| from Rømer | to Rømer | |
|---|---|---|
| Celsius | x °Rø ≘ (x − 7.5) × 40/21 °C | x °C ≘ (x × 21/40 + 7.5) °Rø |
| Fahrenheit | x °Rø ≘ ((x − 7.5) × 24/7 + 32) °F | x °F ≘ ((x − 32) × 7/24 + 7.5) °Rø |
| Kelvin | x °Rø ≘ ((x − 7.5) × 40/21 + 273.15) K | x K ≘ ((x − 273.15) × 21/40 + 7.5) °Rø |
| Rankine | x °Rø ≘ ((x − 7.5) × 24/7 + 491.67) °R | x °R ≘ ((x − 491.67) × 7/24 + 7.5) °Rø |
| For temperature intervals rather than specific temperatures, 1 °Rø = 40/21 °C = 24/7 °F Conversion between temperature scales | ||
The Rømer scale (Danish pronunciation: [ˈʁœˀmɐ]; notated as °Rø), also known as Romer or Roemer, is a temperature scale named after the Danish astronomer Ole Christensen Rømer, who developed for his own use in around 1702. It is based on the freezing point of pure water being 7.5 degrees and the boiling point of water as 60 degrees.[1]: 365
Degree measurements
There is no solid evidence as to why Rømer assigned the value of 7.5 degrees to water's freezing point. One proposed explanation[1]: 367 is that Rømer initially intended the 0-degree point of his scale to correspond to the eutectic temperature of ammonium chloride brine, which was the coldest easily-reproducible temperature at the time and had already been used as the lower fiducial point for multiple temperature scales.[1]: 362 The boiling point of water was defined as 60 degrees. Rømer then saw that the freezing point of pure water was roughly one eighth of the way (about 7.5 degrees) between these two points, so he redefined the lower fixed point to be the freezing point of water at precisely 7.5 degrees. This did not greatly change the scale but made it easier to calibrate by defining it by reference to pure water. Thus the unit of this scale, a Rømer degree, is 100/52.5 = 40/21 of a kelvin or Celsius degree. The symbol is sometimes given as °R, but since that is also sometimes used for the Réaumur and Rankine scales, the other symbol °Rø is to be preferred.
Historical Significance
Rømer's scale would have been lost to history if Rømer's notebook, Adverseria, was not found and published in 1910 and letters of correspondence between Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit and Herman Boerhaave were not uncovered in 1936. These documents demonstrate the important influence Rømer's work had on Fahrenheit, a young maker and seller of barometers and thermometers.[1]
Fahrenheit visited Rømer in Copenhagen in 1708 and while there, became familiar with Rømer's work with thermometers. Rømer also told Fahrenheit that demand for accurate thermometers was high.[2]: 4 The visit ignited a keen interest in Fahrenheit to try to improve thermometers.[3]: 71
By 1713, Fahrenheit was creating his own thermometers with a scale heavily borrowed from Rømer that ranged from 0 to 24 degrees but with each degree divided into quarters.[2]: 31 [4] At some point, the quarter degrees became whole degrees and Fahrenheit made other adjustments to Rømer's scale, modifying the freezing point from 7.5 degrees to 8, which, when multiplied by four, correlates to 32 degrees on Fahrenheit's scale[3]: 73 The 22.5 degree point would have become 90 degrees, however, Fahrenheit rounded this up to 24 degrees–96 when multiplied by 4–in order to make calculations easier.[2]: 20
After Fahrenheit perfected the crafting of his accurate thermometers, their use became widespread and the Fahrenheit scale is still used today in the United States and a handful of other countries.
See also
Notes and references
- 1 2 3 4 Dorsey, N. Ernest (November 15, 1946). "Fahrenheit and Roemer". Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences. Washington Academy of Sciences. 36 (11): 361–372.
- 1 2 3 van der Star, Pieter (1983). Fahrenheit's Letters to Leibniz and Boerhaave (E-book (from hardcover) ed.). Amsterdam: Rodopi. ISBN 978-90-04-62867-0. Retrieved 2 December 2023.
- 1 2 Middleton, W. E. K. (1966). A history of the thermometer and its use in meteorology. Internet Archive. Johns Hopkins Press. ISBN 9780801871535.
- ↑ Roger W. Coltey, Survey of medical technology, University of Michigan, 1978, p. 29.