Major General Rao Farman Ali Khan SQA SK
راؤ فرمان علی
Minister of Petroleum and Natural Resources
In office 23 March 1985 – 29 May 1988
President	Zia-ul-Haq
Prime Minister	Muhammad Khan Junejo
3rd National Security Advisor
In office 29 March 1985 – 17 August 1988
Preceded by	Tikka Khan
Succeeded by	Tariq Aziz
Managing Director of Fauji Foundation
In office 1974–1985
Personal details
Born	Rao Farman Ali Khan 1923 Rohtak, Punjab, British Raj (Present-day Haryana, India)
Died	20 January 2004(2004-01-20) (aged 80–81) Rawalpindi, Punjab, Pakistan
Resting place	Westridge Cemetery
Citizenship	British India (1915–1947)  Pakistan (1947–2004)
Nationality	Pakistan
Profession	Bureaucrat
Military service
Branch/service	British Indian Army (1935–1947)  Pakistan Army (1947–1972)
Years of service	1943–1972
Rank	Major-General
Unit	Regiment of Artillery
Battles/wars	World War II Bangladesh Liberation War Operation Searchlight and Bangladesh genocide
Awards	Sitara-e-Quaid-e-Azam  Sitara-e-Kidmat
Service number	PA – 1364

Major General Rao Farman Ali Khan SQA SK (Urdu: راؤ فرمان علی ; January 1, 1922 – 20 January 2004) was a Pakistan Army officer who is widely considered a key architect of the 1971 Bangladesh genocide during the Bangladesh Liberation War.^[1][2][3]

Farman oversaw the deployment of local militias (razakars) during the Bangladesh Liberation War in 1971.^[4] He testified his responsibilities in the Hamoodur Rahman Commission in 1972 but denied allegations of genocide committed in Bangladesh in spite of the Hamoodur Rahman Commission which proved the involvement of misconducts and genocide of Pakistani military personnel.^[5]

Upon retirement, he joined the Fauji Foundation and founded the Fauji Fertilizer Company Limited in 1978.^[6] From 1985–88, he served as petroleum minister and National Security Advisor in President Zia-ul-Haq's administration, and went into hiding after Zia's death.^[6]

Farman authored a book titled How Pakistan Got Divided.^[7]

Biography

Rao Farman Ali Khan was born into a Panjabi Rajput family in Rohtak, East Punjab, then under the British Colonial rule in 1923.^[8] His date of birth is read as 1 January 1923, according to the official headstone written in Urdu in his grave which is located in the Westridge cemetery in Rawalpindi.

He was commissioned as a second lieutenant in the Regiment of Artillery of the British Indian Army during the World War II in 1943.^[9] At the partition of British India in 1947, he opted to join the Pakistan Army.^[8]

He was in East Pakistan from 28 February 1967 to 25 March 1969.^[8] In this time, he was commander of the 14th Division's artillery. On the promulgation of martial law on all over Pakistan by Gen. Yahya Khan, Farman was appointed as the Brigadier (Civil Affairs) in the office of the Zonal Administrator of martial law in East Pakistan and was later promoted to Maj. Gen. while remaining in the same post. From 4 July 1971 to 3 September 1971 he functioned under the designation of Major General (Political Affairs) and from the latter date to 14 December 1971 he worked as adviser to the Governor of East Pakistan.^[7]

He enjoyed full support of President Yahya Khan serving under several governors and oversaw various civil affairs in the government.757-759^[9] He helped raise the paramilitary units such as the Volunteers (Razakars), Peace Committee, Al Badr, and Al Shams to aid the genocide of the Pakistan army.^[9]

In 1971, when the talks with Awami League failed, Ali along with Lieutenant-General Tikka Khan launched the military crackdown on the people of erstwhile East Pakistan under direction of President Yahya Khan.^[4] Ali is held responsible for widespread genocide and massacre took place in Dhaka University.^[10] Hamoodur Rahman Commission though heavily criticized other senior military staff of Pakistan Army in East Pakistan at the time including confirmation of mass atrocities, cleared Ali citing the fact that he was not involved in any direct Military Operation due to the nature of his post which was mostly Administrative.^[11]

Altaf Gohar, an East Pakistani civil servant, recounted an incident from his memory that a hit list had been drawn up for elimination of certain Bangalis.^[2] A friend of Altaf Gohar was also in the list and his friends and relatives requested Gohar if he could do something to save his friend.^[2] Gohar held a meeting with Farman and requested him to drop the name from his hit list. " Farman took, said Gohar, a diary out of his drawer and crossed the name out. The name was of Mr. Sanaul Huq and he was spared."^[2]

Pages of this very diary with lists of intellectuals were recovered from the debris of Rao Farman's office, the then Governor's House, which was bombed by Indian Air Force on 14 December.A note book was found in Rao farman Ali's office in Dhaka, One page contained a list of university teachers with addresses, with tick marks besides some of the names like "M. Haider Chy. Bangali" or "Saduddin-Sociology, 16-D, UQ" (university quarter). It is up to the readers to find out the reality of this page, and the meaning of the marks, bearing in mind that the last entry was most probably on 13 December.^[1]

After the civil war in 1971 ended, Farman's diary was recovered from the ruins of the Governor's house. The copy of a page from the diary shows the list of intellectuals from Dhaka University. Out of which, 14 of them were killed on 14 December 1971.^[2] In 1971, he, along with Lieutenant-General Amir Abdullah Khan Niazi, sent a telegram to the U.S. Embassy in Dacca to transmit the surrender proposal to New Delhi. Farman Ali also sent a request for a cease-fire to the United Nations, but it was quickly countermanded by a message from President Yahya Khan which described Farman Ali's request as "unauthorized".

About the Bangladesh Liberation War, General A.A.K. Niazi maintained that Farman requested the latter on multiple occasions to stationed him back to Pakistan after the Farman's gained notoriety over his involvement in the killing of the intellectuals.^[10] A.A.K. Niazi wrote in his book, "The Betrayal of East Pakistan that Farman had quoted: "Mukti Bahini would kill him of his alleged massacre of the Bangalees and intellectuals on the night of 15–16 December. It was a pathetic sight to see him pale and almost on the verge of break down."^[10] He is also alleged to have written in his Diary as: "Green Land of East Pakistan will be painted Red."^[12] However, Farman Ali had denied all the accusations leveled against him, and branded these accusations as "lies."

In 1972, Ali testified against A.A.K. Niazi in the Hamoodur Rahman Commission and noted that Niazi's morale collapsed as early as 7 December and cried fanatically over the progress report presented to the Abdul Motaleb Malik.^[13] Controversy regarding his own involvement in the political events of East had arisen since he had denied all accusations leveled against him despite testifying his responsibilities.

Farman Ali was forcefully retired from the military in 1972 but appointed as Managing Director of Fauji Foundation in 1974 which he remained in that position until 1984.^[6] He founded the Fauji Foundation and helped create the chemical fertilizer and served its first director of the Fauji Fertilizer Company in 1978.^[6] In 1985, he was appointed as Minister of Petroleum and Natural Resources and National Security Advisor in President Zia-ul-Haq's administration, which he served until 1988.^[6]

After sudden death of President Zia-ul-Haq, Farman Ali reportedly went into hiding and lived a very quiet life in Rawalpindi on a pension.^[6] Throughout the 1990s, he fought a brief illness and authored a book, Sar Gazisht, based on the East Pakistan crises.^[6] On 20 January 2004, Farman Ali died and was laid to rest with military honors in Westridge cemetery in Rawalpindi, Punjab, Pakistan.^[6]

Awards and decorations

Foreign decorations

Foreign Awards
UK	Burma Star
	War Medal 1939-1945
	Queen Elizabeth II Coronation Medal

See also

• Bangladesh Liberation War
• 1971 killing of Bengali intellectuals

References