There are several prefixes in the Hebrew language which are appended to regular words to introduce a new meaning. In Hebrew, the letters that form those prefixes are called "formative letters" (Hebrew: אוֹתִיּוֹת הַשִּׁמּוּשׁ, Otiyot HaShimush). Eleven of the twenty-two letters of the Hebrew alphabet are considered Otiyot HaShimush. These letters are Aleph (א), Bet (ב), He (ה), Vav (ו), Yud (י), Kaf (כ), Lamed (ל), Mem (מ), Nun (נ), Shin (ש), and Tav (ת). A mnemonic to remember these letters is איתן משה וכלב (Eitan, Moshe, v'Kalev), which translates to "Ethan, Moses, and Caleb."

Otiyot HaShimush

Prefixes in Hebrew serve multiple purposes. A prefix can serve as a conjunction, preposition, definite article, or interrogative. Prefixes are also used when conjugating verbs in the future tense and for various other purposes.

Conjunctions

Prefix Meaning Comments Examples
ו‎ (Vav) and Vav-conjunctive (cf. Vav-consecutive) can make the "v" sound (/v/) or the "u" sound (/u/).
If it is used with other prefixes, this is always the first prefix.

In front of ב, פ and מ waw (ו) is read as "u" sound.

  • וְהוּא‎ v'hu[1] (and he)
  • וּבַיוֹם‎ uvayom[2] (and on the day)

Inseparable prepositions

Prefix Meaning Comments Examples
ל‎ (Lamed) to, for The Inseparable Prepositions are pointed:
  1. Normally with Sheva.
  2. Before a Sheva they take Chirik.
  3. Before יְ‎ they take Chirik, but the Sheva under the י‎ falls away.
  4. Before a T'nua Chatufa they assume the corresponding short vowel.
  5. Before אֶלֹהִים‎ they take Tzere and the T'nua Chatufa under the א‎ disappears.
  1. לְמֶלֶךְ‎ l'melekh (to a king)
  2. לִמְלָכִים‎ lim'lokhim (to kings)
  3. לִיהוּדָה‎ lihudah (to Judah)
  4. לַאֲרִי‎ la'ari (to the lion)
  5. לֵאלֹהִים‎ lelohim (to Gods)
ב‎ (Bet) in, with, by
  1. בְּמֶלֶךְ‎ b'melekh (in a king)
  2. בִּמְלָכִים‎ bim'lokhim (in kings)
  3. בִּיהוּדָה‎ bihudah (in Judah)
  4. בַּאֲרִי‎ ba'ari (in a lion)
  5. בֵּאלֹהִים‎ belohim (in Gods)
כ‎ (Kaf) as, like
  1. כְּמֶלֶךְ‎ k'melekh (as a king)
  2. כִּמְלָכִים‎ kim'lokhim (as kings)
  3. כִּיהוּדָה‎ kihudah (Like Judah)
  4. כַּאֲרִי‎ ka'ari (Like a lion)
  5. כֵּאלֹהִים‎ kelohim (Like Gods)

Other prepositions

Prefix Meaning Comments Examples
מ‎ (Mem) from/of/out of
  1. Before ordinary letters (excluding the gutturals and ר‎) it is מִ‎ followed by a Dagesh Chazak.
  2. Before gutturals and ר‎ it is מֵ‎.
  3. Before the definite article (ה‎) it is מֵ‎ as in 2, and the article remains intact; or it becomes מִן‎ plus ה‎.
  1. מִמֶּלֶךְ‎ mimelekh (from a king)
  2. מֵאָדָם‎ me'adam (from a man)
  3. מֵהַמֶּלֶךְ‎ mehamelekh (from the king), or
    מִן הַמֶּלֶךְ‎ min hamelekh

Definite article

Prefix Meaning Comments Examples
ה‎ (He) the Before ordinary letters (i.e. excluding gutturals and ר‎) it is הַ‎ followed by a Dagesh Chazak.
  • הַמֶּלֶךְ‎ hamelekh (the king)
Before the weaker gutturals א‎ and ע‎, as well as ר‎, it is הָ‎.
  • הָאוֹר‎ ha'or (the light)
  • הָעַיִן‎ ha'ayin (the eye)
  • הָרֹאשׁ‎ harosh (the head)
Before the harsh gutturals ה‎ and ח‎ it is הַ‎.
  • הַהוֹד‎ hahod (the glory)
  • הַחֹשֶׁךְ‎ hachoshekh (the darkness)
Before an unaccented הָ‎ and עָ‎ and always before חָ‎ it is הֶ‎.
  • הֶהָרִים‎ heharim (the mountains)
  • הֶעָפָר‎ he'afar (the dust)
  • הֶחָכָם‎ hechakham (the wise)
Before an accented הָ‎ and עָ‎ it is הָ‎.
  • הָהָר‎ hahar (the mountain)
  • הָעָז‎ ha'az (the strong)
  • When used with the Bet, Kaf or Lamed prepositional prefix it is omitted; instead the vowel on the preposition is changed.
  • If He is used with other prefixes, the He is always the last prefix before the root.
  • וּבַיוֹם‎ uvayom[3] (and on the day: note that the ve (on) combines with the ha (the) to become va (on the)).

Interrogative

Prefix Meaning Comments Examples
ה‎ (He) ...? Used to indicate a question. Can usually be distinguished from the definite article because it is vowelized with a chataf patach
  • הֲבֵן יַקִּיר לִי?‎ haven yaqir li?[4] (Is he my most precious son?)

Conjugation of verbs

Prefix Meaning Comment Examples
א‎ (Alef) I will When prefixed to a verb stem, indicates first person, singular, future tense. I will.
  • אֹסָמַךְ‎ 'osamak (I will uphold)
י‎ (Yud) He/They will When prefixed to a verb stem, indicates third person, future tense. (Number and gender depend on suffixes.) He will or They will.
  • יֺסָמַךְ‎ yosamak (he will uphold)
  • יֺסָמַכוּ‎ yosamaku (they will uphold)
נ‎ (Nun) We will When prefixed to a verb stem, indicates first person, plural, future tense. We will.
  • נֺסָמַךְ‎ nosamak (we will uphold)
ת‎ (Tav) She/You/They will When prefixed to a verb stem, indicates one of the following:
  • third person, singular, feminine, future tense. She will
  • second person, future tense. (Number and gender depend on suffixes.) You will
  • In biblical Hebrew, third person, plural, feminine, future tense. They will
  • תֹּסָמַךְ‎ tosamak (she/you will uphold)
  • תֹּסָמַכוּ‎ tosamaku (you (pl.) will uphold)
  • תֹּסָמַכנָה שָׂרוֹת‎ tosamakna sarot[5] (the women of the nobility will uphold)

Other uses

Prefix Meaning Comments Examples
שׁ‎ (Shin) that, which, who, whom
  • שֶׁקָּרָה‎ sheqara (which happened)
  • שֶׁעָשׂוּ‎ she'asu [6] (who performed)
ו‎ (Vav) changes past tense to future tense and vice versa Used mostly in Biblical Hebrew as vav-consecutive (compare vav-conjunctive). Pronounced "va" when changing future tense to past tense. Usually pronounced "v'" or "u" when changing past tense to future tense.
  • וַיֹּאמֶר‎ vayomer [7] (and he said)
compare yomar [8] (he will say)
  • וְאָהַבְתָּ‎ ve'ahavta [9] (you shall love)
compare ahavta [10] (you loved)

Non Otiyot HaShimush

European languages had a large stock of prefixes for technical terminology mostly taken from Greek and Latin. While Hebrew traditionally did not use this kind of prefixes, professionals in the Yishuv who started to teach and work in Hebrew were used to this terminology, and incorporated most of these prefixes into Hebrew. Meanwhile, people working on revitalising the language coined some Hebrew parallels, so today those foreign and Hebrew prefixes are used interchangeably.

Prefix Origin Hebrew Meaning Examples
ex-
אֶקְס-‎		 Latin - former
  • אֶקְסְפּוֹזִיצְיָה‎ eqspozitzya exposition
un-/non-
אַנ-‎/נוֹנ-‎		 English/ Latin אִי-‎ i[11]
אָל-‎ al		 negation
  • אִי-אַלִּימוּת‎ i-alimut non-violence
  • נוֹנְקוֹנְפוֹרְמִיזְם‎ nonqonformizm nonconformism
  • אָל-מַתֶּכֶת‎ al-matechet nonmetal
in-/il-/im-/ir- Latin אִי-‎ i not, opposite of
  • אִירַצְיוֹנָלִי‎ iratzyonali irrational
a-
אָ-‎		 Greek - lacking in, lack of
  • אָפּוֹלִיטִי‎ apoliti apolitical
  • אָ-מִינִי‎ a-mini asexual
prae-
פְּרֵ-‎		 Latin טְרוֹם-‎ trom
קְדַם-‎ qdam		 before
  • פְּרֵהִיסְטוֹרִי‎ prehistori prehistoric
  • טְרוֹם-לֵידָתִי‎ terom-ledati (pre-birth/delivery of a baby) prenatal
  • קְדַם-סוֹקְרָטִית‎ qedam-soqratit Pre-Socratic
post-
פּוֹסְט-‎		 Latin אַחַרְ-‎ aḥar
בָּתַר-‎ batar		 after
  • בָּתַר-מִקְרָאִי‎ batar-miqra'i post-old-testamental
pro-
פְּרוֹ-‎		 Greek - for, on the side of
  • פְּרוֹגְנוֹזָה‎ prognoza prognosis
inter-
אִינְטֶר-‎		 Latin בֵּין-‎ ben between, among
  • אִינְטֶרְנַצְיוֹנָל‎ internatzyonal international
  • בֵּינְלְאֻמִּי‎ benle'umi international
  • אִינְטֶרְנֶט‎ internet internet
intra-
אִינְטְרָ-‎		 Latin תּוֹךְ-‎ tokh
פְּנִים-‎ pnim		 inside
  • אִינְטְרָנֶט‎ intranet intranet
para-
פָּרָ-‎		 Greek - beside, beyond
  • פָּרַפְּלֶג‎ parapleg paraplegic
homo-
הוֹמוֹ-‎		 Greek - same
  • הוֹמוֹסֶקְסוּאָלִיּוּת‎ homoseqsualiyut homosexuality
hetero-
הֵטֵרוֹ-‎
(often shortened hetro)		 Greek - different
  • הֵטֵרוֹסֶקְסוּאָלִיּוּת‎ heteroseqsualiyut heterosexuality
di-/bi-
-/בּי		 Greek/Latin דּוּ-‎ du two
  • דּוּ-תַּחְמֹצֶת‎ du-tachmotzet (means: di-oxide) dioxide
  • דּוּ-לְשׁוֹנִי‎ du-leshoni (means: bi-lingual) bilingual
  • בִּיסֶקְסוּאָל‎ biseksual (means: bi-sexual) bisexual
geo-
גֵּאוֹ-‎		 Greek - relating to the earth or its surface
  • גֵּאוֹתֶרְמִי‎ geotermi geothermal
retro-
רֶטְרוֹ-‎		 Latin - backwards
  • רֶטְרוֹאַקְטִיבִי‎ retroaqtivi retroactive
semi-
סֶמִי-‎		 Latin דְמוּי-‎ dmui-
חַצִי-‎ ḥatsi-		 half, similar to-
  • סֶמִיטְרֵיְלֶר‎ semitreyler semitrailer
hemi-
הֶמִי-‎		 Greek חֲצִי‎ ḥatsi- half
  • הֶמִיסְפֶרָה‎ hemisfera hemisphere
  • חֲצִי-סְפֶרָה‎ ḥatsi-sfera hemisphere
  • הַחְלָפַת חֲצִי-מִפרָק‎ haḥlafat ḥatsi mifrak hemi-arthroplasty
electro-
אֶלֶקְטְרוֹ-‎		 Greek - electric, electricity
  • אֶלֶקְטְרוֹאֶנְצֶפָלוֹגְרָף‎ eleqtroentzfalograf electroencephalograph (EEG)
anti-
אַנְטִי-‎		 Greek - opposite
  • אַנְטִיכְּרִיסְט‎ antikrist Antichrist
  • אַנְטִי-חֹמֶר‎ anti-chomer antimatter
infra-
אִינְפְרָה-‎		 Latin תַּת-‎ tat below, beneath
  • אִינְפְרָה-אָדֹם‎ infra-adom infrared
mono-
מוֹנוֹ-‎		 Greek חַד-‎ chad one, sole, only
  • מוֹנוֹלוֹג‎ monolog monologue
  • חַד-לְשׁוֹנִי‎ chad-leshoni monolingual
uni-
אוּנִי-‎		 Latin חַד-‎ chad one, whole
  • חַד-אוֹפַן‎ chad-ofan (lit. uni-wheel) unicycle
poly-
פּוֹלִי-‎		 Greek רַב-‎ rav many
  • פּוֹלִיגַמְיָה‎ poligamya polygamy
multi-
מוּלְטִי-‎		 Latin רַב-‎ rav many
  • מוּלְטִימֶדְיָה‎ multimedya multimedia
  • רַב-לְשׁוֹנִי‎ rav-leshoni multilingual
tele-
טֶלֶ-‎		 Greek - at a distance
  • טֶלֶסְקוֹפּ‎ telesqop telescope
super-
סוּפֶּר-‎		 Latin עַל-‎ al- over, above, more than, better
  • סוּפֶּרְנוֹבָה‎ supernova supernova
  • עַל-טִבְעִי‎ al-tiv'i supernatural
hyper-
הִיפֶּר-‎ (soft i)		 Greek - extra specially, over, high
  • הִיפֶּרְאַקְטִיבִי‎ hiperaqtivi hyperactive
tri-
טְרִי-‎ (soft i)		 Greek תְּלַת‎ tlat three
  • טְרִיאַתְלוֹן‎ triatlon triathlon
  • תְּלַת אוֹפַן‎ tlat-Ofan (lit. three-wheel) tricycle
re-
רֶ-‎		 Latin - again, back
  • רֶאוֹרְגָּנִיזַצְיָה‎ reorganizatzya reorganization
  • רֶה-אִרְגּוּן‎ re-irgun reorganization
  • רֶבִיזְיָה‎ revizya revision
sub-סַאבּ-‎ Latin תַּת-‎ tat under, lower than, less than
  • תַּת-מוּדָע‎ tat-muda subconscious
extra-
אֶקְסְטְרָ-‎		 Latin חוּץ-‎ chutz outside
  • חוּץ-תָּאִי‎ chutz-tai extracellular
  • אֶקְסְטְרָטֶרִיטוֹרְיָאלִי‎ eqstrateritoryali extraterritorial
neo-
נֵאוֹ-‎		 Greek - new
  • נֵאוֹלוֹגִיזְם‎ neologizm neologism
proto- Greek אָב-‎ av
קְדַם-‎ qedam		 first, original, father
  • אַבְטִיפּוּס‎ avtipus prototype
socio-
סוֹצְיוֹ-‎ sots'io		 French - society, social, sociological
  • סוֹצְיוֹלִינְגְּוִיסְטִיקָה‎ sotzyolingvistiqa sociolinguistics
hydro-
הִידְרוֹ-‎		 Greek - relating to water, or using water
  • הִידְרוֹאֶלֶקְטְרִי‎ hidroeleqtri hydroelectric
hypo-
הִיפּוֹ-‎		 Greek - under or below something, low
  • הִיפּוֹגְלִיקֶמְיָה‎ hipogliqemya hypoglycemia
iso-
אִיזוֹ-‎/אִיסוֹ-‎ izo/iso		 Greek - equal
  • אִיזוֹטוֹפּ‎ izotop isotope
meta-
מֶטָ-‎		 Greek - after, along with, beyond, among
  • מֶטָבּוֹלִיזְם‎ metabolizm metabolism
mega-
מֶגָ-‎		 Greek - very large, million
  • מֶגָהֶרְץ‎ megahertz megahertz
micro-
מִיקְרוֹ-‎		 Greek - minute size, 1/1,000,000
  • מִיקְרוֹסְקוֹפּ‎ miqrosqop microscope
trans-
טְרַנְס-‎		 Latin - across
  • טְרַנְסְאַטְלַנְטִי‎ transatlanti transatlantic
idio-
אִידְיוֹ-‎		 Greek - individual, personal, unique
  • אִידְיוֹמָטִי‎ idyomati idiomatic
pyro-
פִּירוֹ-‎		 Greek - fire
  • פִּירוֹמֶטֶר‎ pirometer pyrometer
  • פִּירוֹמָן‎ piroman pyromaniac
re- שִׁ-‎ she again
  • שִׁכְתוּב‎ shechtuv rewrite
auto-
אוֹטוֹ-‎		 Greek - self
  • אוֹטוֹמָטִי‎ otomati automatic

See also

References

  1. ↑ Genesis 3:16.
  2. ↑ Exodus 12:16.
  3. ↑ Exodus 12:16.
  4. ↑ Jeremiah 31:19.
  5. ↑ Esther 1:18.
  6. ↑ Ecclesiastes 2:11.
  7. ↑ Genesis 1:6.
  8. ↑ Genesis 31:8.
  9. ↑ Leviticus 19:18.
  10. ↑ Genesis 22:2.
  11. ↑ 1 Samuel, 4:21
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