Pyramidal signs indicate that the pyramidal tract is affected at some point in its course. Pyramidal tract dysfunction can lead to various clinical presentations such as spasticity, weakness, slowing of rapid alternating movements, hyperreflexia, and a positive Babinski sign.[1]

The presence of these phenomena is nearly always connected with hyperreflexia and some authors think that we can not count them as a pathological reactions at all. Their existence on lower extremity is more serious that on the upper ones. The most common reason for irritative phenomena is a lesion of a central motoneuron, but in the presence of asymmetrical findings then a diagnosis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis should be considered.

Pyramidal signs occur as a normal phenomena until the age of 2, when the myelinization is finished, and so under this age they aren't considered pathological.

Pathophysiology

The upper motor neurons from the central nervous system descend through the pyramidal tracts (i.e., corticospinal tracts), connecting the brain and spinal cord and help in controlling voluntary movement of muscles.[2]

Irritative phenomena on the upper extremity

Babinski sign

The irritative phenomena are present if there is visible flection of the thumb, which goes to opposition:

  • Hoffmann's sign – The patient's middle finger is flicked from the nail side down using the examiners index finger. (see video)
  • Tromner's sign - The patient's middle finger is flicked from underneath using the examiner's index finger. (see video)
  • Juster's sign – A sharp implement is pricked into the hypothenar eminence.

Irritative phenomena on the lower extremity

Extension

Extension phenomena are positive if the great toe dorsiflexes (goes up) following the stimulus:

  • Babinski reflex: The plantar aspect of the foot is gently stimulated in a line starting a few centimeters distal to the heel and extended to a point just behind the toes, and then turned medially across the transverse arch. This is done slowly over 5-6 seconds.
  • Roche's sign: Similar to Babinski but done on the external part of the foot.
  • Chaddock's phenomen: Reaction on sharp irritation on the outer ankle.
  • Vitek's sign: Repeatedly scrape the tip of big toe.

Flexion

These phenomena are positive if the toes of the foot flex:

  • Rossolimo – The ball of the foot is struck using a tendon hammer. (see video)

Clinical significance

Parkinsonian-Pyramidal syndrome (PPS) is a combination of both pyramidal and parkinsonian signs that manifest in various neurodegenerative diseases.[3]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Grant, Gerald A.; Xu, Linda; Ellenbogen, Richard G. (2018). "3 - Clinical Evaluation of the Nervous System". Principles of Neurological Surgery (Fourth ed.). doi:10.1016/B978-0-323-43140-8.00003-2. ISBN 978-0-323-43140-8.
  2. ↑ Rogers, Laura; Wong, Eric. "Cerebral palsy". www.pathophys.org. McMaster Pathophysiology Review. Retrieved 9 September 2020.
  3. ↑ Tranchant, Christine; Koob, Meriam; Anheim, Mathieu (June 2017). "Parkinsonian-Pyramidal syndromes: A systematic review". Parkinsonism & Related Disorders. 39: 4–16. doi:10.1016/j.parkreldis.2017.02.025. PMID 28256436.

Further reading

  • Nevšímaová, Růžička, Tichý (2005), Neurologie (book), yes (1st ed.), ISBN 80-7262-160-2{{citation}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  • Jedlička, Keller (2005), Speciální neurologie (book), yes (1st ed.), ISBN 80-7262-312-5
  • Ambler (2011), Základy neurologie (book) (7th ed.), ISBN 978-80-7262-707-3
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