pyridynes
Pyridynes

Pyridyne in chemistry is the pyridine analogue of benzyne.[1] Pyridynes are the class of reactive intermediates derived from pyridine. Two isomers exist, the 2,3-pyridine (2,3-didehydropyridine) and the 3,4-pyridyne (3,4-didehydropyridine). The reaction of 3-bromo-4-chloropyridine with furan and lithium amalgam gives 1,4-epoxy-dihydroquinoline through the 2,3-pyridyne intermediate. The reaction of 4-bromopyridine with sodium in liquid ammonia gives both 3-aminopyridine and 4-aminopyridine through the 3,4-pyridyne intermediate and an E1cB-elimination reaction.[2]

History

Pyridynes were first postulated by Levine and Leake in 1955.[3] In 1969 Zoltewicz and Nisi trapped 3,4-pyridyne in a reaction of 3-bromopyridine with methylmercaptan and sodium amide in ammonia. The methylthio and amino pyridines were found to be formed in the same ratio.[4]

In 1972 Kramer and Berry inferred the formation of 3,4-pyridyne in gas-phase photolysis of pyridine-3-diazonium-4-carboxylate via time-of-flight mass spectrometry. The dimer compound diazabiphenylene was detected.[5] In 1988 Nam and Leroy reported the matrix isolation (13K, Ar) of 3,4-pyridyne by photolysis of 3,4-pyridinedicarboxylic anhydride with the IR-spectrum revealing an acetylenic bond in the same way as ortho-benzyne.

Scope

Strategies involving pyridynes have been employed in the total syntheses of ellipticine[6][7] and (S)-Macrostomine.[8]

References

  1. ↑ Handbook of Heterocyclic Chemistry, (2010) y, Alan R. Katritzky,Christopher A. Ramsden,J. Joule,Viktor V. Zhdankin
  2. ↑ Heterocyclic Chemistry, (2001) Malcolm Sainsbury
  3. ↑ Levine, R.; Leake, W. W. (1955). "Rearrangement in the Reaction of 3-Bromopyridine with Sodium Amide and Sodioacetophenone". Science. 121 (3152): 780. Bibcode:1955Sci...121..780L. doi:10.1126/science.121.3152.780. PMID 17773207.
  4. ↑ Zoltewicz, John A.; Nisi, Carlo (1969). "Trapping of 3,4-Pyridyne by Thiomethoxide Ion in Ammonia". The Journal of Organic Chemistry. 34 (3): 765–766. doi:10.1021/jo01255a072.
  5. ↑ Kramer, Jerry; Berry, R. Stephen (1972). "Gaseous 3,4-Pyridyne and the Formation of Diazabiphenylene". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 94 (24): 8336–8347. doi:10.1021/ja00779a010.
  6. ↑ Synthesis and Diels-Alder reactions of 1,3-dimethyl-4-(phenylsulfonyl)-4H-furo[3,4-b]indole. A new annulation strategy for the construction of ellipticine and isoellipticine Gordon W. Gribble, Mark G. Saulnier, Mukund P. Sibi, and Judy A. Obaza-Nutaitis The Journal of Organic Chemistry 1984 49 (23), 4518-4523 doi:10.1021/jo00197a039
  7. ↑ Total syntheses of ellipticine alkaloids and their amino analogues Original Research Article Tetrahedron, Volume 48, Issue 48, 27 November 1992, Pages 10645-10654 Chin-Kang Sha, Jeng-Fenn Yang doi:10.1016/S0040-4020(01)88360-5
  8. ↑ A Five-Step Synthesis of (S)-Macrostomine from (S)-Nicotine Monica F. Enamorado, Pauline W. Ondachi, and Daniel L. Comins Organic Letters 2010 12 (20), 4513-4515 doi:10.1021/ol101887b
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