Slovene national phonetic transcription
Slovene national transcription
Script type
CreatorFran Ramovš
Time period
1937–present
LanguagesSlovene language and its dialects, Alpine Slavic
Related scripts
Parent systems
Child systems
  • Ramovš transcription
  • Logar transcription
  • Slovene tonal transcription
  • Slovene non-tonal transcription
  • Slovene alphabet with stress notation
Unicode
Most of the letters are encoded in Latin (Basic Latin, Latin-1 Supplement, Latin Extended-A, Latin Extended-B, Latin Extended-D, Latin Extended Additional, IPA Extensions, Phonetic Extensions, Phonetic Extensions Supplement), most of the others are in Superscripts and Subscripts block or can be made by adding diacritical marks from Combining Diacritical Marks block. There is a letter and its superscript form, and a diacritical mark that are not yet encoded.

Slovene national phonetic transcription (Slovene: Nacionalna fonetična transkripcija [nat͡siɔˈnáːlna fɔˈnèːtit͡ʃna tɾansˈkɾìːpt͡sija]) is a group of four closely related and similar phonetic alphabets used to write pronunciations of Slovene and its dialects, as well as Alpine Slavic. The alphabet was first used by Fran Ramovš in 1937 to transcribe Freising manuscripts, and was later slightly changed to more closely resemble the International Phonetic Alphabet. The old transcription is called "Ramovš transcription" and the new one "the new Slovene national phonetic transcription" or "Logar transcription". From those transcriptions, "tonal transcription" (used for tonal orthography) and "non-tonal transcription" (used for non-tonal orthography), which also has a simplified form that can be implemented without changing the spelling of most of the words and only shows the accent ("Stress notation") were derived, although the ununified predecessors were already used before.

In dialectology, it is known as "national transcription" (Slovene: nacionalna transkripcija), since it is the only appropriate way to write dialects.[1]

Non-tonal and tonal transcription

It is still debated whether formal Slovene is a tonal language or not; however, non-tonal transcription is used more frequently than the tonal one. It can be used to fully transcribe a word, but its diacritical marks can be added to a normally-written word to only denote the stress and the length of the vowel, because the pronunciation of other letters can already be evident from the spelling of most words. However, this cannot be applied to loanwords or to words that already have diacritical marks.[2] This transcription is commonly added to words in books that are pronounced differently, but written the same to differentiate between them, such as môra "a nightmare" and móra "(he) has to". Additionally, mid central vowel can also be written with ə and when l is pronounced as [u̯], it can be represented with ł, however such representation is mostly reserved for dictionaries and study books meant for non-native speakers.

Tonal transcription differs from non-tonal only in diacritical marks.

Long stressed vowels[3]
In a word Non-tonal Tonal IPA
í í í ìː
ȋ íː
é é ẹ́ èː
ẹ̑ éː
ê / é ḙ̄ ḙ́ ɛ̝̀ː
ḙ̑ ɛ̝́ː
ê ê é ɛ̀ː
ȇ ɛ́ː
á á á àː
ȃ áː
ô ô ó ɔ̀ː
ȏ ɔ́ː
ô / ó ō̭ ó̭ ɔ̝̀ː
ȏ̭ ɔ̝́ː
ó ó ọ́ òː
ọ̑ óː
ú ú ú ùː
ȗ úː
Short stressed vowels[3]
In a word Non-tonal Tonal IPA
ì ì ȉ í
è ḙ ḙ̏ ɛ̝́
è ȅ ɛ́
è / ə̀ ə̀ ə̀ ə̀
ə̏ ə́
à / ʌ̀ à / ʌ̀ ȁ / ʌ̏ á
ò ò ȍ ɔ́
o̭ ȍ̭ ɔ̝́
ù ù ȕ ú
ŕ / r̀ ə̀r ə̀r ə̀ɾ
ə̏r ə́ɾ
ĺ ə̀l ə̏l ə́l
Short unstressed vowels[3]
In a word Non-tonal Tonal IPA
i i i i
e ḙ ḙ ɛ̝
e e ɛ
e / ə ə ə ə
a a a a
o o o ɔ
o̭ o̭ ɔ̝
u u u u
r ər ər əɾ
n ən ən ən
m əm əm əm
Semivowels[3]
In a word Non-tonal Tonal IPA
j j j j
v / u / l / ł u̯ u̯ w / u̯
Consonants[3]
SNPT IPA SNPT IPA
m m t t̪
ɱ T t̪ⁿ
n n̪ ᵗ t̪ˡ
n’ n̪ʲ d d̪
ŋ ŋ D d̪ⁿ
l l ᵈ d̪ˡ
l’ lʲ k k
r ɾ / r g g
j j č t͡ʃ
v ʋ dž d͡ʒ
v s s
w w z z
ʍ ʍ š ʃ
p p ž ʒ
P pⁿ c t͡s
ᴘ p̪ dz d͡z
b b f f
ʙ b̪ h x
B bⁿ ɣ ɣ

Notes:

  • ḙ̄ and ō̭ are in a word usually marked with ^, but few dictionaries mark them with acute accent.
  • ʌ̀ is preferred to à if following the Jurgec vowel system.
  • An acute accent is placed on r in a word if it is followed by a consonant that is in the same morpheme.
  • ĺ is only present in Vltava.
  • u̯ is in a word written with u only in some old Slavic words, such as nauk "moral" and is usually transcribed into IPA as [w], but the distinction between the semivowel and consonant is then lost, so u̯ʷ, or simply u̯ is favored.
  • On computers, ɱ can be used to represent .
Diacritical marks (non-tonal)
Mark Position Use
` above Denotes short vowel; it also denotes an open-mid or a mid vowel when combined with e and o.
´ above Denotes long vowel; it also denotes a close-mid vowel when combined with e and o.

Exception is when combined with r or l (see above)

^ above Denotes long open-mid vowel.
below Denotes mid vowel and can only be combined with e and o.
¯ above Denotes long vowel and can only be combined with ḙ and o̭. Can also be present on consonants.
Diacritical marks (tonal)
Mark Position Use
` above Denotes short vowel and low pitch.

It is only combined with ə.

̏ above Denotes short vowel and high pitch.
´ above Denotes long vowel and low pitch.
̑ above Denotes long vowel and high pitch.
¯ above Denotes that both pitches are allowed.

It is usually reserved only for long vowels. Can also be present on consonants.

̣ below It denotes a close-mid vowel.
^ below It denotes a mid vowel.

The different letters for nasal and lateral stops were only added later and are only rarely used (the usual p, b, t, and d are used).

Logar and Ramovš transcription

The Logar transcription is the full new national phonetic transcription and the Ramovš transcription is the "old" one, both of which can also be used for all Slovene dialects and Alpine Slavic.[1] Logar transcription was designed by Valentin Logar and used in his works. It was implemented mainly because Ramovš transcription was not standardized and to make national transcription more similar to the International Phonetic Alphabet. However, it failed to do that and both transcriptions are in use today.

The transcriptions used for written Slovene are a simplification of these two transcriptions; the letters stayed the same, apart from those added later, and the diacritical marks mimicked the ones from Ramovš transcription, but some were also changed and added.

The transcriptions really detail some sounds, and is therefore more appropriate to use for Slovene dialects than IPA and does not have a perfect IPA substitute for every letter.

Logar and Ramovš transcriptions[1][4]
Vowels
RT LT IPA Description Example (Logar transcription)
i i Close front unrounded vowel zíːma (Upper Carniolan)
ü ü* y Close front labialized (rounded) vowel klǜːč (South White Carniolan)
ʏ͉ Hollow, velar, rounded, non-tense vowel between ü and y sǜːn (Upper Carniolan – Kropa)
y i̠ Close near-front unrounded vowel ˈbyːri̯e (Inner Carniolan)
u u Close back rounded vowel klúːč (Upper Carniolan)
u̇ u̇* y̠͈ Close tense near-front rounded vowel glu̇̀ːh (Lower Carniolan)
i̧ ɪ̟͉ Near-close non-tense front unrounded vowel lì̧ːce (Eastern Lower Carniolan subdialect)
ɨ ɪ Near-close near-front unrounded vowel žɨ́ːla (Upper Carniolan)
ı̣ i̥ i͈ Close tense i ˈmåti̥ (Prekmurje)
i̥ ɨ̟̞ Reduced i-like vowel na smˈriːet’i̥ (Rižana subdialect)
y̥ y̥* ɨ̞ Reduced y-like vowel mỳ̥ti (Karst)
u̥ ʉ̠̞ Reduced u-like vowel tˈraːbu̥x (South Pohorje)
u̧ ʊ̠͉ Near-close non-tense back rounded vowel nu̧ːxt (Eastern Lower Carniolan subdialect)
ů ů* ʊ̠̝͈ Almost-close tense o ˈrȩbrů (Prekmurje)
ė ɪ̟͈ Near-close tense front unrounded vowel bˈrėːza (Upper Savinja)
ȯ ʊ̠͈ Near-close tense back rounded vowel ˈxȯːd’im (Upper Savinja)
ẹ e Close-mid front unrounded vowel pẹ̀ːst (Upper Carniolan)
ë* ë e̠ Close-mid near-front unrounded vowel nə strẹ́šë̀ (Gail Valley)
ọ o Close-mid back rounded vowel kọ́ːža (Upper Carniolan)
ḙ e̞ Mid front unrounded vowel zˈvḙːzda (Inner Carniolan)
e̥ ɘ̞ Reduced e-like vowel na bˈreɣe̥ (Inner Carniolan)
o̥ ɵ̞ Reduced o-like vowel ˈło̥xt (Inner Carniolan)
o̭ o̞ Mid back rounded vowel nó̭ːgà (Kranjska Gora subdialect)
ȩ e / ɛ ɛ Open-mid front unrounded vowel téːta (Upper Carniolan)
ě ɛː Yat (long open front vowel) that was present in Alpine Slavic
ö ø Open- and close-mid front rounded vowel zˈbödy (Inner Carniolan)
œ
ə ə̞ Open-mid central vowel ˈpəs (Upper Carniolan)
ə̣ ə̣* ə̟? Further reduction of i̥ and e̥ də̣klè (Lower Carniolan)
o̧ o / ɔ ɔ Open-mid back rounded vowel kóːsa (Upper Carniolan)
ä æ Near-open front unrounded vowel tä́ːta (South White Carniolan)
ḁ̈ ḁ̈* æ̠? Reduced ä ˈsọ̀ːlzḁ̈ (Resian)
ḁ ḁ* ɐ Reduced a-like vowel kḁˈlḙnȯ (Karst)
å ɒ̝ Near-open back rounded vowel ˈžåːba (South Pohorje)
ḁ̊ ḁ̊* ɒ̟̝? Reduced å ˈžilḁ̊ (some speakers)
ȧ a̝ (not fully) Open front unrounded vowel ˈtȧːta (Inner Carniolan)
a ä Open mid unrounded vowel tráːva (Upper Carniolan)
ã ą ã Nasal a pą́ːta (Jaun Valley)
õ ǫ ɔ̃ Nasal o qǫ̀ːt (Jaun Valley)
ọ̃ ǫ̣ õ Nasal ọ zǫ̣̀ːf (Jaun Valley)
ȯ̃* ǫ̇ ʊ̠͈̃ Nasal ȯ pǫ̇̀ːpi (Jaun Valley; rarely)
i̤ ɨ̤ Breathy i ˈi̤ša (Resian)
ṳ ʉ̤ Breathy u ˈrṳška (Resian)
e̤ ɛ̤̈ Breathy e ko̤ˈle̤no̤ (Resian)
o̤ œ̤̈ Breathy o ˈo̤ko̤ (Resian)
ɵ̤
ə̤ ə̤* ə̤ Breathy ə ˈo̤čə̤ (Resian; rarely)
Non-sonorants
RT LT IPA Example (Logar transcription) Further details
p p xˈlaːpc (Karst)
b b bràːda (Prekmurje)
ɸ* ɸ ɸ zó:ɸ (Upper Carniola)
b’ bʲ ˈdi̯eːb’o (Upper Savinja) Palatalized b
ƀ b͉ ƀóːƀəca (Jaun Valley) Spirantized b
f f ˈfant (Lower Carniola)
θ* θ θ̪͆ hù:əθ (Jaun Valley)
ð ð* ð̪͆ 'smərðu (some speakers)
đ d̻͉̄ brǻːđə (Jaun Valley) Spirantized d
t t̻̄ ˈteːme (Prekmurje)
t’ t̻̄ʲ ot’áː (Torre Valley) Palatalized t
d d̻̄ dẹ̀ːdej (Jaun Valley)
d’ d̻̄ʲ rˈd’aːvẹ (Prekmurje) Palatalized d
c t̪̻͡s̪̻ sərˈciə (Karst) Dentalized [t͡s]
c’ t̪̻͡s̪̻ʲ òšpic’ȧ (Upper Savinja) Palatalized c
ʒ d̪̻͡z̪̻ ʒìo (Natisone Valley) Dentalized [d͡z]
s s̪̻ làːs (Selca) Dentalized [s]
s’ s̪̻ʲ ˈpars’ė (Upper Savinja) Palatalized s
z z̪̻ kəˈzaːu̯c (Rižana subdialect) Dentalized [z]
z’ z̪̻ʲ jèz’ik (Upper Savinja) Palatalized z
c̣ c̣ / ċ t͇͡s͇ ˈċala (Bača subdialect) Between c and č
ṣ ṣ / ṡ s͇ pˈlẹːṡa (Bača subdialect) Between s and š
ẓ ẓ / ż z͇ miˈżinċ (Bača subdialect) Between z and ž
t́ c? laˈt́ẹːt (Prekmurje) Palatal t
d́* d́ ɟ? ˈd́ẹːtra (Prekmurje) Palatal d
ć t͡ɕ ˈmaːćexa (Inner Carniolan) Palatal c
ʒ́ d͡ʑ ʒ́enitọ̀ːrji (Torre Valley) Palatal ʒ
ś ɕ ˈśux (Torre Valley) Palatal s
ź ʑ śòːu̯źa (Torre Valley) Palatal z
č t͡ʃ ˈməːrlič (Karst)
č’* č’ t͡ʃʲ plỳč’ȧ (some speakers) Palatalized č
ǯ d͡ʒ ǯíːnar (Torre Valley)
ǯ’* ǯ’ d͡ʒʲ påːžǯ’e (Prekmurje; rarely) Palatalized ǯ
š ʃ ˈkaːšiĺ (Karst)
ž ʒ žaˈna (Rosen Valley)
č́ t͡ɕ / t͡ʃʲ? č́elìːən (Torre Valley) Palatal č
ǯ́ / dž́ ǯ́ d͡ʑ / d͡zʲ? riˈǯ́ȧːve (some speakers) Palatal ǯ
š́ ɕ / ʃʲ? táːš́č́a (Torre Valley) Palatal š
ž́ ʑ / ʒʲ? jəˈž́ək (Prekmurje) Palatal ž
k k pr̥ˈgiːška (Prekmurje)
k’ kʲ vèk’e (Upper Savinja) Palatalized k
g g gùːx (Upper Carniola)
g’ gʲ ˈg’ẹːi̯tra (some speakers) Palatalized g
x x xàːti (Rosen Valley)
x’ xʲ pətpàːsx’ė (Upper Savinja) Palatalized x
ɣ ɣ kúːɣa (Upper Carniola)
ǥ g͉ ǥu̯áːu̯a (Rosen Valley) Spirantized g
ǵ ɟ? 'ǵẹzik (Prekmurje) Palatal g
x́ ç? mi̥'x́yːr (Inner Carniolan) Palatal x
ɣx ɣ̥᪽ kùːɣxa (Torre Valley) ɣ that partially lost the voicing
h ħ ~ ɦ qúːha (Rosen Valley)
ʕ ~ h [ħ ~ ɦ] that lost voicing
q q / ʔ / ꝗ ʔ déːqwa (Rosen Valley)
Sonorants and semivowels
RT LT IPA Description Example (Logar transcription)
w w Bilabial approximant ɣoˈwọːry (Inner Carniolan)
u̯ u̯ʷ Semivowel w pepẹ̀ːu̯ (Upper Carniolan)
m m Bilabial nasal mẹ́ːlem (Upper Carniolan)
v ʋ Labiodental approximant čevọ̀ː (Upper Carniolan)
v’ ʋʲ Palatalized v pˈraːv’im (Upper Savinja)
m’* m’ mʲ Palatalized m ˈłuọːm’əm (Upper Savinja)
l l Alveolar continued lateral approximant lìːst (Upper Carniolan)
l̯ l̠ l̪ Dental continued lateral approximant l̠ìːce (Haloze)
r ɾ Alveolar discontinued approximant rẹ́ːpa (Upper Carniolan)
n n̪ Dental nasal ˈnoːu̯s (Central Styrian)
l’ lʲ Palatalized l ˈl’uːdi (South White Carniolan)
n’ nʲ Palatalized dental nasal ˈtiln’ėk (Upper Savinja)
ĺ ʎ Palatal lateral approximant ˈiːxtĺu (Karst)
ń ɲ Palatal nasal ńìːwa (Brda)
j j Palatal approximant jéːčmen (Upper Carniolan)
i̯ i̯ Semivowel j ˈzaːi̯ka (North White Carniolan)
j̃* j̃ / j̨ j̃ Nasalized j lọ̑ˈbåːj̃a (Slovene Hills)
ĩ̯ ĩ̯ Nasalized ĩ̯ cúĩ̯a (Horjul)
ł ʟ Velar l ˈłȧːi̯tu (Inner Carniola)
ṙ ṙ / ʀ ʀ Uvular r ˈṙuːəx (Rosen Valley)
ŋ ŋ Velar n lẹ́ːšəŋk (Upper Carniolan)
Diacritics
RT LT IPA Further details
Tones
V̑ V̀ː V́ː Long high-pitched vowel
V̏ V̀ V́ Short high-pitched vowel
V́ V́ː V̀ː Long low-pitched vowel
V̀ V́ V̀ Short low-pitched vowel
Ṽ V̂ High-low-pitched vowel (in Brdo dialect)
V̆̀ Extra-short low-pitched vowel
Stress
V̄ ˈVː Vː Long stressed vowel
- ˈVˑ Vˑ Semi-long stressed vowel
V̆ ˈV V Short stressed vowel
Other vowel diacritics
Ṽ V̨ Ṽ Nasal vowel
Ṿ V̝͈ Raised tense vowel
V̇ see above Extremely raised and tense vowel
V̧ V V̞ Lowered vowel
V̭ see above Neutral (mid) vowel
V̥ V̈ Centralized vowel
V̤ V̤ Breathy vowel
V̯ V̯ Short implosive and explosive vowel or semivowel
V (V̆) Weak articulation, shortness
Consonants
C̄ Cː Cː Long consonant
C̃ C̃ / C̨ C̃ Nasal consonant
C̮ C̥᪽ Semi-voiced consonant
C̥ C̩ Syllabic consonant
C‛ Cʰ Aspirated consonant
C (C̆) Weak articulation, shortness
Other
C Dummy consonant
V Dummy vowel
ø A sound that is not present, null ending
/ / Phoneme
[ ] Allophone
> Derived from
< Originates from

Notes:

  • Letters marked with * are not part of the standard transcription.
  • Both Logar and Ramovš used č́, ǯ́, š́, and ž́, however it is unknown whether they are palatal or only palatalized and what is the difference between them and palatalized č and ǯ, or palatal ć, ʒ́, ś, and ź.
  • IPA transcriptions followed by a question mark are presumed; there was not enough research done to fully determine the transcription.
  • The IPA transcriptions given are exact. When writing pronunciation generally, not all diacritics have to be used.
  • On computers, V̔ can be used to represent .

References

  1. 1 2 3 Logar, Valentin "Tine" (1996). Kenda-Jež, Karmen (ed.). Dialektološke in jezikovnozgodovinske razprave [Dialectological and etymological discussions] (in Slovenian). Ljubljana: Znanstvenoraziskovalni center SAZU, Inštitut za slovenski jezik Frana Ramovša. pp. VII–XV. ISBN 961-6182-18-8.
  2. ↑ Slovar slovenskega knjižnega jezika: SSKJ 2 (in Slovenian). Ljubljana: Znanstvenoraziskovalni center SAZU, Inštitut za slovenski jezik Frana Ramovša. 2015. pp. 40–41. ISBN 978-961-282-010-7. Archived from the original on 2022-03-18. Retrieved 2022-03-19.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 "Pravila" [Grammatical Rules] (PDF). ePravopis slovenskega knjižnega jezika (in Slovenian). Ljubljana: Znanstvenoraziskovalni center SAZU, Inštitut za slovenski jezik Frana Ramovša. 2014. pp. 69–81. Archived from the original on 2022-01-21. Retrieved 2022-03-19.
  4. ↑ Kenda-Jež, Karmen (February 27, 2017). "Fonetična trankripcija" [Phonetic transcription] (PDF). Slovenski lingvistični atlas (in Slovenian). Znanstvenoraziskovalni center SAZU, Inštitut za slovenski jezik Frana Ramovša. pp. 27–30. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 22, 2022. Retrieved March 19, 2022.
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