Ralte | |
---|---|
Region | India |
Ethnicity | 34,000 Ralte, Mizo[1] |
Native speakers | 900 (2007)[1] |
Language codes | |
ISO 639-3 | ral |
Glottolog | ralt1242 |
Ralte is a Kuki-Chin language of India. Fewer than a thousand Ralte people speak the language.
Geographical distribution
Ralte is spoken in the following locations (Ethnologue).
- Mizoram (mainly Aizawl district, and also scattered in Lunglei district and Chhimtuipui district)
- Manipur
- Jampui Hills, North Tripura district, Tripura
Vocabulary
Below are comparative Swadesh lists of Ralte, Mizo, and Tedim from Otsuka (2016).
No. | Gloss | Ralte | Tedim | Mizo |
---|---|---|---|---|
1. | I | kei˩ | kei˩˥ | kei˩˥ |
2. | thou | naŋ˩ | naŋ˩˥ | naŋ˩˥ |
3. | he | a˩maʔ˥ | a˥maʔ˩ | a˥maʔ˩ |
4. | we | kei˩muʔ˥ | kou˥˩ | kei˩nī˥˩ |
5. | you | naŋ˩muʔ˥ | nou˥˩ | naŋ˩nī˥˩ |
6. | they | a˩muʔ˥ | a˥māu˥˩ | an˩nī˥˩ |
7. | this | hī˩hiʔ˥ | hiʔ˥ | hei˥˩hi˥ |
8. | that | tou˩˥hiʔ˩ | tuaʔ˥ | kʰā˥˩kʰa˥ |
9. | here | hi˩tou˥˩vaʔ˩ | hiaʔ˥ | he˥taʔ˩ |
10. | there | tou˥˩vaʔ˩ | huaʔ˥ | so˥taʔ˩ |
11. | who | kū˩˥hā˩˥ | kua˥˩ | tu˩ŋē˥˩ |
12. | what | ī˩˥hā˩˥ | baŋ˥˩ | e˩ŋē˥˩ |
13. | where | kʰoi˥˩aʔ˩hā˩˥ | koi˩˥aʔ˩ | kʰoi˥˩aʔ˩ŋē˥˩ |
14. | when | ī˩˥tik˩lāi˥˩ | cik˩ciaŋ˥˩ | eŋ˩tik˩lāi˥ |
15. | how | ī˩tin˥˩hā˩˥ | baŋ˥˩cī˩ | eŋ˩tin˥ŋē˥˩ |
16. | not | ou˥˩ | lou˥˩ | lou˩ |
17. | all | a˩rēŋ˩in˥˩ | a˩vek˥pī˩˥ | a˩vāi˩˥ |
18. | many | tam˩ | tam˩˥ | tam˩˥ |
19. | some | a˩kʰen˥˩ | pōl˧xat˥ | a˩ṭʰen˥ |
20. | few | tōm˥˩ | tōm˧ | tlēm˥ |
21. | other | daŋ˩ | daŋ˩˥ | daŋ˩˥ |
22. | one | pa˩kʰat˥ | xat˩ | pa˩kʰat˩ |
23. | two | pa˩niʔ˥ | niʔ˩ | pa˩n̥niʔ˩ |
24. | three | pa˩tʰum˥˩ | tʰum˧ | pa˩tʰum˥ |
25. | four | pa˩lī˥˩ | lī˧ | pa˩lī˥ |
26. | five | pa˩ŋā˥˩ | ŋā˧ | pa˩ŋā˥ |
27. | big | lian˩˥ | lian˥˩ | lian˩ |
28. | long | sāu˩ | sāu˩˥ | sei˥ |
29. | wide | zāu˥˩ | zai˩˥ | zāu˥ |
30. | thick | saʔ˩ | saʔ˩ | cʰaʔ˩ |
31. | heavy | hit˩ | ɡik˩ | rit˩ |
32. | small | nēu˩ | nēu˩˥ | tē˩˥ |
33. | short | tōi˩ | tom˩˥ | tōi˩˥ |
34. | narrow | zīm˥˩ | toi˩˥ | zīm˥ |
35. | thin | pan˥˩ | pā˩˥ | pan˥ |
36. | woman | mei˩˥sia˩ | nu˩mei˩ | m̥mei˩cʰia˥˩ |
37. | man | pa˩sal˩ | pa˩sal˩˥ | mi˩pā˩ |
38. | human | mi˩hiŋ˥˩ | mi˥hiŋ˧ | mi˩ɕiŋ˥ |
39. | child | nau˥˩paŋ˩ | nāu˧paŋ˩˥ | nau˥paŋ˩˥ |
40. | wife | zī˥˩ | zī˧ | nu˩pui˩˥ |
41. | husband | pa˩sal˩ | pa˩sal˩˥ | pa˩sal˩˥ |
42. | mother | nū˩ | nū˩˥ | nū˥˩ |
43. | father | pā˩ | pā˩˥ | pā˥˩ |
44. | animal | ham˥˩sā˩ | ɡam˧sā˩˥ | ram˥sā˥˩ |
45. | fish | sa˩ŋā˩ | ŋa˥sā˩˥ | sa˩ŋ̊ŋā˥˩ |
46. | bird | sa˩vā˩ | va˥sā˩˥ | sa˩vā˥˩ |
47. | dog | ui˩ | ui˩˥ | ui˩˥ |
48. | louse | hik˩ | hik˩ | ɕik˩ |
49. | snake | hūl˥˩ | ɡūl˧ | rūl˥ |
50. | worm | caŋ˥˩pāt˩ | luŋ˩˥ | caŋ˥pāt˩˥ |
51. | tree | tʰiŋ˩ | siŋ˩˥ | tʰiŋ˩˥ |
52. | forest | ham˥˩nuai˩ | ɡam˧lak˥ | ram˥n̥nuai˩˥ |
53. | stick | tiaŋ˩ | ciaŋ˩˥xut˩ | tiaŋ˩˥ |
54. | fruit | haʔ˥ | ɡaʔ˩ | raʔ˩ |
55. | seed | cī˩ | xāi˥˩cī˩˥ | tʰlāi˩cī˥˩ |
56. | leaf | naʔ˩ | teʔ˩ | n̥naʔ˩ |
57. | root | zuŋ˩ | zuŋ˩˥ | zuŋ˩˥ |
58. | bark | tʰiŋ˩hōŋ˥˩ | siŋ˩˥hōŋ˧ | tʰiŋ˩hōŋ˥ |
59. | flower | pāk˥˩ | pāk˧ | paŋ˩pār˥ |
60. | grass | kiak˩ | lou˧pā˩˥, kiak˩˥ | l̥lo˥bet˩ |
61. | rope | kʰāu˥˩ | xāu˧ | ɕui˩zēn˥ |
62. | skin | vun˩ | vun˩˥ | vun˩˥ |
63. | meat | sā˩ | sā˩˥ | sā˥˩ |
64. | blood | tʰī˩ | sī˩˥ | tʰī˩˥ |
65. | bone | huʔ˩ | ɡuʔ˩ | ruʔ˩ |
66. | fat | sa˩tʰāu˩˥ | sa˥tʰāu˥˩ | sa˩ɕiak˥˩ |
67. | egg | tui˥˩ | tūi˧ | tui˥ |
68. | horn | kī˩ | kī˩˥ | kī˥˩ |
69. | tail | mei˩ | mei˩˥ | mei˩˥ |
70. | feather | mul˩ | mul˩˥ | m̥mul˩˥ |
71. | hair | sam˩ | sam˩˥ | sam˩˥ |
72. | head | lū˥˩ | lū˧ | lū˥ |
73. | ear | beŋ˥˩ | bil˩˥ | beŋ˥ |
74. | eye | mit˩ | mit˩ | mit˩ |
75. | nose | nāk˩˥ | nāk˥˩ | n̥nār˥ |
76. | mouth | kam˥˩ | kam˧ | kā˥ |
77. | teeth | hā˥˩ | hā˧ | hā˥ |
78. | tongue | lei˥˩ | lei˧ | lei˥ |
79. | nail | tin˩ | cin˩˥ | tin˩˥ |
80. | foot | kēŋ˩pʰaʔ˥ | xe˩pēk˩˥ | ke˩pʰaʔ˩ |
81. | leg | kēŋ˩ | xē˥˩ | kē˩ |
82. | knee | kʰūp˩ | xūk˩˥ | kʰūp˥˩ |
83. | hand | kʰut˩ | xut˩ | kut˩ |
84. | wing | tʰā˩˥ | xā˥˩ | tʰlā˩ |
85. | belly | dul˩˥ | ɡil˧pī˩˥ | dul˩ |
86. | guts | hil˥˩ | ɡil˧ | rīl˥ |
87. | neck | ŋōŋ˥˩ | ŋōŋ˧ | ŋ̊ŋōŋ˥ |
88. | back | nuŋ˥˩zāŋ˥˩ | nuŋ˧zāŋ˧ | n̥nuŋ˥zāŋ˥ |
89. | breast | nōi˩ | nōi˩˥ | n̥nu˩tē˩˥ |
90. | heart | luŋ˥˩ | luŋ˧ | luŋ˥ |
91. | liver | tʰin˩˥ | sin˥˩ | tʰin˩ |
92. | to drink | nē˩ | dōn˧ | in˥ |
93. | to eat | cā˩ | nē˩˥ | ei˥ |
94. | to bite | pet˩ | pet˩ | seʔ˩ |
95. | to suck | cōp˥˩ | tōp˩˥ | fōp˥˩ |
96. | to spit | sia˥˩ | sia˩˥ | cʰāk˥˩ |
97. | to vomit | luak˩ | lua˥˩ | luak˥˩ |
98. | to blow | sēm˥˩ | mūt˧ | cʰēm˥ |
99. | to breathe | tʰō˩ | nāk˧ | tʰō˥˩ |
100. | to laugh | nī˥˩ | nūi˧ | nui˥ |
101. | to see | mū˩˥ | mū˥˩ | m̥mū˩ |
102. | to hear | tʰei˩˥ | zā˩˥ | ɕia˩˥ |
103. | to know | tʰei˩˥ | tʰei˥˩ | ɕia˩˥ |
104. | to think | ŋaiʔ˩tuaʔ˩ | ŋaiʔ˩sun˥˩ | ŋaiʔ˩tuaʔ˩ |
105. | to smell | nam˩˥ | nam˥˩ | n̥nīm˩ |
106. | to fear | lāu˩ | lāu˩˥ | l̥lāu˩˥ |
107. | to sleep | ip˩ | iʔ˩mū˧ | mū˥ |
108. | to live | hiŋ˥˩ | hiŋ˧ | ɕiŋ˥ |
109. | to die | tʰī˥˩ | sī˧ | tʰī˥ |
110. | to kill | tʰat˩ | tʰat˩ | tʰat˩ |
111. | to fight | thawh˥˩ | lāi˩˥, ki˩sual˩˥ | sual˥ |
112. | to hunt | ham˥˩ suak˥˩ | ɡam˧ vāk˩˥ | ram˥ vāk˥˩, ram˥ cʰuak˥˩ |
113. | to hit | vua˩˥ | vua˥˩ | vua˩ |
114. | to cut | tan˩ | tan˩˥ | tan˩˥ |
115. | to split | tʰēr˩ | bāl˩˥kēk˩˥ | tʰlēr˩˥ |
116. | to stab | sun˩˥ | sun˥˩ | cʰun˩ |
117. | to scratch | hiat˩ | xuat˩˥ | hiat˥˩ |
118. | to dig | lāi˩˥ | tou˩˥ | lāi˩, cou˩˥ |
119. | to swim | tui˩˥ leuʔ˩ | tūi˩˥ pēk˧ | tui˩˥ l̥leuʔ˩ |
120. | to fly | lēŋ˥˩ | lēŋ˧ | tʰlōk˥˩ |
121. | to walk | lēŋ˥˩ | lam˩˥ siau˥˩ | lēŋ˥ |
122. | to come | hoŋ˩ kel˥˩ | oŋ˩˥ pai˧ | lo˩ kal˥ |
123. | to lie | lum˩˥ | lum˥˩ | lum˩ |
124. | to sit | kʰuŋ˥˩ | tū˧ | ṭhū˥ |
125. | to stand | diŋ˥˩ | diŋ˧ | diŋ˥ |
126. | to turn | vik˩ | pei˩˥ | vir˩˥ |
127. | to fall | tā˩˥ | kia˥˩ | tlā˩ |
128. | to give | pia˩ | pia˩˥ | pē˩ |
129. | to have | nei˩˥ | nei˥˩ | nei˩ |
130. | to squeeze | hekˀ˩ | sūk˧ | herˀ˩ |
131. | to rub | nōt˩ | nōt˩˥ | nōt˥˩ |
132. | to wash | sil˩˥ | sil˩˥ | sil˩ |
133. | to wipe | sōp˩ | sōp˩˥ | ɕū˩ |
134. | to pull | bot˩ | kāi˥˩ | pot˩ |
135. | to push | sōn˩ | sōn˩˥ | nam˩˥ |
136. | to throw | dēŋ˥˩ | dēŋ˧ | paiʔ˩ |
137. | to tie | kanʔ˩ | hēn˧ | suiʔ˩ |
138. | to sew | kʰui˥˩ | xū˧ | ṭʰui˥ |
139. | to count | siar˥˩ | sim˧ | cʰiar˥ |
140. | to say | soi˩ | ɡēn˩˥ | soi˩˥ |
141. | to sing | sā˩˥ | sā˥˩ | zāi˥ |
142. | to play practical jokes | ciam˩˥niʔ˩dūn˩˥ | ki˩ciam˥˩nui˩˥ | in˩fiam˥ |
143. | to float | lāŋ˥˩ | lām˧ | lāŋ˥ |
144. | to flow | luaŋ˥˩ | luaŋ˧ | luaŋ˥ |
145. | to freeze | kʰaŋ˩ | xal˥˩ | kʰaŋ˥˩ |
146. | to swell | vūŋ˥˩ | bōk˧ | vūŋ˥ |
147. | sun | nī˥˩ | nī˧ | nī˥ |
148. | moon | tʰā˩˥ | xā˥˩ | tʰlā˩ |
149. | star | āk˥˩sī˩˥ | āk˧sī˥˩ | ar˥sī˩ |
150. | water | tui˩ | tūi˩˥ | tui˩˥ |
151. | rain | huaʔ˩ | ɡuaʔ˩ | ruaʔ˩ |
152. | river | lui˩˥ | lūi˥˩ | lui˩ |
153. | lake | dīl˩ | tūi˩˥lī˧ | dīl˩˥ |
154. | sea | tui˩fin˩riat˩ | tūi˩˥pī˥ | tui˩fin˥˩riat˥˩ |
155. | salt | cī˩˥ | cī˥˩ | cī˩ |
156. | stone | suaŋ˩ | suaŋ˩˥ | luŋ˩˥ |
157. | sand | tiau˥˩ | seʔ˩nēl˩˥ | tiau˥ |
158. | dust | vāi˥˩vut˩ | lei˩˥vui˧ | vai˥vut˩ |
159. | earth | lei˩ | lei˩˥ | lei˩˥ |
160. | cloud | sūm˩ | mei˧ | cʰūm˩˥ |
161. | fog | ro˩˥mei˩ | xo˥mui˧ | ro˩mei˩˥ |
162. | sky | vān˩˥ | vān˥˩ | vān˩ |
163. | wind | tʰī˥˩ | huiʔ˩ | tʰlī˥ |
164. | snow | vūk˥˩ | vūk˧ | vūr˥ |
165. | ice | vūk˩kʰal˩ | tūi˩˥xal˥˩ | vūr˥kʰal˥˩ |
166. | smoke | mei˩kʰū˩ | mei˩˥xū˩˥ | mei˩kʰū˥˩ |
167. | fire | mei˩ | mei˩˥ | mei˩˥ |
168. | ash | vāp˩ | vut˩ | vāp˩˥ |
169. | to burn | kāŋ˩˥ | kāŋ˥˩ | kāŋ˩ |
170. | road | lam˩pui˩ | lam˩˥ | koŋ˥ |
171. | mountain | tāŋ˥˩ | mual˧ | tlāŋ˥ |
172. | red | san˥˩ | san˧ | sen˥ |
173. | green | hiŋ˥˩ | eŋ˧ | ɕiŋ˥ |
174. | yellow | eŋ˥˩ | nāi˧pāk˧ | eŋ˥ |
175. | white | vāk˥˩ | kāŋ˧ | vār˥ |
176. | black | dum˥˩ | vom˧ | dum˥ |
177. | night | zān˩˥ | zān˥˩ | zān˩ |
178. | day | nī˥˩ | nī˧ | nī˥ |
179. | year | kum˩˥ | kum˥˩ | kum˩ |
180. | warm | lum˥˩ | lum˧ | lum˥ |
181. | cold | dāi˩˥ | vot˩ | vōt˥˩ |
182. | full | dim˩ | dim˩˥ | kʰat˩ |
183. | new | tʰar˥˩ | tʰak˥ | tʰar˥ |
184. | old | lui˥˩ | lui˧ | hlui˥ |
185. | good | pʰā˩˥ | hoiʔ˩ | ṭʰā˩ |
186. | bad | sual˩ | sia˩˥ | sual˩˥ |
187. | rotten | muat˩ | muat˩˥ | ṭoiʔ˩ |
188. | dirty | bolˀ˩loʔ˩ | nīn˥˩ | bolˀ˩l̥loʔ˩ |
189. | straight | ŋīl˥˩ | taŋ˧ | ŋīl˥ |
190. | round | bial˥˩ | bēm˩˥ | bial˥ |
191. | sharp | hiam˥˩ | hiam˧ | ɕiam˥ |
192. | dull | bil˩ | mōl˩˥ | bil˩˥ |
193. | smooth | nāl˩ | nāl˩˥ | nāl˩˥ |
194. | wet | nom˥˩ | kōt˩˥ | huʔ˩ |
195. | dry | kou˥˩ | keu˧ | rou˥ |
196. | correct | dik˩ | mān˧, dik˩ | dik˩ |
197. | near | nāi˩ | nāi˩˥ | n̥nāi˩˥ |
198. | far | lam˩lā˩ | ɡam˧lā˩˥ | l̥lā˥ |
199. | right | tak˩lam˩ | tak˩lam˩˥ | a˩diŋ˩˥lam˩˥ |
200. | left | a˩vei˩lam˩ | vei˩˥lam˩˥ | a˩vei˩˥lam˩˥ |
201. | at | aʔ˩ | aʔ˩ | aʔ˩ |
202. | in | aʔ˩ | aʔ˩ | aʔ˩ |
203. | with | tuah˩ | toʔ˩ | nēn˩ |
204. | and | leʔ˩ | leʔ˩ | leʔ˩ |
205. | if | cʰun˥˩ | leʔ˩ | cʰuan˥ |
206. | because | a˩vāŋ˩in˥˩ | a˥hiʔ˩ciaŋ˩˥in˧ | a˥vāŋ˩in˥ |
207. | name | miŋ˥˩ | min˧ | m̥miŋ˥ |
References
- 1 2 Ralte at Ethnologue (26th ed., 2023)
- Otsuka, Kosei. 2016. A Basic Vocabulary and a Text of the Ralte Language. Asian and African Languages and Linguistics 10. 325–344.
- Otsuka, Kosei. 2019. Verb stem alternation in Ralte. GENGO BUNKA KENKYU (STUDIES IN LANGUAGE AND CULTURE), Graduate School of Language and Culture Osaka University 45. 161–178.
- Otsuka, Kosei. 2021. A phonological comparison of Ralte and Proto-Kuki-Chin. ARIAKE Kumamoto University Linguistic Papers 20. 21–38.
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