Pro-Gastrin-Releasing-Peptide, also known as Pro-GRP, is a Gastrin-Releasing-Peptide (GRP) precursor, a neurotransmitter that belongs to the bombesine/neuromedin B family. GRP stimulates the secretion of gastrin in order to increase the acidity of the gastric acid. Pro-GRP is a peptide composed of 125 amino acids, expressed in the nervous system and digestive tract.[1][2] It is also important to not confused with progastrin, consisting of 80 amino acids, precursor of gastrin in its intracellular version and oncogene in its extracellular version (hPG80).[3][4]

The presence of GRP in lung cancer samples was identified in 1983.[5] In pathological situations, GRP has mitogenic activity in vitro in many tumors such as pancreatic, small cell lung (SCLC), prostate, kidney, breast and colorectal cancers.[6][7][8][9] GRP could operate as an autocrine growth factor. In cancers, GRP induces cell growth and inhibits apoptosis by shutting down the endoplasmic reticulum stress pathway.[10] The mechanisms of the impacted signal pathways have not been established.[11]  As early as 1994, research on Pro-GRP as a biomarker for small cell lung cancer began.[12] Because of the very short half-life of GRP (2 minutes), the Pro-GRP is used for measurements and analysis. Since then, Pro-GRP has been used as a tumor marker for patients with small cell lung cancer (SCLC) in limited and extended stages.[13]

References

  1. ↑ Dumesny, Chelsea; Patel, Oneel; Lachal, Shamilah; Giraud, Andrew S.; Baldwin, Graham S.; Shulkes, Arthur (2006). "Synthesis, expression and biological activity of the prohormone for gastrin releasing peptide (ProGRP)". Endocrinology. 147 (1): 502–509. doi:10.1210/en.2005-0574. ISSN 0013-7227. PMID 16223866.
  2. ↑ Saurin, Jc; Némoz-Gaillard, E; Ratineau, C; Chayvialle, Ja; Abello, J (2000). "Le neuropeptide bombésine module la prolifération et l'invasion tumorale". Médecine/Sciences. 16 (8–9): 929. doi:10.4267/10608/1760. hdl:10608/1760. ISSN 1958-5381.
  3. ↑ Verena, D. Huebner; Roulan, JiangS; Terry D., Lee; Kassu, Legesse; Takeshi, AzumiQ (April 2, 1990). Purification and Structural Characterization of Progastrin-derived Peptides from a Human Gastrinoma (PDF). THE JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY.
  4. ↑ You, Benoit; Mercier, Frédéric; Assenat, Eric; Langlois-Jacques, Carole; Glehen, Olivier; Soulé, Julien; Payen, Léa; Kepenekian, Vahan; Dupuy, Marie; Belouin, Fanny; Morency, Eric (2020). "The oncogenic and druggable hPG80 (Progastrin) is overexpressed in multiple cancers and detected in the blood of patients". EBioMedicine. 51: 102574. doi:10.1016/j.ebiom.2019.11.035. PMC 6938867. PMID 31877416.
  5. ↑ Bhatnagar, M.; Springall, D. R.; Ghatei, M. A.; Burnet, P. W. J.; Hamid, Q.; Giaid, A.; Ibrahim, N. B. N.; Cuttitta, F.; Spindel, E. R.; Penketh, R.; Rodek, C. (1988-07-01). "Localisation of mRNA and co-expression and molecular forms of GRP gene products in endocrine cells of fetal human lung". Histochemistry. 90 (4): 299–307. doi:10.1007/BF00495974. ISSN 0301-5564. PMID 3068217. S2CID 12060289.
  6. ↑ Uchida, Kazuhiro; Kojima, Akira; Morokawa, Nasa; Tanabe, Osamu; Anzai, Chieko; Kawakami, Makio; Eto, Yoshikatsu; Yoshimura, Kunihiko (2002-12-01). "Expression of progastrin-releasing peptide and gastrin-releasing peptide receptor mRNA transcripts in tumor cells of patients with small cell lung cancer". Journal of Cancer Research and Clinical Oncology. 128 (12): 633–640. doi:10.1007/s00432-002-0392-8. ISSN 0171-5216. PMID 12474049. S2CID 23764903.
  7. ↑ Preston, Shaun R.; Miller, Glenn V.; Primrose, John N. (1996). "Bombesin-like peptides and cancer". Critical Reviews in Oncology/Hematology. 23 (3): 225–238. doi:10.1016/1040-8428(96)00204-1. PMID 8842591.
  8. ↑ Moody, Terry W.; Chan, Daniel; Jensen, Jan Fahrenkrug and Robert T. (2003-01-31). "Neuropeptides as Autocrine Growth Factors in Cancer Cells". Current Pharmaceutical Design. 9 (6): 495–509. doi:10.2174/1381612033391621. PMID 12570813. Retrieved 2020-08-03.
  9. ↑ Patel, Oneel; Dumesny, Chelsea; Giraud, Andrew S.; Baldwin, Graham S.; Shulkes, Arthur (2004). "Stimulation of proliferation and migration of a colorectal cancer cell line by amidated and glycine-extended gastrin-releasing peptide via the same receptor". Biochemical Pharmacology. 68 (11): 2129–2142. doi:10.1016/j.bcp.2004.08.009. PMID 15498503.
  10. ↑ Li, Xinqiu; Zhang, Litang; Ke, Xianzhu; Wang, Yuming (2013). "Human gastrin-releasing peptide triggers growth of HepG2 cells through blocking endoplasmic reticulum stress-mediated apoptosis". Biochemistry (Moscow). 78 (1): 102–110. doi:10.1134/S0006297913010136. ISSN 0006-2979. PMID 23379566. S2CID 18293652.
  11. ↑ "Gastrin-releasing peptide gene-associated peptides are expressed in normal human fetal lung and small cell lung cancer: A novel peptide family found in man". Lung Cancer. 5: 10. 1989. doi:10.1016/0169-5002(89)90319-x. ISSN 0169-5002.
  12. ↑ "Pro-gastrin-releasing peptide (PROGRP) as a specific tumor marker in patients with small cell lung carcinoma (SCLC)". Lung Cancer. 11: 45. 1994. doi:10.1016/0169-5002(94)93944-6. ISSN 0169-5002.
  13. ↑ Cavalieri, Stefano; Morelli, Daniele; Martinetti, Antonia; Galli, Giulia; Nichetti, Federico; de Braud, Filippo; Platania, Marco (2018). "Clinical implications for pro-GRP in small cell lung cancer. A single center experience". The International Journal of Biological Markers. 33 (1): 55–61. doi:10.5301/ijbm.5000305. hdl:2434/551868. ISSN 1724-6008. PMID 28967066.
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