The liver plays the major role in producing proteins that are secreted into the blood, including major plasma proteins, factors in hemostasis and fibrinolysis, carrier proteins, hormones, prohormones and apolipoprotein:
Major plasma proteins
All plasma proteins except Gamma-globulins are synthesised in the liver.[1]
- Human serum albumin, osmolyte and carrier protein
- α-fetoprotein, the fetal counterpart of serum albumin
- Soluble plasma fibronectin, forming a blood clot that stops bleeding
- C-reactive protein, opsonin on microbes,[2] acute phase protein
- Various other globulins
Factors in hemostasis and fibrinolysis
- Stimulators of coagulation:
- Inhibitors of coagulation: Inactivate an enormous variety of proteinases
- Fibrinolysis: Breakdown of fibrin clots
- Inhibitors of fibrinolysis
- Complement components C1-9, complement component 3 (C3)
Carrier proteins
- Albumin, carries thyroid hormones and other hormones, particularly fat soluble ones, fatty acids to the liver, unconjugated bilirubin, many drugs and Ca2+
- Ceruloplasmin, carries copper
- Transcortin, carries cortisol, aldosterone and progesterone
- Haptoglobin, carries free hemoglobin released from erythrocytes
- Hemopexin, carries free heme released from hemoglobin
- IGF binding protein, carries insulin-like growth factor 1
- Major urinary proteins, carries pheromones in rodents
- Retinol binding protein, carries retinol
- Sex hormone-binding globulin, carries sex hormones, specifically testosterone and estradiol
- Thyroxine-binding globulin, carries the thyroid hormones thyroxine (T4) and 3,5,3’-triiodothyronine (T3)
- Transthyretin, carries the thyroid hormone thyroxine (T4)
- Transferrin, carries iron ions in the ferric form (Fe3+)
- Vitamin D-binding protein, carries vitamin D
Hormones
- FGF21, a protein hormone that induces mitochondrial oxidation of fatty acids, hepatic gluconeogenesis, and ketogenesis in response to fasting.
- Hepcidin, a peptide hormone that regulates iron homeostasis.
- Insulin-like growth factor 1, a polypeptide protein hormone which plays an important role in childhood growth and continues to have anabolic effects in adults
- Thrombopoietin, a glycoprotein hormone that regulates the production of platelets by the bone marrow
Prohormones
- Angiotensinogen, when converted to angiotensin causes vasoconstriction and release of aldosterone, in effect increasing blood pressure
Apolipoproteins
- Almost all apolipoprotein, except apo B48 (produced by intestine)
References
General reference for the list of included substances (but not their functions):
- Table 45–4 in: Walter F., PhD. Boron (2003). Medical Physiology: A Cellular And Molecular Approaoch. Elsevier/Saunders. p. 1300. ISBN 1-4160-2328-3.
Other:
- ↑ Miller, L. L.; Bale, W. F. (February 1954). "Synthesis of all plasma protein fractions except gamma globulins by the liver; the use of zone electrophoresis and lysine-epsilon-C14 to define the plasma proteins synthesized by the isolated perfused liver". The Journal of Experimental Medicine. 99 (2): 125–132. doi:10.1084/jem.99.2.125. ISSN 0022-1007. PMC 2180344. PMID 13130789.
- ↑ Lippincott's Illustrated Reviews: Immunology. Paperback: 384 pages. Publisher: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; (July 1, 2007). Language: English. ISBN 978-0-7817-9543-2. Page 182
- ↑ BRS Pathology 5th Edition, pg. 196
- ↑ Robbins Basic Pathology 9th Edition, Chapter 11
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