A Hindu nationalist depiction of Rama[1][2]

Rama Navami is a Hindu festival celebrating the birthday of Hindu deity Rama. It falls on the 9th day of the Chaitra month every year in the Hindu calendar, usually during the months of March–April. At least since 1979, if not earlier,[3][4] This festival often involves processions of Hindu worshipers through cities, including Muslim-majority regions. These displays, often considered provocative, have repeatedly led to violence between Hindu and Muslim communities.[5][6][7] Scholar Paul Brass states that Rama himself has been turned into a political emblem of the RSS family of organisations, and the Rama Navami processions are "led by or turned into provocative displays" by Hindutva organisations such as the Vishva Hindu Parishad (VHP) and Bajrang Dal.[8] However, he fails to mention that Ram Navami processions were common in India, and other parts of the world where Hindus reside. These processions occurred much before VHP and Bajrang Dal even existed. [9] [10] [11] It calls into question the scholarship of Paul Brass and his selective narrative fabrication on the subject.

Background

Baby Rama in a cradle at Chinawal village temple, Maharashtra

Rama is regarded as the seventh avatar of Vishnu, who was born as the prince of Ayodhya and lived a model life upholding the Hindu principles of dharma despite all his travails. Rama's birthday (Rama Navami) which falls on the 9th day of the Hindu new year (generally in March–April) is celebrated by Hindus all over the world. The day is marked with puja (devotional worship) such as bhajan and kirtan, by fasting and reading passages about Rama's life. Special locations mentioned in the Ramayana legends observe major celebrations. These include Ayodhya (Uttar Pradesh), Rameswaram (Tamil Nadu), Bhadrachalam (Telangana) and Sitamarhi (Bihar). Some locations organise Ratha Yatras (chariot processions).

RSS members marching with "Rama's flag"

Rama is central to the political imagination of the Hindu nationalist organisation Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS), the parent organisation of the ruling Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP). RSS was launched on the Vijayadashami day of 1925, a day commemorating Rama's victory over Ravana, and it was given its name "Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh" on the Rama Navami day of 1926. Its first public mission was in assisting the organisation of the Rama Navami festival at Ramtek, an occasion selected by its founder Hedgewar with "great care".[12] RSS also chose for itself a flag, which in its saffron colour and shape, is deemed to have been Rama's flag, and believed to have been used by Shivaji.[13]

However, for several decades of its existence, religion was not a major part of the RSS efforts of mobilisation, but rather a 'nationalist' campaign, identifying the 'nation' with Hindus. (The religious space was at that time occupied by Hindu Mahasabha, a political party with which RSS was vaguely allied.) This changed in 1964, when the RSS founded Vishva Hindu Parishad (VHP), an affiliate organisation that would campaign for Hindus as well as the Hindu religion.[14]

According to The Hitavada, a grand procession called Shobha Yatra[lower-alpha 1] was started on the occasion of Rama Navami in Nagpur, the home of the RSS, around 1967.[18] In contrast to traditional rath-yatras, which are organised by temples and are generally limited to nearby areas, the shobha yatras are grand processions of pomp and ceremony attempting to cover entire cities, involving "cavalcades of vehicles, each carrying dozens of men, shouting slogans and frequently wielding arms".[19] In 1987, in the midst of the Babri Masjid–Ram Janmabhoomi dispute, the Vishva Hindu Parishad is said to have organised country-wide shobha yatras,[20] including in Delhi, where arms were displayed and provocative slogans were raised.[21]

1979 Jamshedpur riot

The 1979 Jamshedpur riot was the first major riot on the occasion of Rama Navami, in which 108 people were declared to have died, among whom 79 Muslims and 25 Hindus were identified. The government-appointed commission of enquiry, the Jitendra Narain Commission, found the RSS and the RSS-affiliated local legislator, Dinanath Pandey,[lower-alpha 2] responsible for having created the climate conducive to the riot.[3][22]

Jamshedpur was then a town in the state of Bihar (now a metropolis in the state of Jharkhand), named after the industrialist Jamshedji Tata, who established India's first steel plant at the location. The entire region was originally populated by tribes, referred to as adivasis. People from various parts of India came to work in the steel plant and settled in the town.[23] The government in power at that time was that of a loose-knit coalition called Janata Party, of which the present day Bharatiya Janata Party was a constituent.[3][24]

In an attempt to Hinduise the adivasi population, the RSS planned the Rama Navami procession of 1978 to start from an adivasi neighbourhood called Dimnabasti. However, the neighbouring locality was a Muslim area called Sabirnagar and the authorities refused permission for the procession to pass through it. The RSS campaigned on the issue for a whole year, arguing that the Hindus "in their own country" were not being allowed to freely carry out processions. The administration suggested an alternative route for 1979 that would avoid Sabirnagar, but the RSS did not relent.[25]

Tensions increased in Jamshedpur as a result of the stand-off. Hindus forced the closure of shops and a few of them were arrested. In March 1979, the RSS chief Balasaheb Deoras visited Jamshedpur and gave a polarising speech, which further exacerbated the situation. An organisation called Sri Ramnavmi Kendriya Akhara Samiti issued a pamphlet on 7 April which declared communal violence and also detailed how it would occur. Eventually, a deal was reached and a sample procession passed through the Muslim locality, accompanied by local Muslims. But the main procession, which grew to 15,000 people, stopped in front of a masjid. The local MLA Dinanath Pandey announced that it would not move until all the arrested Hindus are released.[25]

Eventually a stone was thrown at the procession from the side of the Muslims, who were also prepared for the violence. That provided the spark for the riots, which lasted several days. Thousands of houses were looted. Muslims living in Hindu areas were especially vulnerable. The police also proved to be partisan, targeting the Muslims more than the Hindus and also helping the Hindus in rioting.[26] The government of Karpuri Thakur, a socialist within the Janata Party, fell roughly ten days after the events.

1984–1993

In the early 1980s, the RSS pushed the Vishva Hindu Parishad to the forefront in an effort to create a 'Hindu vote'.[27] The VHP held a series of conferences (Dharma Sansads), calling for the liberation of the Ram Janmabhoomi (Rama's birthplace), which was at that time occupied by the Babri Masjid.[28] From then till 1992, when the Babri Masjid was demolished, the mobilisation of Hindus along religious lines was the main occupation of the VHP. Rama Navami as well as all other Hindu festivals were utilised for the purpose.[29]

In 1986, the Rama Navami was on 16 April, a procession was taken out by Hindus, which was protested by the Muslims and therefore there was confrontation between the two communities.[30]

In 1987, Rama Navami Shobha Yatras were organised around the country.[20] The Shobha Yatra in Delhi, which closely followed a rally organised by the Muslims in defence of the Babri Masjid, raised provocative slogans and brandished arms.[21]

The 1991 Bhadrak Communal violence was a communal incident which took place on day of Rama Navami in Bhadrak of Odisha on 20 March 1991. The riot happened during the Rama Navami procession while the procession was passing through the Muslim dominated area of Bhadrak town.

According to police records, 17 persons were murdered, 90 injured, 226 houses burnt and 143 shops were looted in Bhatkal, Karnataka. The riots were sparked off on April Fools' Day, when a stone was reportedly hurled at a Rama Navami procession.[31]

2006 Aligarh riot

On 5 April 2006, violence broke out between Hindus and Muslim during the Rama Navami celebration which led to the death of five people.[32]

2009 Pusad riot

Rama Navami procession in Pusad, Maharashtra was disrupted and stones were pelted which led to a violent riot. Over 70 shops were burnt and property was damaged in the riots.[33]

2014 Kanpur riot

When police and administration denied the permission for Rama Navami procession, violence broke out injuring many.[34]

2016 Hazaribagh violence

Curfew was promulgated in Hazaribagh town of Jharkhand and in surrounding areas after two groups of people clashed, torched shops and pelted stones at policemen injuring several of them on the last day of the Rama Navami festival.[35]

2018 West Bengal riots

Rama Navami procession that was scheduled to take place in Raniganj was disrupted when people from the Muslim community objected to the use of loudspeakers. Soon the heated debate turned violent, and police personnel was attacked with bricks and stones. Bombing with crude bombs started as soon as the mob became violent. Arindam Dutta Chowdhry Deputy Commissioner of Police (Headquarter), who reached the spot to monitor the situation, got injured in the bomb attack with his right hand almost blown away in the blast.[36]

2019 riots

A Rama Navami rally taken out in Asansol, West Bengal, from Barakar Marwari Vidyalay, with most rallyist on the bikes, when they attempted to pass through the Barakar Bazar. they torched vehicles and pelted stones at house, When they retaliated, the face-off turned violent.[37]

In Jodhpur, Rajasthan, a communal clash broke out on 13 April, Some vehicles were set on fire and mobs stoned houses and clashed with police injuring two cops in Vyapariyon ka Mohalla in Soorsagar police station.[38]

2022 riots

In 2022, Rama Navami fell on 10 April 2022, in the first part of the month of Ramadan. India witnessed violence across multiple states,[39][40][41] during processions on 10 April 2022, on the occasion of the Hindu festival of Ram Naomi, the birth anniversary of Hindu God Rama. Dozens of people were injured, including police officers. At least one person was killed in Gujarat.[42] Dozens of houses, shops and vehicles were set on fire during the clashes, causing loss of crores of rupees.[43][44][45] Later on 17 April 2022, Indian police arrest 14 in New Delhi in connection with communal violence.[46]

  • Violent clashes were reported which led to death of a person during the Rama Navami procession in Gujarat. Several shops were burnt and vehicles were damaged. Police had to fire tear gas shell to bring situation under control amid stone pelting.[47] Various incidents of clashes took place in Khambat and Himmatnagar. The clash in Himmatnagar started when the procession entered the Muslim-majority area where verbal altercations were followed by sloganeering after which, the mob attacked shops and started stone-pelting on the homes. There are also reports of 2 deaths and hundreds of people injured.[48][49]
  • A dispute between the student union JNSU and the BJP's student body ABVP over non-vegetarian meals on Rama Navami day at Jawaharlal Nehru University in Delhi, turned violent. At least 16 students were injured in clashes. ABVP said that offering non-vegetarian food on the auspicious occasion of Rama Navami was tantamount to insulting the Hindu deity Rama. Delhi Police registered a case in this regard. The injured were admitted to hospitals for treatment.[50]
  • Clashes were reported at least from 2 places in the state of Jharkhand, Bokaro and Lohardaga, on Rama Navami. In Bokaro, a few youth were attacked on their way to a Rama Navami procession. In Lohardaga, the violence was on a larger scale with the mob who rallying have set a fire on several vehicles. At least 12 people were injured in a clash that included stone-pelting during a Ram Naomi procession, three of them in critical condition.[51][47]
  • Rama Navami procession was attacked and disrupted in West Bengal. BJP, the main opposition party, alleged that the police attacked a religious procession.[47]
  • In Goa, clashes were reported when stones were pelted on Rama Navami procession.[47]
  • Maharashtra's Amravati saw violent clashed between Hindus and Muslim which led to stone pelting. To maintain law and order, police imposed curfew under section 144.[47]
  • On 16 April 2022, communal clashes broke out between Hindu worshipers and Muslim locals when a Hanuman Jayanti procession was passing through the area of Jahangirpuri in North west Delhi. They stoned mosques and homes while passing the Jahangirpuri Many people including Delhi policemen were injured.[54] Delhi Police mentioned that the procession which led to this clash did not have a prior permission.[55]
  • Clashes erupted during the Ram Navmi procession in the Shibpur area of Howrah in West Bengal. Police say steps have been taken to maintain law and order and the situation is under control. The opposition BJP in the state has accused the police of attacking the protesters.[56]

2023 riots

In 2023, Rama Navami fell on 30 March, in the middle of Muslim month of Ramadan.

  • In the Jalgaon district, Maharashtra a clash broke out on 29 March between two groups after a procession accompanied by Hindu DJ music was taken out in front of a mosque while namaz was going on. It was reported that four people were injured in the violence.[57][58]
  • On 30 March local youths thrashed a group of bike-born youths raising objectionable and communally charged slogans in Kiradpura area of Aurangabad. The incident resulted into stone pelting, followed by torching of at least nine police vehicles.[59] One person succumbed to a bullet wound while 14 policemen, including five officers, were injured.[60]
  • On the night of 30 March, two groups clashed during procession at Malvani area of Malad (West) in Mumbai. Stones were pelted on homes in the area, devotees when they were carrying forward a Shobha Yatra of Rama with loud music and high-volume DJ. Later 20 people were arrested for pelting stones at the procession.[61][62]
  • In the Howrah district of West Bengal, tension erupted after stones were allegedly pelted at the procession.[63][64] Violence continued for a second day with reports of stone pelting and vehicles being torched.[65]
  • One person killed and several others being injured after a violence erupted during procession in Dalkhola city of Bengal.[66]
  • Tensions flared in Sasaram, Bihar on 30 March after people returning from a procession were allegedly beaten and a local mosque was pelted with stones. The next morning clashes took a violent turn as both communities started pelting stones at each other. Vehicles were damaged and shops were set on fire.[67]
  • Fierce ruckus broke out between two groups in Nalanda, Bihar on 31 March. Miscreants pelted stones and set around half a dozen vehicles ablaze.The clash broke after people of the Shobha Yatra by VHP attended by more than 20,000 workers of Bajrang Dal stoned homes and nearby mosques.[68] The 110-years old library of Madrasa Azizia with over 4500 books was reduced to ashes by the mob.[69]
  • In Sonipat, Haryana some miscreants from the procession hoisted their flag over a mosque in the way with communal sloganeering. Later heavy police force was deployed around the mosque and five arrests were made.[70][71]
  • Stone-pelting incident was reported from Gujarat's Vadodara on 31 March. Two processions were taken out by Hindu right wing outfits - VHP and Bajrang Dal. Several videos of the mob, making communally charged remarks during the processions, were circulated on social media platforms. However, the police said that the situation is under control and peace has been restored in the area.[72]

Notes

  1. ↑ "Shobha Yatra" literally means a "shining" or "glorious" procession. One source calls it a "a long procession with great pomp and show".[15] It was traditionally associated with akharas[16] or ascetic orders.[17]
  2. ↑ Pandey was a member of the Janata Party, but coming from the Bharatiya Jana Sangh and later moving to the Bharatiya Janata Party.

References

  1. ↑ Pinney, Christopher (2004). 'Photos of the Gods': The Printed Image and Political Struggle in India. Reaktion Books. pp. 204–205. ISBN 978-1-86189-184-6. One of the most striking examples ... is Anuradha Kapur's celebrated analysis of the 'muscularization' of the god Ram. Starting in the late 1980s a series of popular images (illus. 161) appeared depicting a saffron-clad Ram (often towering above a new imaginary Rama temple in Ayodhya). Ram was endowed with a muscular armature to rival that of his simian assistant, Hanuman, and Sylvester Stallone... The angry Rama image, for instance, was first produced by the Vishva Hindu Parishad in the late 1980s and, ... several other companies produced similar images.
  2. ↑ Jain, Kajri (2007). Gods in the Bazaar: The Economies of Indian Calendar Art. Duke University Press. pp. 320–321. ISBN 978-0-8223-3926-7. [Anuradha] Kapur traces a marked iconographic shift in popular imagery from the earlier, textually sanctioned depictions of Ram as soft, smooth-bodied, almost pudgy, smiling, benign, and above all gentle and tranquil (see figs. 93 and 129), to the more recent muscular versions whose rasa or mood is (according to Kapur) predominantly ugra: "angry, exercised ... punishing" (75), emphasizing his bow and arrows in their capacity as weapons rather than as mere iconographic markers (fig. 138).... The departure from these established iconographic conventions, Kapur argues, is made possible by "the making of a virile Hinduism," which accompanies the encroachment of "realism," and particularly the depiction of a "virile" physiognomy, onto the mythic or iconic image.
  3. 1 2 3 Ahmad 2022, p. 433.
  4. ↑ Huda 2009.
  5. ↑ Mander, Harsh (12 April 2018), Miracles in Asansol: As coal city burnt in hatred, a Muslim cleric and Hindu temple healed with love, Scroll.in, Never in the past was Ram Navami, the spring festival celebrating the birth of Lord Ram, an occasion for mass public festivities or processions in West Bengal. This changed over the past couple of years, when the Bharatiya Janata Party, its ideological parent the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh and associated organisations converted the religious event into an occasion for the display of belligerent communal militancy, with an aggressive display of weapons and incendiary anti-Muslim sloganeering.
  6. ↑ Islam 2018, p. 251: "After the massive victory in the 2017 Uttar Pradesh Assembly election, the Sangh Parivar organised the Ram Navami celebrations in some parts of the state with unprecedented fervour. People were surprised to see armed processions of Hindutva activists carrying swords, machetes, and tridents'."
  7. ↑ Bharadwaj, Amit (29 April 2021), "How RSS lay the groundwork for the "tsunami" that BJP is expecting in West Bengal", The Caravan, The Ramnavami procession is a way to display aggression of the Hindu youth," Mandal told me. "It was our shakti pradarshan"—show of strength. "And the groundwork for this was being done for months, since 2016.
  8. ↑ Brass, Paul R. (2005), The Production of Hindu-Muslim Violence in Contemporary India, University of Washington Press, p. 365, ISBN 978-0-295-98506-0
  9. ↑ Paula Richman (2008), Ways of Celebrating Ram's Birth: Ramayana Week in Durban, South Africa, Religions Of South Asia, Volume 2 Issue 2, pages 109–133
  10. ↑ Steven Vertovec (1992). Hindu Trinidad: Religion, Ethnicity and Socio-Economic Change. Macmillan Academic. p. 211. ISBN 978-0-333-53505-9.
  11. ↑ Brian A. Hatcher (2015). Hinduism in the Modern World. Routledge. pp. 116–117. ISBN 978-1-135-04631-6.
  12. ↑ Andersen, Walter K.; Damle, Shridhar D. (1987) [Originally published by Westview Press], The Brotherhood in Saffron: The Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh and Hindu Revivalism, Delhi: Vistaar Publications, Chapter 1, Hedgewar selected the first mission of the young organization with great care. He wanted to demonstrate the value of discipline to both the volunteers and to the general public, and chose a popular religious occasion—Ramnavami—to do so.... For the occasion, he chose both the name and the uniform of the organization. The swayamsevaks, in their new uniforms, marched to the temple singing verses from Ramdas. According to RSS sources, they enforced queues for the worshippers visiting the temple housing the main idol, provided drinking water, and drove off the corrupt priests.
  13. ↑ Basu et al. (1993), p. 18.
  14. ↑ Jaffrelot 1996, Chapter 5.
  15. ↑ Yogesh Atal (1993). Understanding Indian Society: Festschrift in Honour of Professor S.C. Dube. Har-Anand Publications. p. 147. ISBN 9788124100080.
  16. ↑ Surajit Sinha; Baidyanath Saraswati (1978). Ascetics of Kashi: An Anthropological Exploration. N.K. Bose Memorial Foundation. p. 154. OCLC 1045990538.
  17. ↑ Manisha Sethi (29 November 2020). Escaping the World: Women Renouncers among Jains. Taylor & Francis. p. 179. ISBN 978-1-00-036578-8.
  18. ↑ "All set for grand Ram Navami Shobhayatra", The Hitavada, 15 April 2016, archived from the original on 22 April 2016
  19. ↑ Kumar, Megha (16 June 2016). Communalism and Sexual Violence in India: The Politics of Gender, Ethnicity and Conflict. Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 216–217. ISBN 978-1-78672-068-9.
  20. 1 2 Zaidi, A. Moin, ed. (1989), Party Politics in India, 1987, Volume 1, Issue 1, Indian Institute of Applied Political Research, p. 341, [BJP] has been working by proxy through the Vishwa Hindu Parishad which organised countrywide 'shobha yatras' for the nine days preceding the Ram Navami on [April 7]. It will not be long before it comes out in the open as every Hindu is emotionally involved with the Ram Janmabhoomi.
  21. 1 2 Udayakumar, S. P. (2005). Presenting the Past: Anxious History and Ancient Future in Hindutva India. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 61. ISBN 978-0-275-97209-7. The same confused VHP that was carrying Ganga water around the country in late 1983 had gained enough confidence to display arms in their Shobha Yatra on Ramnavami day (April 7) in Delhi and several other places along with provocative slogans.
  22. ↑ Shakir, Moin (1997) [1984]. "Analytical view of communal violence". In Asgharali Engineer (ed.). Communal Riots in Post-independence India. Universities Press. p. 95. ISBN 9788173701023. (Quoting Jitendra Narain Commission) After giving careful and serious consideration to all the materials that are on record, the Commission is of the view that the RSS with its extensive organisation in Jamshedpur and which had close links with the Bharatiya Janata Party and the Bharatiya Mazdoor Sangh had a positive hand in creating a climate which was most propitious for the outbreak of communal disturbances.
  23. ↑ Michael T. Kaufman, Religious Strife in an Otherwise Model City Puzzles India, The New York Times, 26 September 1979.
  24. ↑ Frankel, Francine R. (2014). "Middle classes and castes". In Atul Kohli (ed.). India's Democracy: An Analysis of Changing State-Society Relations. Princeton University Press. p. 257. ISBN 978-1-4008-5951-1.
  25. 1 2 Huda 2009, p. 20.
  26. ↑ Huda 2009, pp. 20–21.
  27. ↑ Jaffrelot 1996, p. 346.
  28. ↑ Jaffrelot 1996, p. 363.
  29. ↑ Punwani, Jyoti (16 April 2022), "Ram Navami riots: Procession, galvanisation, instigation", Deccan Herald, Ram Navami was at that time not celebrated on the streets of Mumbai; but, said the RSS man, now all Hindu festivals would be used to mobilise the community.
  30. ↑ "Report of Working Group of National Integration Council to Study Reports of the Commissions of Inquiry on Communal Riots 2007" (PDF).
  31. ↑ "Bhatkal gets new terror tag, wounds more than a decade deep". The Indian Express.
  32. ↑ "6 worst communal riots under UPA government". DNA India.
  33. ↑ "Communal clash in Maharashtra, 2 killed". NDTV News.
  34. ↑ IANS. "Violence in Kanpur over Ram Navami procession route injures many". India.com.
  35. ↑ PTI (17 April 2016). "Curfew clamped in Jharkhand's Hazaribagh following Ram Navami violence". Mint.
  36. ↑ Manogya Loiwal (27 March 2018). "Ram Navami violence in Raniganj kills one, leaves several injured including cops". India Today.
  37. ↑ Mohammad Asif (16 April 2019). "Ram Navami rallies turn violent in Asansol, police rushed to spot". Times of India.
  38. ↑ Rohit Parihar (14 April 2019). "Rajasthan: Communal clashes, violence mar Ram Navami procession". India Today.
  39. ↑ Choudhury, Rabindra Nath (12 April 2022). "Two dead, 36 injured in Ram Navami violence". Deccan Chronicle.
  40. ↑ "Not even tu tu, main main in UP on Ram Navami: CM Yogi after communal clashes in 4 states". India Today. 13 April 2022.
  41. ↑ "No tu tu main main in UP, no space for riots here: Yogi Adityanath on Ram Navami violence". The Indian Express. 13 April 2022.
  42. ↑ Correspondent, The Newspaper's (12 April 2022). "One killed in India's communal violence". DAWN.COM.
  43. ↑ "Communal clashes during Ram Navami procession reported in Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Jharkhand". The Times of India.
  44. ↑ "India: Muslims see wave of attacks, hate speech on Hindu festival". www.aljazeera.com.
  45. ↑ "After fresh clashes in Odisha town, internet suspension extended till tomorrow". Hindustan Times. 13 April 2022.
  46. ↑ "Indian police arrest 14 in New Delhi after communal violence".
  47. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Abhishek Chakraborty; Alok Ranjan (18 April 2022). "10 states, 15 flashpoints, the week that was in India". India Today.
  48. ↑ "Fresh violence in Gujarat's Himmatnagar after clashes over Ram Navami, 10 held". 12 April 2022.
  49. ↑ Langa, Mahesh (11 April 2022). "Communal clashes in Gujarat: 1 killed, another injured during Ram Navami processions". The Hindu.
  50. ↑ "ram navami: Centre seeks report from JNU on students' clash on Ram Navami". The Times of India.
  51. ↑ "One dead, 12 injured in communal clashes during Jharkhand Ram Navami procession". Firstpost. 11 April 2022.
  52. ↑ "Digvijaya Singh on row over tweet linked to Ram Navami violence: 'Only photo wrong'". Hindustan Times. 13 April 2022.
  53. ↑ Service, Tribune News. "BJP accuses Opposition of 'inciting' Ram Navami violence in MP, Gujarat". Tribuneindia News Service.
  54. ↑ "Jahangirpuri: Shock and anger in Delhi after religious violence". BBC News. Retrieved 19 April 2022.
  55. ↑ "Procession That Led To Delhi Violence Held Without Permission: 10 Facts". NDTV.com. Retrieved 19 April 2022.
  56. ↑ "Violence in 2 Ram Navami processions in West Bengal; 30 arrested: Police". Hindustan Times. 11 April 2022.
  57. ↑ "Communal violence in Maharashtra's Jalgaon over DJ music near mosque". www.hindustantimes.com. 30 March 2023. Retrieved 1 April 2023.
  58. ↑ "4 injured after 2 groups clash outside mosque in Maharashtra's Jalgaon, 45 arrested". www.indiatoday.in. 30 March 2023. Retrieved 1 April 2023.
  59. ↑ "Violent clashes in Maharashtra's Chhatrapati Sambhajinagar". www.timesofindia.indiatimes.com. 30 March 2023. Retrieved 1 April 2023.
  60. ↑ "One dead, 14 injured after two groups clash in Sambhajinagar". www.timesofindia.indiatimes.com. 31 March 2023. Retrieved 1 April 2023.
  61. ↑ "20 arrested for stone-pelting at Ram Navami procession in Malad's Malwani". www.timesofindia.indiatimes.com. 31 March 2023. Retrieved 1 April 2023.
  62. ↑ "Ram Navami clash – More than 300 persons booked by Mumbai Police". www.thehindu.com. 31 March 2023. Retrieved 1 April 2023.
  63. ↑ "Violence erupts in Howrah over Ram Navami procession". www.thehindu.com. 30 March 2023. Retrieved 1 April 2023.
  64. ↑ "Tension erupts during Ram Navami procession in Bengal's Howrah, CM warns of stern action". www.indianexpress.com. 31 March 2023. Retrieved 1 April 2023.
  65. ↑ "Fresh stone pelting in Howrah day after Ram Navami clashes. Mamata-BJP war of words rages on". www.hindustantimes.com. 31 March 2023. Retrieved 1 April 2023.
  66. ↑ "1 dead, several others injured during Ram Navami procession in Bengal's Dalkhola". www.indiatoday.in. 30 March 2023. Retrieved 1 April 2023.
  67. ↑ "Cops injured, shops burned: Clashes on Ram Navami in Bihar's Sasaram". www.indiatoday.in. 31 March 2023. Retrieved 1 April 2023.
  68. ↑ "Bihar: Over half a dozen vehicles burnt as two groups clash in Nalanda, security beefed up". www.timesofindia.indiatimes.com. 31 March 2023. Retrieved 1 April 2023.
  69. ↑ "Ram Navami violence: 77 arrested; mob vandalises madrasa in Bihar Sharif". www.thehindu.com. 3 April 2023. Retrieved 4 April 2023.
  70. ↑ "Sonipat: एक समुदाय के लोगों ने खरखौदा में दूसरे के धार्मिक स्थल पर फहराया झंडा". www.jagran.com (in Hindi). 31 March 2023. Retrieved 1 April 2023.
  71. ↑ "Sonipat: धार्मिक स्थल के गुम्बद पर फहराया भगवा झंडा, पुलिस ने पांच को किया गिरफतार". www.amarujala.com (in Hindi). 31 March 2023. Retrieved 1 April 2023.
  72. ↑ "Stone-pelting in Vadodara during Ram Navami celebrations". www.thehindu.com. 30 March 2023. Retrieved 1 April 2023.

Bibliography

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