Quality of Nationality Index
Logo as of 2018
AuthorChristian Kälin and Dimitry Kochenov
LanguageEnglish
Release number
2007
PublisherHenley & Partners
Websitenationalityindex.com

The Quality of Nationality Index (QNI) ranks the quality of nationalities based on internal and external factors.[1] Each nationality receives an aggregated score based on economic strength, human development, ease of travel, political stability and overseas employment opportunities for their citizens.[2] The QNI was created by Dimitry Kochenov and Christian Kälin, chairman of Henley & Partners.

Significance

The phenomenon of being a native of any country was described as 'a birthright lottery' by Ayelet Shachar, Professor of Law, Political Science, and Global Affairs at the University of Toronto.[3] At the same time, the QNI shows that nationalities diverge greatly in their practical value, which is not always parallel with the characteristics of those countries, such as economic power or level of human development. Applying the methodology of the QNI, some economically strong countries have relatively unattractive nationalities. For example, Indian nationality shares 106th place with Senegalese nationality (2017 data). By contrast, some small countries have nationalities of larger value, such as those of Lithuania and Romania, which are ranked 22nd and 25th respectively in the QNI 2017.

The QNI is frequently cited by media organisations such as Forbes, Bloomberg, The Enquirer and Business Standard.[4][5][6][7]

QNI world map

Methodology

The QNI takes a quantitative approach to determine the value of a nationality based on seven parameters, comprising both internal value (40%) and external value (60%). Three parameters reflect the internal value of a nationality: human development (15%), economic strength (15%), and peace and stability (10%). Four parameters reflect the external value of a nationality: diversity of travel freedom (15%), weight of travel freedom (15%), diversity of settlement freedom (15%), and weight of settlement freedom (15%).[8]

Most nationalities of the world, as well as EU citizenship, are included in the ranking. Not included are fantasy passports and nationalities of non-recognized states such as micronations, Abkhazia, South Ossetia, and Somaliland.[9] All nationalities receive a score from 0% to 100%.[10]

Weighted distribution of factors to calculate the QNI score

Internal parameters and sources

The data is aggregated from various objective sources. The internal factors present the quality of life and opportunities for personal growth within the country of origin of the holder of nationality.[11]

Human Development

Human Development is measured using the United Nations Development Programme Human Development Index (HDI). The HDI was developed by Pakistani economist Mahbub ul Haq and Indian economist Amartya Sen, and used to measure countries' development by the United Nations Development Program (UNDP). The index is based on the human development approach, developed by Ul Haq, often calculated in terms of whether people are able to "be" and "do" desirable things in life, such as being well fed, sheltered, and healthy, or doing work, education, voting, participating in community life. Consequently, this index centres on three different human development areas: life expectancy at birth, expected years of education, and standard of living.

The QNI normalizes the HDI scores of the countries with which a particular nationality is associated to a 0-15% scale. The nationality of the highest-scoring country on the HDI gets the full 15% score, with the other nationalities being ranked proportionately.[12][13]

Economic Strength

Economic strength of a nationality is based on the Gross domestic product (GDP) at Purchasing power parity (PPP) of each country. It is calculated from data provided by the International Monetary Fund. If there is no reliable Purchasing power parity data available, non-PPP data from the World Bank are used.[14][15] GDP at PPP scores are normalized to a 0-15% scale, the largest economy receiving the full 15% score.

Peace and Stability

Peace and Stability are calculated using data by the annual Global Peace Index (GPI), published by the Institute for Economics and Peace.[16] Peace and stability accounts for 10% of the total QNI General Ranking scale. The nationality associated with the most peaceful country receives the full 10%, and others are ranked proportionately on the basis of the ranking scale used by the GPI.[17]

External parameters and sources

External factors identify the quality and diversity of opportunities the holder of a nationality can pursue outside their country of origin.[18]

Diversity of travel freedom

Diversity of travel freedom is based on how many destinations the holder of a particular nationality can visit without a visa or with a visa-on-arrival for short-term tourism or business purposes.[19] The data is taken from the International Air Transport Association (IATA). The diversity of travel freedom accounts for 15% of the total QNI General Ranking scale.

Weight of travel freedom

Weight of travel freedom evaluates the quality of the travel freedom the holder of a nationality has without a visa or with a visa-on-arrival for short term visits. Unlike Diversity of Travel Freedom, which looks only at the number of destinations, weight of travel freedom looks at the value of having visa-free or visa-on-arrival travel access to a particular country. This value is based on the Human Development (50%) and Economic Strength (50%) of each country destination.[20] This is based on the presumption that for most people, having visa-free access to certain countries is of higher value than having visa-free access to others. Weight of travel freedom accounts for 15% of the total QNI General Ranking scale.[21]

Diversity of settlement freedom

Diversity of settlement freedom is based on the number of foreign countries in which the holder of a nationality can freely settle for at least 360 days with automatic access to work there.[22] Diversity of settlement freedom accounts for 15% of the total QNI General Ranking scale. The most advanced example of a regional organization which allows nationals of its member states to freely settle in each of the other member states is the European Union, but other regional organizations which include free settlement are Mercosur, the Gulf Cooperation Council, and the Economic Community of West African States. Outside such regional organizations, Georgia is the only country that allows almost all foreigners to freely settle and work in its country.[23]

Weight of settlement freedom

Weight of settlement freedom evaluates the quality of the settlement freedom of the holder of a nationality, by looking at the Human Development (50%) and Economic Strength (50%) of the countries to which the nationality holder has settlement access. Weight of settlement freedom accounts for 15% of the total QNI General Ranking scale.

Results

As of 2017, French nationality is ranked the best in the world, according to the latest edition of the Quality of Nationality Index (QNI),[24][25] earning a score of 81.7% out of a possible 100%, just ahead of Germany.[26] While the difference between the scores for France and Germany are small, France's comparative advantage lies in its greater settlement freedom, attributable mainly to the country's former colonial empire.[27]

French nationality remained the best in the world according to the 2018 edition of the Quality of Nationality Index, earning a score of 83.5% out of a possible 100%, fractionally ahead of Germany and the Netherlands.[28]

Full ranking (210 total nations)

RankCitizenshipScore
1 France83.5%
2 Germany82.8%
 Netherlands
4 Australia81.7%
5 Norway81.5%
6 Iceland81.4%
7 Finland81.2%
8 Italy80.7%
9 United Kingdom80.3%
10 Ireland80.2%
11 Spain80.0%
12  Switzerland79.8%
 Belgium
14 Austria79.7%
15 Czech Republic79.0%
 Portugal
 Luxembourg
18 Liechtenstein78.9%
19 Slovenia78.6%
20 Malta77.6%
21 Hungary77.5%
 Slovakia
23 Greece77.3%
24 Estonia77.1%
25 Poland77.0%
 Lithuania
 Latvia
28 Cyprus75.3%
29 Romania75.2%
30 Bulgaria75.0%
31 Croatia73.8%
32 United States70.0%
33 Japan58.4%
34 Gibraltar56.0%
35 Canada55.3%
36 Chile55.2%
37 Singapore55.1%
38 New Zealand54.8%
39 Argentina54.5%
40 Brazil54.3%
41 South Korea54.2%
42 Jersey53.3%
43 Guernsey53.2%
 Isle of Man
45 Monaco52.5%
46 Andorra51.6%
47 San Marino51.4%
48 Malaysia51.0%
49 Uruguay50.5%
50 United Arab Emirates50.3%
51 Brunei Darussalam49.2%
52 Hong Kong48.9%
53 Antigua and Barbuda47.7%
54 Saint Kitts and Nevis47.5%
55 Paraguay46.8%
56 Israel46.7%
57 Barbados46.3%
 Saint Vincent
59 Seychelles46.2%
60 Taiwan46.1%
61 Mexico45.7%
 Iraq
63 Peru45.6%
64 Bahamas45.5%
 Costa Rica
 Qatar
67 Saudi Arabia45.2%
68 People's Republic of China44.3%
 Venezuela
70 Dominica43.9%
71 Panama41.7%
72 Macao43.8%
73 Trinidad and Tobago43.3%
 Colombia
75 Palau42.7%
76 Serbia42.1%
77 Russian Federation42.0%
78 Marshall Islands41.8%
79 Montenegro40.9%
80 Federated States of Micronesia40.2%
81 El Salvador39.7%
82 Samoa39.7%
83 North Macedonia39.3%
84 Honduras39.2%
85 Ecuador39.1%
 Guatemala
87 Kuwait39.0%
88 Bosnia and Herzegovina38.8%
89 Albania38.7%
 Tonga
91 Moldova38.6%
 Tuvalu
93 Nicaragua38.5%
94 Ukraine38.2%
95 Turkey37.7%
96 Georgia37.5%
97 Vanuatu37.1%
 Qatar
 Oman
100 Kiribati36.6%
101 Solomon Islands36.5%
102 Saudi Arabia36.2%
103 Bahrain36.1%
104 Bolivia35.8%
105 Kazakhstan35.7%
106 South Africa35.0%
107 Belarus34.8%
108 Cape Verde34.2%
109 Belize34.1%
110 Ghana33.9%
111 Guyana33.6%
112 Fiji33.2%
113 Suriname33.1%
 Timor-Leste
115 Botswana33.0%
 Maldives
117 Thailand32.4%
118 India32.2%
 Gambia
120 Nauru32.0%
 Jamaica
122 Indonesia31.8%
 Benin
124 Armenia31.7%
125 Sierra Leone31.3%
 Senegal
127 Israel31.0%
128 Latvia30.8%
129 Kyrgyzstan30.6%
130 Togo30.3%
131 Dominican Republic30.2%
132 Azerbaijan30.1%
133 Namibia30.0%
 Côte d’Ivoire
 Cuba
136 Tunisia29.9%
 Guinea
138 Burkina Faso29.8%
139 Uzbekistan29.3%
 Mongolia
141 Guinea-Bissau28.8%
142 Papua New Guinea28.7%
143 Liberia28.6%
144 Morocco28.1%
 Nigeria
146 Philippines27.9%
 Tajikistan
148 Mali27.8%
 Swaziland
150 Zambia27.6%
151 Bhutan27.5%
152 Niger27.4%
 Algeria
154 Tanzania27.0%
155 Kenya26.9%
156 Jordan26.8%
 Gabon
 Vietnam
159 Turkmenistan26.7%
160 Lesotho26.6%
161 Malawi26.4%
162 Sri Lanka26.2%
 Iran
164 Sao Tome25.8%
165 Egypt25.7%
166 Kosovo25.3%
 Laos
168British Nationals (Overseas)25.2%
169 Lebanon25.1%
 Uganda
British overseas territories citizenship
172 Zimbabwe24.9%
173 Equatorial Guinea24.8%
174 Cambodia24.6%
175 Madagascar24.5%
176 Angola24.2%
 Comoros
178 Mauritania24.1%
179 Bangladesh23.6%
 Haiti
181 Rwanda23.3%
 Republic of the Congo
 Mozambique
184 Sudan23.1%
 Myanmar
186   Nepal23.0%
187 North Korea22.9%
188British Overseas citizenship22.6%
British Subjects
British protected persons
191 Cameroon22.4%
192 Libya21.7%
 Djibouti
194 Chad20.7%
195 Burundi20.0%
196 Ethiopia19.9%
197 Iraq19.4%
198 Pakistan19.0%
199 Palestine18.9%
200 Eritrea18.8%
201 Democratic Republic of the Congo18.0%
202 Central African Republic17.6%
203 Yemen17.2%
204 Syrian Arab Republic16.8%
205 South Sudan15.9%
206 Afghanistan15.4%
207 Somalia13.8%
208 Channel Islands0%

Top 10 nations (2018)

Country 2018 2010 2016 2015 2014 2013
 France 1
83.5%
1
81.7%
2
82.4%
7
80.9%
8
80.8%
3
81.3%
 Germany 2
82.8%
2
81.6%
1
82.7%
1
83.1%
1
83.1%
1
83.1%
 Netherlands 2
82.8%
5
80.8%
8
79.7%
9
80.3%
10
80.4%
7
80.3%
 Denmark 3
81.7%
4
80.9%
2
82.4%
2
83.0%
2
82.8%
2
81.7%
 Norway 4
81.5%
6
80.4%
5
81.0%
4
81.7%
5
81.2%
4
80.9%
 Sweden 4
81.5%
7
80.0%
9
81.2%
5
81.6%
4
81.7%
5
80.8%
 Iceland 5
81.4%
3
81.5%
3
81.3%
5
81.6%
6
81.1%
4
80.9%
 Finland 6
81.2%
8
79.2%
6
80.7%
3
82.0%
3
82.2%
3
81.3%
 Italy 7
80.7%
8
79.2%
7
79.9%
13
79.8%
13
80.0%
8
80.2%
 United Kingdom 8
80.3%
11
80.2%
11
80.7%
8
80.4%
7
80.5%
7
80.2%
 Ireland 9
80.2%
9
79.0%
11
79.4%
6
81.0%
5
81.2%
6
80.4%
 Spain 10
80.0%
9
80.5%
10
80.8%
11
79.6%
10
79.6%
11
80.2%
References [29]

References

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  2. Kochenov, Dimitry; Lindeboom, Justin (October 2017). "Empirical Assessment of the Quality of Nationalities: The Quality of Nationality Index (QNI)". European Journal of Comparative Law and Governance. 4 (4): 314–336. doi:10.1163/22134514-00404007. SSRN 3053624.
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  5. "Where the Super-Rich go to buy their second Passport". Bloomberg. 2018-08-17. Retrieved 2018-08-17.
  6. "World's best Nationalities for 2017 revealed". The Enquirer. 2018-08-17. Retrieved 2018-08-17.
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