| Ricordea yuma | |
|---|---|
 | |
Scientific classification  | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Cnidaria |
| Class: | Hexacorallia |
| Order: | Corallimorpharia |
| Family: | Ricordeidae |
| Genus: | Ricordea |
| Species: | R. yuma |
| Binomial name | |
| Ricordea yuma (Carlgren, 1900) | |
| Synonyms | |
| |
Ricordea yuma is a species of coral in the family Ricordeidae, order Corallimorpharia;[1] This order of corals do not produce the distinctive calcification of the closely related Scleractinian, or reef building corals.[2] Ricordea yuma are found on the sea floor in relatively shallow, tropical or subtropical ocean environments. Distinctive features include a large mouth disk that takes up most of the organism, and brightly colored tentacles.[3] Ricordea yuma can reproduce both sexually, and asexually by budding a new coral with replicated elements from the mother coral.[4] This may be one mechanism of how they are able to spread and overtake areas rapidly; They have been observed being competitively successful at monopolizing areas by excluding reef-building coral species, after a disturbance in the substrate.[5]
Anatomy and morphology
Ricordea yuma is a corallimorpharian species, often called "naked" or "false" corals because they lack the distinctive calcification of related scleractinian corals. Phylogenomic analysis has shown that they are not descendants of scleractinian corals that lost their ability to calcify, but are rather a sister clade; Throughout their evolution Corallimorpharia never had the ability to calcify, making the label "naked corals" somewhat of a misnomer.[2]
Ricordea yuma have a large oral disk, covered in tentacles that spread out from the center in a spiral formation. The oral disk connects ventrally to a thin body, with a foot disk at its end. Like most Corallimorpharia, Ricordea yuma are very colorful. They also lack skeletons, Corallimorpharia can range in size from a few centimeters up to a meter in diameter; Ricordea yuma falls in this range, but may have narrower size constraints.[3]
Ricordea yuma can be affected by "melting syndrome", where the coral loses its shape and tentacles and appears to melt over the course of many days. It is unknown what causes this, but hypotheses include an unknown pathogen, or moving from natural to artificial lighting.[6]
Distribution and habitat
The diet of Ricordea yuma includes echinoderms, crustaceans, small fishes, and zooplankton. They also acquire nutrients by living in close association with Zooxanthelle, a symbiotic dinoflagellate.[3]
Ricordea yuma are a tropical species, found in Indo-Pacific environments. In a study of coral reef degradation in the Indian Ocean, it was noted that they are mostly distributed on the reef flat.[5] They live in shallow water, settling on benthic substrate.[3] Corallimorpharians, including Ricordea yuma, can prevent reef-building corals from settling by competitively excluding them.[5] Stressors like reef degradation and disturbance and raised nutrient load influence Corallimorpharian growth; Raised nutrient load may favor the competitive success of Corallimorpharians including Ricordea yuma, when competing with reef-building corals.[7]
Behavior
Ricordea yuma are capable of both sexual and asexual reproduction.[4] They have been observed asexually reproducing through marginal budding, a process where sections of the margin of the coral's oral disk, including tentacles and a replicated mouth, elongate and detach from the mother coral. This may be why they are able to quickly overtake sections of substrate and become the dominant coral species after a disturbance.
Taxonomy
Ricordea yuma's closest relative, and the only other member of the genus Ricordea, is Ricordea florida.
References
- ↑ "WoRMS - World Register of Marine Species - Ricordea yuma (Carlgren, 1900)". www.marinespecies.org. Retrieved 2018-05-29.
- 1 2 Forêt, Sylvain; Miller, David John; Chen, Chao Lun Allen; Kitahara, Marcelo V.; Chou, Wen Hwa; Lin, Mei Fang (2016-10-11). "Corallimorpharians are not "naked corals": insights into relationships between Scleractinia and Corallimorpharia from phylogenomic analyses". PeerJ. 4: e2463. doi:10.7717/peerj.2463. ISSN 2167-8359. PMC 5068439. PMID 27761308.
- 1 2 3 4 "Corallimorpharia - General Information & Species on the Canary Islands". Diving Canary Islands. Retrieved 2019-04-08.
- 1 2 Lin, Mei-Fang; Chen, Chaolun Allen; Miller, David J. (2013-11-08). "Asexual reproduction by marginal budding in the tropical corallimorpharian Ricordea yuma (Corallimorpharia; Ricordeidae)". Galaxea, Journal of Coral Reef Studies. 15 (2): 41–42. doi:10.3755/galaxea.15.41. ISSN 1883-3969.
- 1 2 3 Lindén, Olof; Souter, David; Wilhelmsson, Dan; Obura, David O. (2002). Coral reef degradation in the Indian Ocean : status report 2002. CORDIO. ISBN 9789197395922.
- ↑ Millar, Zachary (1 June 2018). "Melting Syndrome in Ricordea yuma". researchgate.net. Retrieved 7 April 2019.
- ↑ Wagner, G. M.; Öhman, M. C.; Mgaya, Y. D.; Kuguru, B. L. (2004). "The reef environment and competitive success in the Corallimorpharia". Marine Biology. 145 (5): 875–884. doi:10.1007/s00227-004-1376-9. ISSN 0025-3162.