RIPE Atlas is a global, open, distributed Internet measurement platform, consisting of thousands of measurement devices that measure Internet connectivity in real time.

History

RIPE Atlas was established in 2010 by the RIPE Network Coordination Centre. As of April 2022, it was composed of around 12,000 probes and more than 800 anchors around the world.[1]

Technical details

RIPE Atlas probe (version 4)
  • Measurement types: The measurement devices (probes and anchors) perform IPv4 and IPv6 traceroute, ping, DNS, NTP and other measurements.
  • Atlas Probe device types:
  • Atlas Anchor device types
    • Version 2: Soekris Net6501-70 board in the 1U 19-inch rack-mounted case with additional SSD
    • Version 3: PC Engines APU2C2/APU2C4 in a 1U 19-inch rack-mounted case with additional SSD
  • Probes and Anchors can also be hosted in a virtual machine, which is beneficial for organizations with existing server infrastructure[7][8]
  • The back-end architecture was described in detail in the September 2015 edition of the Internet Protocol Journal [9]

Community

Anyone can volunteer to host a RIPE Atlas probe.[10] Probes are free of charge, low maintenance, and can be plugged in behind a home router or in a data center.

Organisations that want additional RIPE Atlas measurements targeting their network can host a RIPE Atlas anchor.[11]

Tools for visualizing and analyzing RIPE Atlas measurement data are used by network operators for troubleshooting and network monitoring.[12]

Open source software tools, written by RIPE Atlas users, are available in the repository for community contributions on GitHub.[13]

Several hundred individuals also support RIPE Atlas as "ambassadors" by promoting participation and distributing probes. Organizations also support RIPE Atlas as sponsors.[14]

Multiple hackerspaces have installed RIPE Atlas probes and have their own project about displaying the probes presence.[15]

Research papers

All the data collected by RIPE Atlas is open data and is made publicly available to users and the wider Internet community.

  • Impact of the first months of war on routing and latency in Ukraine[16]
  • A worldwide study on the geographic locality of Internet routes[17]
  • Measuring Internet Resilience in Africa[18]
  • Surrounded by the Clouds: A Comprehensive Cloud Reachability Study[19]
  • Pruning Edge Research with Latency Shears[20]
  • Measuring DNS over TLS from the Edge: Adoption, Reliability, and Response Times[21]
  • Processing large-scale Internet topology data to model Autonomous System Networks[22]
  • Poster: Footprint and Performance of Large Cloud Networks[23]
  • Quantifying the Impact of Blocklisting in the Age of Address Reuse[24]
  • Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the Internet latency: a large-scale study[25]
  • (How Much) Does a Private WAN Improve Cloud Performance?[26]
  • Debogonising 2a10::/12. Analysis of one week’s visibility of a new /12[27]
  • Tracking Down Sources of Spoofed IP Packets[28]
  • On the Performance of DNS Resolvers in the IPv6 and ECS Era[29]
  • Roll, Roll, Roll your Root: A Comprehensive Analysis of the First Ever DNSSEC Root KSK Rollover [30]
  • Performance Barriers to Cloud Services in Africa’s Public Sector: A Latency Perspective[31]
  • DNS Observatory: The Big Picture of the DNS[32]
  • Cache Me If You Can: Effects of DNS Time-to-Live[33]
  • Judicious QoS using Cloud Overlays [34]
  • Internet Development in Africa: A Content Use, Hosting and Distribution Perspective[35]
  • Periodic Path Changes in RIPE Atlas[36]
  • Using RIPE Atlas for Geolocating IP Infrastructure[37]
  • Dissecting the Speed-of-Internet of Middle East[38]
  • Cross-AS (X-AS) Internet topology mapping[39]
  • Karaoke: Distributed Private Messaging Immune to Passive Traffic Analysis[40]
  • Radian: Visual Exploration of Traceroutes[41]
  • How to Catch when Proxies Lie: Verifying the Physical Locations of Network Proxies with Active Geolocation [42]
  • A Long Way to the Top: Significance, Structure, and Stability of Internet Top Lists [43]
  • An Empirical Analysis of the Commercial VPN Ecosystem [44]
  • Ensuring a Future for Detecting Internet Disruptions: A Field Survey of the Ecosystem Around Internet Censorship, Disruptions, and Shutdowns [45]
  • Characterizing User-to-User Connectivity with RIPE Atlas [46]
  • Measurement Vantage Point Selection Using A Similarity Metric [47]
  • Disco: Fast, Good, and Cheap Outage Detection[48]
  • Geolocation hints verification using RIPE Atlas [49]
  • Using RIPE Atlas to Evaluate the Locator/Id Separation Protocol [50]
  • Performance Evaluation of Locator/Identifier Separation Protocol through RIPE Atlas [51]
  • Sibyl: A Practical Internet Route Oracle [52]
  • On the Analysis of Internet Paths with DisNETPerf, a Distributed Paths Performance Analyzer [53]
  • Detecting DNS Root Manipulation [54]
  • Measuring, Characterizing, and Avoiding Spam Traffic Costs[55]
  • Internet Performance Measurement Platforms [56]
  • Visualization and Monitoring for the Identification and Analysis of DNS Issues[57]
  • Investigating Interdomain Routing Policies [58]
  • Mapping Peering Interconnections [59]
  • Lessons Learned From Using the RIPE Atlas Platform for Measurement Research [60]
  • Quantifying Interference between Measurements on the RIPE Atlas Platform [61]
  • Are We One Hop Away from a Better Internet? [62]
  • Analyzing the Performance of an Anycast CDN [63]
  • Investigating Interdomain Routing Policies in the Wild [64]
  • Dissecting Last-mile Latency Characteristics
  • Vantage Point Selection for IPv6 Measurements: Benefits and Limitations of RIPE Atlas Tags
  • Network Interference Detection [65]
  • Generating Function For Network Delay [66]

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Global RIPE Atlas Network Coverage". Retrieved 2022-04-24.
  2. ↑ "XPort Pro - World's Smallest Linux Networking Server - Lantronix". lantronix.com. 2014-08-29. Retrieved 2015-11-03.
  3. ↑ Davies, Alun (26 February 2019). "New RIPE Atlas Version 4 Probes". RIPE. Retrieved 2019-03-01.
  4. ↑ "RIPE Atlas Mailinglist, Topic: "V5 probes"".
  5. ↑ "V5 prototype photo from RIPE84".
  6. ↑ "RIPE Atlas Software Probes". atlas.ripe.net. Retrieved 2022-04-24.
  7. ↑ "VM anchor Installation". atlas.ripe.net. Retrieved 2022-04-24.
  8. ↑ "RIPE Atlas: A Global Internet Measurement Network" (PDF). Internet Protocol Journal. 18 (3). September 2015. ISSN 1944-1134.
  9. ↑ "RIPE Atlas Info - RIPE Atlas — RIPE Network Coordination Centre". atlas.ripe.net. Retrieved 2015-11-03.
  10. ↑ "Become a RIPE Atlas Anchor Host - RIPE Atlas — RIPE Network Coordination Centre". atlas.ripe.net. Retrieved 2015-11-03.
  11. ↑ "RIPE Atlas: User Views and Use Cases — RIPE Labs". labs.ripe.net. Retrieved 2015-11-03.
  12. ↑ "RIPE-Atlas-Community/ripe-atlas-community-contrib · GitHub". github.com. Retrieved 2015-11-03.
  13. ↑ "Community - RIPE Atlas — RIPE Network Coordination Centre". atlas.ripe.net. Retrieved 2015-11-03.
  14. ↑ "RIPE Atlas". HackerspaceWiki. Retrieved 2017-02-22.
  15. ↑ Luconi, Valerio; Vecchio, Alessio (April 2023). "Impact of the first months of war on routing and latency in Ukraine". Computer Networks. Elsevier. 224: 109596. arXiv:2208.09202. doi:10.1016/j.comnet.2023.109596.
  16. ↑ Candela, Massimo; Luconi, Valerio; Vecchio, Alessio (December 2021). "A worldwide study on the geographic locality of Internet routes". Computer Networks. Elsevier. 201: 108555. arXiv:2307.08120. doi:10.1016/j.comnet.2021.108555. S2CID 239954817.
  17. ↑ Phokeer, Amreesh; Chege, Kevin; Chavula, Josiah; Elmokashfi, Ahmed; Gueye, Assane (April 2021). "Measuring Internet Resilience in Africa" (PDF). Internet Society (ISOC).
  18. ↑ Corneo, Lorenzo; Eder, Maximilian; Mohan, Nitinder; Zavodovski, Aleksandr; Bayhan, Suzan; Wong, Walter; Gunningberg, Per; Kangasharju, Jussi; Ott, Jörg (November 2020). "Surrounded by the Clouds" (PDF). The Web Conference (WWW) 2021.
  19. ↑ Mohan, Nitinder; Corneo, Lorenzo; Zavodovski, Aleksandr; Bayhan, Suzan; Wong, Walter; Kangasharju, Jussi (November 2020). "Pruning Edge Research with Latency Shears" (PDF). ACM Workshop on Hot Topics in Networks (HotNets) 2020.
  20. ↑ Viet Doan, Trinh; Tsareva, Irina; Bajpai, Vaibhav (November 2020). "Measuring DNS over TLS from the Edge: Adoption, Reliability, and Response Times" (PDF). Passive & Active Measurement (PAM) 2021.
  21. ↑ Bakhshaliyev, Khalid (December 2020). "Processing large-scale Internet topology data to model Autonomous System Networks" (PDF). Dissertation.
  22. ↑ He, Jia; Jiang, Weifan; Gürmeriçliler, Ege; Essig, Georgia; Gupta, Arpit; Calder, Matt; Giotsas, Vasileios; Cunha, Italo; Katz-Bassett, Ethan; Arnold, Todd (2020). "Poster: Footprint and Performance of Large Cloud Networks" (PDF). {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  23. ↑ Ramanathan, Sivaramakrishnan; Hossain, Anushah; Mirkovic, Jelena; Yu, Minlan; Afroz, Sadia (October 2020). "Quantifying the Impact of Blocklisting in the Age of Address Reuse". Proceedings of the ACM Internet Measurement Conference. pp. 360–369. doi:10.1145/3419394.3423657. ISBN 9781450381383. S2CID 222120978.
  24. ↑ Candela, Massimo; Luconi, Valerio; Vecchio, Alessio (2020). "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the Internet latency: A large-scale study". Computer Networks. Elsevier. 182: 107495. arXiv:2005.06127. doi:10.1016/j.comnet.2020.107495. PMC 7439971. PMID 35023997. S2CID 218613864.
  25. ↑ Arnold, Todd; Gürmeriçliler, Ege; Essig, Georgia; Gupta, Arpit; Calder, Matt; Giotsas, Vasileios; Katz-Bassett, Ethan (6–9 July 2020). "(How Much) Does a Private WAN Improve Cloud Performance?" (PDF). IEEE INFOCOM 2020 - IEEE Conference on Computer Communications. pp. 79–88. doi:10.1109/INFOCOM41043.2020.9155428. ISBN 978-1-7281-6412-0. S2CID 213748477.
  26. ↑ Strowes, Stephen; Wilhelm, Rene; Obser, Florian; Stagni, Riccardo; Formoso, Agust; Aben, Emile (10 June 2020). "Debogonising 2a10::/12. Analysis of one week's visibility of a new /12" (PDF). {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  27. ↑ Fonseca, Osvaldo; Cunha, Ítalo; Fazzion, Elverton; Meira, Wagner; Junior, Brivaldo; Ferreira, Ronaldo; Katz-Bassett, Ethan (22–26 June 2020). "Tracking Down Sources of Spoofed IP Packets". IFIP Networking: 208–216.
  28. ↑ Al-Dalky, Rami; Rabinovich, Michael (2020). "On the Performance of DNS Resolvers in the IPv6 and ECS Era" (PDF). Case Western Reserve University.
  29. ↑ Müller, Moritz; Thomas, Matthew; Wessels, Duane; Hardaker, Wes; Chung, Taejoong; Toorop, Willem; van Rijswijk-Deij, Roland (2019). "Roll, Roll, Roll your Root". Proceedings of the Internet Measurement Conference (PDF). pp. 1–14. doi:10.1145/3355369.3355570. ISBN 9781450369480. S2CID 204812115.
  30. ↑ Chavula, Josiah; Phokeer, Amreesh; Calandro, Enrico (22 March 2019). "Performance Barriers to Cloud Services in Africa's Public Sector: A Latency Perspective". E-Infrastructure and e-Services for Developing Countries. Lecture Notes of the Institute for Computer Sciences, Social Informatics and Telecommunications Engineering. Vol. 275. pp. 152–163. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-16042-5_15. ISBN 978-3-030-16041-8. S2CID 169836720.
  31. ↑ Foremski, Pawel; Gasser, Oliver; Moura, Giovane (21–23 October 2019). "DNS Observatory: The Big Picture of the DNS" (PDF). Internet Measurement Conference (IMC '19), Amsterdam, Netherlands. doi:10.1145/3355369.3355566. S2CID 204812083.
  32. ↑ Moura, Giovane; Heidemann, John; De Schmidt, Ricardo; Hardaker, Wes (October 2019). "Cache Me If You Can: Effects of DNS Time-to-Live". Internet Measurement Conference (IMC '19). doi:10.1145/3355369.3355568. S2CID 197622020.
  33. ↑ Haq, Osama; Doucette, Cody; Byers, John; Dogar, Fahad (2019). "Judicious QoS using Cloud Overlays". arXiv:1906.02562 [cs.NI].
  34. ↑ Calandro, Enrico; Chavula, Josiah; Phokeer, Amreesh (22 March 2019). "Internet Development in Africa: A Content Use, Hosting and Distribution Perspective". E-Infrastructure and e-Services for Developing Countries. Lecture Notes of the Institute for Computer Sciences, Social Informatics and Telecommunications Engineering. Vol. 275. pp. 131–141. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-16042-5_13. ISBN 978-3-030-16041-8. S2CID 169471605.
  35. ↑ Iodice, Mattia; Candela, Massimo; Di Battista, Giuseppe (2019). "Periodic Path Changes in RIPE Atlas". IEEE Access. IEEE. 7: 65518–65526. Bibcode:2019IEEEA...765518I. doi:10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2917804.
  36. ↑ Candela, Massimo; Gregori, Enrico; Luconi, Valerio; Vecchio, Alessio (2019). "Using RIPE Atlas for Geolocating IP Infrastructure". IEEE Access. 7: 48816–48829. Bibcode:2019IEEEA...748816C. doi:10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2909691. hdl:11568/988353. S2CID 131778098.
  37. ↑ Candela, Massimo; Gregori, Enrico; Luconi, Valerio; Vecchio, Alessio (2019). "Dissecting the Speed-of-Internet of Middle East".
  38. ↑ Yasin Nur, Abdullah; Engin Tozal, Mehmet (2018). "Cross-AS (X-AS) Internet topology mapping". Computer Networks. 132: 53–67. doi:10.1016/j.comnet.2018.01.011.
  39. ↑ Lazar, David; Gilad, Yossi; Zeldovich, Nickolai (2018). "Karaoke: Distributed Private Messaging Immune to Passive Traffic Analysis" (PDF). MIT CSAIL. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  40. ↑ Candela, Massimo; Di Bartolomeo, Marco; Di Battista, Giuseppe; Squarcella, Claudio (2018). "Radian: Visual Exploration of Traceroutes". IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics. 24 (7): 2194–2208. doi:10.1109/TVCG.2017.2716937. hdl:11590/330144. PMID 28641263. S2CID 21071049.
  41. ↑ Weinberg, Zachary; Cho, Shinyoung; Christin, Nicolas; Sekar, Vyas; Gill, Phillipa (2018). "How to Catch when Proxies Lie: Verifying the Physical Locations of Network Proxies with Active Geolocation" (PDF). ACM Internet Measurement Conference (IMC 2018). doi:10.1145/3278532.3278551. S2CID 52906913.
  42. ↑ Scheitle, Quirin; Hohlfeld, Oliver; Gamba, Julien; Jelten, Jonas; Zimmermann, Torsten; Strowes, Stephen; Vallina-Rodriguez, Narseo (2018). "A Long Way to the Top: Significance, Structure, and Stability of Internet Top Lists" (PDF). ACM Internet Measurement Conference (IMC 2018). arXiv:1805.11506. Bibcode:2018arXiv180511506S. doi:10.1145/3278532.3278574. S2CID 44061275.
  43. ↑ Khan, Mohammad Taha; de Blasio, Joe; Voelker, Geoffrey; Snoeren, Alex; Kanich, Chris; Vallina-Rodriguez, Narseo (2018). "An Empirical Analysis of the Commercial VPN Ecosystem" (PDF). Proceedings of the Internet Measurement Conference 2018. pp. 443–456. doi:10.1145/3278532.3278570. ISBN 9781450356190. S2CID 53228195.
  44. ↑ "Ensuring a Future for Detecting Internet Disruptions: A Field Survey of the Ecosystem Around Internet Censorship, Disruptions, and Shutdowns" (PDF). Open Technology Institute. June 2017.
  45. ↑ Gigis, P.; Kotronis, V.; Aben, E.; Strowes, S. D.; Dimitropoulos, X. (July 2017). "Characterizing User-to-User Connectivity with RIPE Atlas" (PDF). Proceedings of the Applied Networking Research Workshop. pp. 4–6. arXiv:1707.05038. Bibcode:2017arXiv170705038G. doi:10.1145/3106328.3106332. ISBN 9781450351089. S2CID 19771796.
  46. ↑ Holterbach, T.; Aben, E.; Pelsser, C.; Bush, R.; Vanbeve, L. (July 2017). "Measurement Vantage Point Selection Using A Similarity Metric" (PDF). Proceedings of 2016 Applied Networking Research Workshop, Prague, Czech Republic.
  47. ↑ Shah, Anant; Fontugne, Romain; Aben, Emile; Pelsser, Cristel; Bush, Randy (2017). "Disco: Fast, good, and cheap outage detection". 2017 Network Traffic Measurement and Analysis Conference (TMA) (PDF). IFIP. pp. 1–9. doi:10.23919/TMA.2017.8002902. ISBN 978-3-901882-95-1. S2CID 7242136.
  48. ↑ Scheitle, Quirin; Gasser, Oliver; Sattler, Patrick; Carle, Georg (2017). "HLOC: Hints-Based Geolocation Leveraging Multiple Measurement Frameworks" (PDF). IEEE/IFIP TMA Conference 2017, Network Traffic Liaasurement and Analysis Conference, Dublin, Ireland. IEEE/IFIP: 9. arXiv:1706.09331. Bibcode:2017arXiv170609331S.
  49. ↑ LI, Yue; Iannone, Luigi (2016). "Using RIPE atlas to evaluate the locator/Id Separation Protocol". 2016 IEEE Conference on Computer Communications Workshops (INFOCOM WKSHPS). IEEE. pp. 696–697. doi:10.1109/INFCOMW.2016.7562166. ISBN 978-1-4673-9955-5. S2CID 14816542.
  50. ↑ LI, Yue; Iannone, Luigi (2016). "Performance Evaluation of Locator/Identifier Separation Protocol through RIPE Atlas". Proceedings of the 2016 ACM SIGCOMM Conference (PDF). ACM. pp. 561–562. doi:10.1145/2934872.2959050. ISBN 978-1-4503-4193-6. S2CID 1636819.
  51. ↑ Cunha, I.; Marchetta, P.; Calder, M.; Chiu, Y.; Schlinker, B.; Machado, B.; Pescape, A.; Giotsas, V.; Madhyastha, H.; Katz-Bassett., E. (2016). "Sibyl: A Practical Internet Route Oracle" (PDF). USENIX Symposium on Networked Systems Design & Implementation (NSDI).
  52. ↑ Wassermann, S.; Casas, P.; Donnet, B.; Leduc, G.; Melia, M. (2016). "On the Analysis of Internet Paths with DisNETPerf, a Distributed Paths Performance Analyzer". 2016 IEEE 41st Conference on Local Computer Networks Workshops (LCN Workshops) (PDF). pp. 72–79. doi:10.1109/LCN.2016.031. ISBN 978-1-5090-2347-9. S2CID 17860465.
  53. ↑ Jones, Ben; Feamster, Nick; Paxson, Vern; Weaver, Nicholas; Allman, Mark (2016). "Detecting DNS Root Manipulation" (PDF). Passive and Active Measurement. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Vol. 9631. pp. 276–288. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-30505-9_21. ISBN 978-3-319-30504-2.
  54. ↑ Fonseca, Osvaldo; Fazzion, Elverton; Cunha, Ítalo; Bragioni, Pedro; Guedes, Dorgival; Meira, Wagner; Hoepers, Cristine; Steding-Jessen, Klaus; Chaves, Marcelo (2016). "Measuring, Characterizing, and Avoiding Spam Traffic Costs". IEEE Internet Computing. 20 (4): 16–24. doi:10.1109/MIC.2016.53. S2CID 16405193.
  55. ↑ Bajpai, V.; Schonwalder, J. (2015). "A Survey on Internet Performance Measurement Platforms and Related Standardization Efforts". Communications Surveys & Tutorials. 17 (3): 1313–1341. doi:10.1109/COMST.2015.2418435. S2CID 7846757.
  56. ↑ Amin, Christopher; Candela, Massimo; Karrenberg, Daniel; Kisteleki, Robert; Strikos, Andreas (2015). "Visualization and Monitoring for the Identification and Analysis of DNS Issues". Proc. 10th International Conference on Internet Monitoring and Protection (ICIMP 2015), Brussels. ISBN 978-1-61208-413-8.
  57. ↑ Anwar, Ruwaifa; Niaz, Haseeb; Choffnes, David; Cunha, Ítalo; Gill, Phillipa; Katz-Bassett, Ethan (October 2015). "Investigating Interdomain Routing Policies in the Wild" (PDF). Proceedings of the 2015 Internet Measurement Conference. p. 71. doi:10.1145/2815675.2815712. ISBN 9781450338486. S2CID 10955615.
  58. ↑ Giotsas, Vasileios; Smaragdakis, Georgios; Huffaker, Bradley; Luckie, Matthew; kc, claffy (2015). "Mapping peering interconnections to a facility" (PDF). Proceedings of the 11th ACM Conference on Emerging Networking Experiments and Technologies. ACM. pp. 1–13. doi:10.1145/2716281.2836122. ISBN 978-1-4503-3412-9. S2CID 15195420.
  59. ↑ Bajpai, Vaibhav; Eravuchira, Steffie Jacob; Schönwälder, Jürgen (2015-07-01). "Lessons Learned From Using the RIPE Atlas Platform for Measurement Research". SIGCOMM Comput. Commun. Rev. 45 (3): 35–42. doi:10.1145/2805789.2805796. ISSN 0146-4833. S2CID 15680865.
  60. ↑ Holterbach, Thomas; Pelsser, Cristel; Bush, Randy; Vanbever, Laurent (2015-01-01). "Quantifying Interference between Measurements on the RIPE Atlas Platform" (PDF). Proceedings of the 2015 Internet Measurement Conference. IMC '15. New York, NY, USA: ACM. pp. 437–443. doi:10.1145/2815675.2815710. ISBN 978-1-4503-3848-6. S2CID 13902723.
  61. ↑ Chiu, Y.; Schlinker, B.; Radhakrishnan, A. B.; Katz-Bassett, E.; Govindan, R. (2015). "Are We One Hop Away from a Better Internet?" (PDF). ACM Internet Measurement Conference (IMC).
  62. ↑ Calder, M.; Flavel, A.; Katz-Bassett, E.; Mahajan, R.; Padhye, J. (2015). "Analyzing the Performance of an Anycast CDN" (PDF). ACM Internet Measurement Conference (IMC).
  63. ↑ Anwar, R.; Niaz, H.; Choffnes, D.; Cunha, I.; Gill, P.; Katz-Bassett, E. (2015). "Investigating Interdomain Routing Policies in the Wild" (PDF). ACM Internet Measurement Conference (IMC).
  64. ↑ Anderson, Collin; Winter, Philipp (2014). "Global Network Interference Detection Over the RIPE Atlas Network". 4th USENIX Workshop on Free and Open Communications on the Internet (FOCI 14). USENIX.
  65. ↑ Sukhov, A. M.; Kuznetsova, N. Yu.; Pervitsky, A. K.; Galtsev, A. A. (2010). "Generating Function For Network Delay". Journal of High Speed Networks. 22 (4): 321. arXiv:1003.0190. Bibcode:2010arXiv1003.0190S. doi:10.3233/JHS-160552. S2CID 10873658.
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