Lakshminarayan M; Aravind, L (2011). "A novel immunity system for bacterial nucleic acid degrading toxins and its recruitment in various eukaryotic and DNA viral systems". Nucleic Acids Research. 39 (11): 4532–52. doi:10.1093/nar/gkr036. PMC 3113570. PMID 21306995.
  5. ↑ Willett, Julia L.E; Ruhe, Zachary C; Goulding, Celia W; Low, David A; Hayes, Christopher S (2015). "Contact-Dependent Growth Inhibition (CDI) and CdiB/CdiA Two-Partner Secretion Proteins". Journal of Molecular Biology. 427 (23): 3754–65. doi:10.1016/j.jmb.2015.09.010. PMC 4658273. PMID 26388411.
  6. ↑ Koskiniemi, S; Lamoureux, J. G; Nikolakakis, K. C; t'Kint De Roodenbeke, C; Kaplan, M. D; Low, D. A; Hayes, C. S (2013). "Rhs proteins from diverse bacteria mediate intercellular competition". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 110 (17): 7032–7. Bibcode:2013PNAS..110.7032K. doi:10.1073/pnas.1300627110. PMC 3637788. PMID 23572593.
  7. ↑ Brooks, Teresa M; Unterweger, Daniel; Bachmann, Verena; Kostiuk, Benjamin; Pukatzki, Stefan (2013). "Lytic Activity of the Vibrio cholerae Type VI Secretion Toxin VgrG-3 is Inhibited by the Antitoxin TsaB". Journal of Biological Chemistry. 288 (11): 7618–25. doi:10.1074/jbc.M112.436725. PMC 3597803. PMID 23341465.
  8. ↑ Ma, Jiale; Pan, Zihao; Huang, Jinhu; Sun, Min; Lu, Chengping; Yao, Huochun (2017). "The Hcp proteins fused with diverse extended-toxin domains represent a novel pattern of antibacterial effectors in type VI secretion systems". Virulence. 8 (7): 1189–1202. doi:10.1080/21505594.2017.1279374. PMC 5711352. PMID 28060574.
  9. ↑ Jamet, Anne; Jousset, Agnès B; Euphrasie, Daniel; Mukorako, Paulette; Boucharlat, Alix; Ducousso, Alexia; Charbit, Alain; Nassif, Xavier (2015). "A New Family of Secreted Toxins in Pathogenic Neisseria Species". PLOS Pathogens. 11 (1): e1004592. doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1004592. PMC 4287609. PMID 25569427.
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