Durand oak
Foliage and ripening acorns of Quercus sinuata var. sinuata, commonly called Durand oak.
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Fagales
Family: Fagaceae
Genus: Quercus
Species:
Q. sinuata

Variety:
Q. s. var. sinuata
Trinomial name
Quercus sinuata var. sinuata
Combined natural ranges of Quercus sinuata var. sinuata and Quercus sinuata var. breviloba.

Quercus sinuata var. sinuata, commonly called Durand oak, is a variety of Quercus sinuata, a species of oak tree[1] that grows in parts of the southern United States and northeastern Mexico.[2]

The common name Durand white oak most often refers to this taxon.[3] The less specific common name bastard oak may refer to either of the two varieties of Quercus sinuata, var. sinuata and var. breviloba. Other common names include bastard white oak and bluff oak, but these names more often refer to Quercus austrina.[4] For clear differentiation in common reference, American Forests uses bluff oak to mean Quercus Austrina,[5] Durand oak[6] to mean Quercus sinuata var. sinuata and Bigelow oak[7] to mean Quercus sinuata var. breviloba, a shrubby variety of Quercus sinuata distinguished in part from var. sinuata by its habit of forming clonal colonies in parts of its range.[8][9]

Description

Historical description

Quercus sinuata 12. foliis sinuatis laevibus obtusis supra pallidis, subtus subglaucis, glandibus mediocribus globosis calyce subplano.[10]

Quercus sinuata 12. Smooth, sinuate leaves, broadly rounded or blunt at the tip, pale above and almost blue-green with a whitish bloom on the underside, acorns moderately spherical with almost flat cupules.

Taxonomy

Monochromatic portrait photograph of Elias Durand
Elias Durand, Philadelphia botanist after whom Durand oak is named

Synonymous names for this taxon include Quercus durandii Buckley (1861) and Quercus undulata Engelm. (1878). Because it was given by Samuel Botsford Buckley to name some taxons he believed to be varieties but are now understood to be separate species, the term "durandii" is currently regarded as "nomen confusum."[11] The honorary association with Elias Magloire Durand is preserved in the most widely accepted common name for this taxon, "Durand oak."

Quercus sinuata, first described by Thomas Walter in Flora Caroliniana in 1788, claims no subspecies and only two varieties, var. sinuata and var. breviloba.

Etymology

Quercus sinuata var. sinuata (Latin quercus, "oak" + sinuata, species epithet from nominative feminine singular of Latin sinuatus[12], participle of sinuo, "to bend or bow out in curves"[13] + var. (variety or varietas) sinuata, to distinguish this taxon from the generally more shallowly lobed variety of this species, var. breviloba) is an infraspecific scientific name inspired by the wavy leaf margins characteristic of the taxon.

The common English word "oak," designating a shrub or tree of the genus Quercus, descends from the Proto-Germanic *eiks through the Old English ac, "oak tree," and the Middle English oke.[14] "Durand" honors Philadelphia botanist Elias Durand.[11][15]

Distribution

The Durand oak grows in low, wet areas of Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina and Texas in the southern United States.[16][17]

National champion

The largest known Durand oak in the United States appeared on the National Register of Champion Trees in 2020. Located in Greene County, Alabama, the national champion specimen of Quercus sinuata var. sinuata was nominated in 2020 by Steve Gardiner and crowned on September 27, 2020, when it was last measured. By that time, the champion tree had attained a trunk circumference of 4.6 metres (180 inches), a height of 27 m (90 feet) and a crown spread of 29 m (95 ft).[6] The American Forests formula for assigning point scores to nominated trees, Trunk Circumference (in inches) + Height (in feet) + 1⁄4 Average Crown Spread (in feet), resulted in an overall score of 294 points.[6]

References

  1. ↑ Duncan, Wilbur H.; Marion B. Duncan (1988). Trees of the Southeastern United States. Athens, Georgia: The University of Georgia Press. pp. 275. ISBN 0-8203-1469-2.
  2. ↑ Nixon, Kevin C. (1997). "Quercus sinuata". In Flora of North America Editorial Committee (ed.). Flora of North America North of Mexico (FNA). Vol. 3. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press – via eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO & Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, MA.
  3. ↑ "Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center - The University of Texas at Austin". www.wildflower.org. Retrieved 2021-03-22.
  4. ↑ "Bastard White Oak - Quercus austrina | North Carolina Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox". plants.ces.ncsu.edu. Retrieved 2021-03-22.
  5. ↑ "Bluff Oak (Quercus austrina)". American Forests. 2016-09-15. Retrieved 2021-03-22.
  6. 1 2 3 "Durand Oak (Quercus sinuata var. sinuata)". American Forests. 2020-09-30. Retrieved 2021-03-21.
  7. ↑ "Bigelow Oak (Quercus sinuata var. breviloba)". American Forests. 2016-09-15. Retrieved 2021-03-22.
  8. ↑ "Texas Native Plants Database". aggie-horticulture.tamu.edu. Retrieved 2021-03-21.
  9. ↑ Lance, Ron (2004). Woody Plants of the Southeastern United States: A Winter Guide. Athens, Georgia: University of Georgia Press. p. 280. ISBN 978-0-8203-2524-8.
  10. ↑ Walter, Thomas; Fraser, J.; Wenman, Joseph (1788). Flora caroliniana : secundum systema vegetabilium perillustris Linnaei digesta; characteres essentiales naturalesve et differentias veras exhibens; cum emendationibus numerosis: descriptionum antea evulgatarum: adumbrationes stirpium plus mille continens: necnon, generibus novis non paucis, speciebus plurimis novisq. ornata. Londini: Sumptibus J. Fraser Prostant venales apud J. Wenman, in Vico vulgo dicto Fleet-street.
  11. 1 2 "Quercus sinuata". oaks.of.the.world.free.fr. Retrieved 2021-03-24.
  12. ↑ "sinuata - Wiktionary". en.wiktionary.org. Retrieved 2021-03-24.
  13. ↑ "Charlton T. Lewis, Charles Short, A Latin Dictionary, sĭnŭo". www.perseus.tufts.edu. Retrieved 2021-03-24.
  14. ↑ "oak | Origin and meaning of oak by Online Etymology Dictionary". www.etymonline.com. Retrieved 2021-03-24.
  15. ↑ "Bigelow Oak". www.ctbloom.com. Retrieved 2021-03-24.
  16. ↑ "Quercus sinuata - Trees and Shrubs Online". treesandshrubsonline.org. Retrieved 2021-03-22.
  17. ↑ Nixon, Kevin C. (1997). "Quercus sinuata var. sinuata". In Flora of North America Editorial Committee (ed.). Flora of North America North of Mexico (FNA). Vol. 3. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press – via eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO & Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, MA.
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