Rasan
ڕاسان
Pronunciation
  • IPA: [ɾɑːsɑːn] rah-san
Formation2004 (2004)
Founded atSulaymaniyah, Kurdistan Region[1]
TypeNGO
PurposeHumanitarian
HeadquartersSulaymaniyah, Kurdistan, Iraq
ServicesPsychosocial support
Legal aid
Consultation[2][3]
FieldsHuman rights[4][5][6][7]
(Women and LGBT)
Official languages
Kurdish
English
Executive Director
Tanya Darwesh[8][9][10]
Media & Communications Officer
Zhiar Ali (2019–2021)
AffiliationsCOC Nederland
Kvinna Till Kvinna[11][12][13][14]
All Out[15][16]
Give A Damn[3]
Oxfam
PlanetRomeo[17]
USAID
Staff (2019)
12
Websiterasanorg.com

Rasan (Kurdish: ڕاسان; English: /rɑːsɑːn/; lit. 'uprising') was a Kurdish non-governmental human rights organization that was established in 2004 in Sulaymaniyah, Kurdistan Region, Iraq. Rasan focused on LGBT rights and women's rights. The organization ran projects that focused on coexistence and social cohesion through the use of arts, social awareness, focus groups, livelihood projects, seminars, workshops, training, and action plans. Rasan engaged community leaders from different sectors in community forums on gender identity, equality and coexistence.[18]

Initially, Rasan was a feminist women's rights organization between 2004 and 2012 but in 2012 they expanded their scope to human rights issues related to the LGBT community, making them the first registered organization in Iraq to publicly advocate for the LGBT community. The organization also campaigned against child marriage and domestic abuse. The organization was headquartered in Sulaymaniyah, which was their primary area of operation, but they campaign in Iraq and the wider Middle East using their media presence and social media platforms, pressuring the Iraqi government and the Kurdistan Regional Government (KRG) to acknowledge basic human rights which are still violated and establish laws to protect LGBT people and women.

The organization started awareness campaigns and group workshops for young people in Kurdish society to try to uproot the taboo of LGBT acceptance and the way LGBT communities are viewed and vilified by most of society. One of the campaigns, known as Art for All, included painting murals on public walls depicting the concerns of the LGBT community in Kurdistan in an attempt to sway public opinion towards a more lenient mentality. The project started in 2017 after a fundraising campaign by All Out. By the end of the project, some of the murals representing the LGBT community were vandalized, especially ones with rainbows, which are known as an LGBT symbol. They also launched the Give a Hand project during the same time, supported by Give a Damn, which was about researching the needs of the LGBT community and create new queer-friendly vocabulary.

Rasan was supported by multiple partners to execute their projects, including COC Nederland, Kvinna Till Kvinna, All Out, Give A Damn, Oxfam, PlanetRomeo, USAID, and Asiacell.

History

Early days

Rasan was founded in 2004 as a feminist and women's rights organization.[19][20][21] After shutting down for a year in 2011, it reopened in 2012.[21] While continuing its work for women's rights, Rasan decided to also focus on the LGBT community, which was one of the biggest groups in society that still faced violence and discrimination.[22][23] According to Ayaz Shalal Kado, former deputy director of Rasan, they felt something was missing and left out.[2] Rasan was the only registered organization in Iraq to work for the LGBT community. [lower-alpha 1]

2005–2012

In 2005, a constitutional awareness project for women was held in Erbil, which was hosted around many districts of the region. The project was supported by Iraq Civil Society and Independent Media Support Program (ICSP) for two months. Later in 2005, 35 lectures were held over three months on topics including social and political issues, and women's health. This project was also supported by ICSP.[29] Between 2006 and 2010, the organization published 85 press releases but stopped publishing after 2010. They also published a book titled "Women at Third World", which is about violence and harassment against women. The organization also hosted television shows covering violence against women, gender equality, and human and civil rights.[30]

In 2007, Rasan produced a film about female genital mutilation. The production was supported by Human Rights Watch and was displayed in Erbil, Duhok, Kirkuk, Ranya, and Said Sadiq. The film entered a competition for Best Films by the Ministry of Human Rights in the Kurdistan region, and was nominated for display in Germany. In 2008, the organization worked on 55 cases, in 2009 on 62 cases, and in 2010 on 60 cases, which were mainly about social, political, ideological, or family problems faced by women.[31] The organization hosted activities from 2007 to 2012, including the World Conference of NGOs in Washington, D.C., EU Conference of NGOs in Austria, KTK Workshops in Amman, KTK Workshops in Lebanon, Summit of Social Entrepreneurs in Istanbul, and Summit of Women Rights Defenders in South Africa. Rasan then took a short hiatus and resumed its work after adding LGBT issues to its focus.[32]

2012–2018

Rasan started planning a project that included activism and advocacy for the LGBT community in 2012.[23][2] COC funded the project as part of their Pride Program. The project was called "Crossing Iraqi Rainbow"[33] and ran from 2016 until the end of 2020. The objectives of the project varied by year. Rasan was able to hold workshops, training, seminars, group discussions and community forums. The participants of the workshops were mainly from governmental sectors and institutions, the Ministry of Health, Asayish, police, Ministry of Endowments and Religious Affairs,[3] youth, and university students.[34]

in 2016, Rasan executed a series of large-scale projects, one of which was 16 Days of Activism, where the organization started spreading anti-child-marriage posters around Sulaymaniyah and painting artwork reflecting gender equality, peace, women's rights, and coexistence.[35] Another project, We Care About You, which was executed from July to September 2016, aimed to provide protection and assistance for female refugees, Internally displaced persons, and host communities. The project concluded with 60 women having direct access to education, 750 women receiving training on gender-based violence (GBV); community forms of 50% female and 50% male were established to receive support to develop and implement community GBV action plans for 1,500 indirect beneficiaries.[36] As part of the Women Can Be project, Rasan provided direct psychosocial and legal support to 200 women, 1,200 women received hygienic kits, and 50 seminars were hosted for men to raise awareness about healthy relationships and gender equality.[37][38][39]

On March 1, 2017, Rasan announced its 1325 project. Four hundred cases were provided with direct legal, psychosocial and social support. Rasan also hosted 80 awareness seminars to 1,000 women.[40] In 2019, Rasan hosted 11 seminars for 250 women from Chamchamal, Kalar, Arbat Camp, and Khabat Districts.[41]

Another Rasan campaign involved working with 90 women who were either freed by or had fled from ISIS rapists and human traffickers. Rasan worked with women who were abused by ISIS militias. According to sources, Rasanwastrying to procure more backing from international organizations to help more people, especially women and children who have fled ISIS and require mental and physical therapy.[42]

Art for All

A mural representing gender equality which was vandalized and then fixed by Rasan as a countermeasure

In 2017, Rasan launched a campaign called "Art for All" to paint murals around the city of Sulaymaniyah; it was their first public advocacy for the LGBT community.[42][43][44] The project was funded from a fundraising campaign supported by All Out.[15][16][45] Some of the murals, which represented the LGBT community, were defaced with black paint[26][21] but Rasan repainted them.[46] Although the authorities, fearing a backlash from locals and religious believers with strong opinions, did not allow Rasan to paint all of their murals on public main roads.[20] Rasan also painted murals on high-school walls[47][35][48] and The American University of Iraq, Sulaimani. Although the murals were not on public roads, there was an aggressive backlash against Rasan for their advocacy.[49] Rasan received many negative reactions, including messages containing excessive profanity and death threats from individuals who believed Rasan was trying to spread indecency and immorality,[42][20] and some of the organization's staff have been assaulted in public.[25] The project was also challenged heavily by governmental institutions, with authorities threatening the project manager with arrest.[21] This project ended on November 16, 2018.[45]

Give a Hand

In 2018, Rasan was financially backed by the Give A Damn organization for the "Give a Hand" project to research the needs and challenges of the local LGBT community. The project aimed to help the organization devise a plan to meet the community's needs and to develop new LGBT-related words in the Sorani language to expand the community's vocabulary. According to Give A Damn, "the support [was] also used to work on community-building and to identify allies such as imams, police officers, and policymakers."[3]

2018–Present

Former deputy director of Rasan, Kado, talked to SBS Kurdish about the organization's work and the way they work to break social taboos, educate the community, and help women and the LGBT community with their struggles. Shalal told SBS Kurdish Rasan is one of a very few organizations working for LGBT people in the Kurdistan region, and in Iraq as a whole. "We have case management services, where LGBT individuals can visit our organization or can connect with us on different applications through their phones, or on Facebook, or on Twitter, or by email to ask for physiological, social, and legal services that Rasan provides".[2] Despite the economic and political crisis in the Kurdistan region, Rasan continued its advocacy campaigns. Kado said if they had more support, they would expand their activities into other parts of the region, including Kirkuk.[2]

In 2020, Rasan launched a Youth Development Project, which includes six days of training about human rights, gender and sexuality, and Sexual and reproductive health and rights. The participants were asked to become volunteers for the organization.[50]

Response to COVID-19

in Iraq, where there are no laws protecting LGBT communities, conservative groups and religious militants are currently the main threat to the LGBT people's lives. The spread of COVID-19 has seen a rise in the religious leaders' anti-LGBT speeches and further danger to the lives of LGBT people, especially in countries where ideological groups such as the Shi'ite, which have militias.[51] There has been instances where influential figures in Iraq blamed the spread of COVID-19 on LGBT people.[52]

On May 17, 2020, the European Union (EU), British, and Canadian embassies raised the pride flag in their Baghdad headquarters, which caused a massive backlash,[53][54][55][56][57] forcing the EU embassy to take down the flag after a few hours.[58] Muqtada al-Sadir had earlier called for an end to violence against members of the LGBT community; according to a report written by Zhiar Ali for Rasan, he was one of the most influential people to start a hate campaign against the community, declaring homosexuality a "paraphilia" and comparing it to incest.[59] Iraqi politicians soon started an unsuccessful campaign to expel the EU embassy out of Iraq.[52]

"Muqtada al-Sadir is clearly calling on the public and summoning everyone to take action to stop the "spread" of homosexuality. This has caused the public to feel further outraged by the situation and have resorted to violence against LGBT people and a crackdown has begun to find them and murder them. However, this has not been the only call to start a hate campaign. On a broadcasted footage to national TV, a group of people is walking over LGBT flags and condemning the community and proclaim as though they are abnormal or homosexuality is some sort of disease." –Rasan[59]

According to Ali, since Muqtada al-Sadir posted discriminatory tweets, a number of LGBT youth have been killed in a hate campaign. Ali reported the appearance of "digital jihadists" who pose as LGBQT people online to out real members of the community, making them vulnerable targets of murder attempts and harm. The group would search on gay-dating apps such as Grindr, and check the followers of local pro-LGBT groups and persuade them reveal their identities.[59] After these events unfolded, Rasan started aggressively targeting the EU and UN on their social media accounts, letting the public know that they were not supported by them in fear that it would damage their reputation, labeling them as "opportunistic tokenists". Rasan also led a media campaign against the Iraqi government for not taking action and criticized Muqtada al-Sadir for his discrimination against LGBT people. In an interview with Rudaw, Rasan said; "as usual, Iraqi politicians continue fooling their nation and escaping responsibility. It is embarrassing and surprising for a figure like Muqtada al-Sadr to be unaware of what is going on and rather blame a marginalized group of society for being the source of COVID-19."[51]

Iraq has no laws to help or provide legal protection for LGBT individuals,[60] despite continuous attacks on the LGBT community. The lack of condemnation by the media or public figures does not help the escalating situations in the Iraqi region. There are still problems with self-expression for to LGBT people, whose freedoms are restricted. Ambiguous articles in the Iraqi Penal Code, such as articles 393, 394, 400, and 401 in the Kurdistan region, and articles 376, 394, 398, 397, 402, 403, 502 in Iraq are abused to detain LGBT people in the region.[61]

Legally, sexual relations, whether homosexual or heterosexual, are not criminalized, but there are numerous reports about executions and floggings carried out in places controlled by militias and religious militants.[62][61] Since the Kurdistan region has autonomy status, they have adopted their own laws which do not criminalize same-sex relations, but some LGBT people are arrested regardless.[lower-alpha 2]

On February 22, 2021, it was announced that a lawsuit was filed against Rasan by an MP of an Islamist political fraction called Komal (Kurdistan Justice Group) locally because the organization advocated for LGBT+ rights locally, and according to him, this was a "against the values of the Kurdish culture."[64][65][66] In response to his accusations, Rasan said they will be defending themselves against the lawsuit in court, and that they work for all humanity. Zhiar Ali, former media officer at Rasan, spoke up against the MP during a live interview with Rudaw, defending the LGBT+ community, saying that the comments of the MP were "baseless and not based on any scientific evidence."[67] As a response to the threats that the organization will be closed down, Ali started a change.org petition through his initiative Yeksani which was signed by over 1,000 people, including national and local activists.[68]

On 20 June 2023, Bwar News reported that Rasan Organization had been dissolved by the Suleimani Court of First Instance for "illegally" advocating for the rights of LGBT people, adding that the decision was final because the time limit for an appeal had already expired.[69]

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ Besides Rasan, the only other organization publicly working for LGBT rights is called IraQueer, which was found in 2015 and is not yet registered in Iraq.[24] Rasanwasstill registered as a women's rights organization, according to the Directorate of Non-Governmental Organizations in the Kurdistan Region, because registering as an LGBT organizationwasnot allowed.[3] According to the Austrian Centre for Country of Origin and Asylum Research and other parties, the region in which Rasan operates is safer and more tolerable to LGBT people than the rest of Iraq.[25][3] Other registered organizations outside of the Kurdistan Region, such as in the south of Iraq in Baghdad, have a more difficult time working for LGBT rights and are often targeted.[22] This claim is disputed and some parties say the Kurdistan Region is equally as hostile towards members of the LGBT community.[26] According to a report by UNHCR, Kurdish society still has tribal values and believes in gender roles and family honor, which restricts the freedom of LGBT people in the area.[27] In Baghdad, LGBT people have been targets of killing squads using dating apps. In 2009, human rights activists estimated 680 LGBT people were murdered during a five-year period, at a rate of about a dozen per month.[28]
  2. ↑ According to the Kurdish Penal Code on sexual misconduct, in case the sexual relation did not violate any of the following 6 conditions, the sexual relation is legal:
    1. Mutual consent must be present;
    2. Involved individuals should not be married;
    3. Both parties must be at least 18 years old;
    4. The act should not be in a public place where it can be witnessed;
    5. There should not be any promises of marriage before the act; and
    6. The sex should be done outside of prostitution and free of charge.[63]

References

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  2. 1 2 3 4 5 "Rasan Organisation leads the Kurdish fight to break LGBT taboo". SBS Kurdish. Archived from the original on October 19, 2020. Retrieved October 7, 2020.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "A safe space for LGBTI's in Iraq | Give A Damn". May 8, 2018. Archived from the original on November 1, 2019. Retrieved October 7, 2020.
  4. ↑ Amien, Ava. ""We Can't Just Run": Meet Iraq's University Students Working For a Better Future". www.gradtouch.com. Archived from the original on August 7, 2020. Retrieved October 8, 2020.
  5. ↑ "MENARA Final Reports" (PDF). Menara Project. March 2019. p. 28. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 2, 2020. Retrieved October 8, 2020. Rasan Organization, a women's rights organization, "also formally took on LGBT rights in 2012"
  6. ↑ "HRW: Facing the Myths: LGBT Voices from the Middle East and North Africa". www.hrw.org. June 24, 2019. Archived from the original on September 18, 2020. Retrieved October 8, 2020.
  7. ↑ "A.F.E". A.F.E. Archived from the original on October 8, 2020. Retrieved October 8, 2020.
  8. ↑ "چالاکانی مەدەنی: توندوتیژی دژی ژنان لەماوەی کەرەنتینەدا زیادیکردووە". NRT News. Archived from the original on June 16, 2020. Retrieved October 8, 2020.
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  11. ↑ "Iraq". Kvinna Till Kvinna. Archived from the original on August 7, 2020. Retrieved October 7, 2020.
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  19. ↑ "'The world is changing': Iraqi LGBT group takes campaign to streets". Middle East Eye. Archived from the original on March 24, 2019. Retrieved October 7, 2020.
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  22. 1 2 "Anfragebeantwortung zum Irak: Lage von LGBT-Personen; Rechtliche Situation und staatlicher Schutz; Diskriminierung und Vorfälle von Gewalt, Behandlung durch Milizen; Schutzunterkünfte, LGBTI-Aktivismus [a-10587]". www.ecoi.net (in German). Austrian Centre for Country of Origin and Asylum Research and. May 30, 2018. Archived from the original on October 29, 2020. Retrieved October 8, 2020.
  23. 1 2 "AUDACITY IN ADVERSITY, LGBT Activism in the Middle East and North Africa" (PDF). Dataspace. Human Rights Watch. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 29, 2020. Retrieved October 8, 2020.
  24. ↑ "About". IraQueer. Archived from the original on August 12, 2020. Retrieved October 8, 2020.
  25. 1 2 Ricard, Lauren (March 4, 2020). "Fighting for LGBT+ rights in Iraq". Medium. Retrieved October 8, 2020.
  26. 1 2 "IRAQI KURDISTAN: We stand side-by-side; CPT speaks with the LGBT+ community | Christian Peacemaker Teams". www.cpt.org. Archived from the original on October 12, 2020. Retrieved October 8, 2020.
  27. ↑ "International Protection Considerations with Regard to People Fleeing the Republic of Iraq" (PDF). p. 103. Archived (PDF) from the original on August 13, 2020. Retrieved October 8, 2020.
  28. ↑ D., Zach (June 26, 2017). "In ISIS' Shadow, LGBT Kurds Take A Stand". HuffPost. Archived from the original on October 29, 2020. Retrieved October 8, 2020.
  29. ↑ "Project Department". Rasan Organization. June 21, 2018. Archived from the original on October 29, 2020. Retrieved October 7, 2020.
  30. ↑ "Media Department". Rasan Organization. June 21, 2018. Archived from the original on October 9, 2020. Retrieved October 7, 2020.
  31. ↑ "Society Department". Rasan Organization. June 21, 2018. Archived from the original on October 29, 2020. Retrieved October 7, 2020.
  32. ↑ "National Awareness & International Participation". Rasan Organization. June 21, 2018. Archived from the original on October 10, 2020. Retrieved October 7, 2020.
  33. ↑ "Crossing Iraqi Rainbow". Rasan Organization. June 20, 2018. Archived from the original on October 11, 2020. Retrieved October 7, 2020.
  34. ↑ "Rasan's workshop at the American University of Iraq, Sulaimani about LGBT". Rasan Organization. November 13, 2019. Archived from the original on August 9, 2020. Retrieved October 7, 2020.
  35. 1 2 "16 Days of Activism 2016". Rasan Organization. June 16, 2018. Archived from the original on August 9, 2020. Retrieved October 7, 2020.
  36. ↑ "We Care About You". Rasan Organization. June 21, 2018. Archived from the original on October 9, 2020. Retrieved October 7, 2020.
  37. ↑ شينويذ, سارة. "رعاية الذكور والـ (إل جي بي تي آي) الناجين من العنف الجنسي: تعلم الدروس من المنظمات المحلية | Forced Migration Review". fmreview.org (in Arabic). Archived from the original on October 9, 2020. Retrieved October 8, 2020.
  38. ↑ Chynoweth, Sarah. "Caring for male and LGBTI sexual violence survivors: learning from local organisations" (PDF). fmreviews.org. Archived (PDF) from the original on April 25, 2018. Retrieved October 8, 2020.
  39. ↑ "Women Can Be". Rasan Organization. June 21, 2018. Archived from the original on October 29, 2020. Retrieved October 7, 2020.
  40. ↑ "1325 in KRI". Rasan Organization. June 20, 2018. Archived from the original on October 11, 2020. Retrieved October 7, 2020.
  41. ↑ ""Strong Women" In Chamchamal, Kalar, Kalakn, Garmian, Arbat Camp, Xabat, Charmo University and Sulaimanyah City". Rasan Organization. August 27, 2019. Archived from the original on October 29, 2020. Retrieved October 7, 2020.
  42. 1 2 3 "Kurdish group launches pro-LGBT human rights campaign". Washington Blade: Gay News, Politics, LGBT Rights. January 3, 2017. Archived from the original on October 9, 2020. Retrieved October 7, 2020.
  43. ↑ Montgomery, Peter (January 8, 2017). "Anti-Gay, Anti Catholic Evangelical Sworn In As Mayor of Rio; More in Global LGBT Recap". Religion Dispatches. Archived from the original on June 21, 2020. Retrieved October 8, 2020.
  44. ↑ Tatchell, Peter (February 20, 2017). "There are reasons to be cheerful ... LGBTI rights gains in unlikely countries | Peter Tatchell". The Guardian. Archived from the original on October 9, 2020. Retrieved October 8, 2020.
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  49. ↑ "A Rainbow in Stormy Skies: LGBT Writing in the northern Middle East - Asian and African studies blog". blogs.bl.uk. Archived from the original on October 11, 2020. Retrieved October 8, 2020.
  50. ↑ "Rasan launches a Volunteer Development Initiative". Rasan Organization. May 15, 2020. Retrieved March 23, 2021.
  51. 1 2 Mosimann, Yasmine. "Shiite cleric Sadr says same-sex marriage caused coronavirus pandemic". Rudaw Media Network. Archived from the original on October 8, 2020. Retrieved October 20, 2020.
  52. 1 2 "Iraqi politicians call for expulsions after embassies fly LGBT flag". Middle East Eye. Retrieved November 19, 2020.
  53. ↑ "Iraq Condemns EU Mission for Displaying LGBT Flag". Asharq AL-awsat. Archived from the original on August 11, 2020. Retrieved October 20, 2020.
  54. ↑ "Iraqi leaders condemn western diplomats for hoisting LGBT+ pride flags". Rudaw Media Network. Archived from the original on September 20, 2020. Retrieved October 20, 2020.
  55. ↑ "EU mission's raising of rainbow flag sparks outcry in Iraq". Qantara.de - Dialogue with the Islamic World. Archived from the original on May 30, 2020. Retrieved October 20, 2020.
  56. ↑ "Gay flag raised in the capital Baghdad". Gay flag raised in the capital Baghdad. Retrieved October 20, 2020.
  57. ↑ "Iraqi leaders Sadr and Amiri bash gay pride flag raising ceremony". The Jerusalem Post | JPost.com. Archived from the original on October 14, 2020. Retrieved October 20, 2020.
  58. ↑ Arab, The New. "European embassies raise LGBT flag in Iraqi capital to mark International Day Against Homophobia". alaraby. Archived from the original on October 23, 2020. Retrieved October 20, 2020.
  59. 1 2 3 "Conditions of LGBT people of Iraq since may 17, 2020". Rasan Organization. June 7, 2020. Archived from the original on October 29, 2020. Retrieved October 20, 2020.
  60. ↑ "Fact Sheet: Sexual and Reproductive Health and Rights in Iraq" (PDF). Rutgers. Retrieved November 24, 2020.
  61. 1 2 "Iraq LGBTI Resources | Rights in Exile Programme". www.refugeelegalaidinformation.org. Retrieved November 24, 2020.
  62. ↑ "Iraq | Human Dignity Trust". www.humandignitytrust.org. February 15, 2019. Retrieved November 24, 2020.
  63. ↑ "کۆمەڵگەی پەلکەزێڕینە" (PDF). rasanorg.com (in Kurdish). Rasan Organization. p. 36. Retrieved November 24, 2020.
  64. ↑ "LGBT+ activists slam 'immoral' lawsuit against Sulaimani organization". www.rudaw.net. Retrieved March 1, 2021.
  65. ↑ "Kurdistan Parliament MP files lawsuit against group advocating for women's, LGBTIQ rights". www.nrttv.com. Nalia Corporation. Archived from the original on February 24, 2021. Retrieved March 1, 2021.
  66. ↑ "پەرلەمانتارێک: گروپ‌و كه‌سانێك خۆیان مه‌ڵاس داوه‌ بۆ دزینی‌ ره‌وشت‌و به‌ها باڵاكانی‌ كۆمه‌ڵگه‌" (in Kurdish). Retrieved March 1, 2021.
  67. ↑ "گفتوگۆی رۆژانە؛ هاوڕەگەزخوازی هەڵگەڕانەوەیە لە کۆمەڵگە یان لقێکە لە خواستە رەگەزییەکانی مرۆڤ؟". www.rudaw.net. Retrieved March 1, 2021.
  68. ↑ Ali, Zhiar (March 11, 2021). "Hello guys! The MP who filed a lawsuit against Rasan collected hundreds of signatures to close the organization!..." Twitter. Retrieved September 29, 2021.
  69. ↑ "THE SULAIMANI COURT HAS DISSOLVED THE RASANI ORGANIZATION FOR ADVOCATING HOMOSEXUALITY" (in Kurdish). June 20, 2023. Retrieved June 20, 2023.
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