The ringworm affair refers to circumstances involving an alleged number of 20,000 to 200,000 Jews who were treated between 1948 and 1960 for tinea capitis (ringworm) with ionizing radiation to the head and neck area within Israel. The population suffering from the disease in Israel at the time was composed primarily of newly-arrived immigrants and populations who were expected to emigrate, mostly from North Africa, as well as some from Middle East and elsewhere, but many Jewish children were irradiated in their home countries regardless of their intent to emigrate.[1]

The irradiation of Mizrahi children is viewed by activists in Israel as the most salient example of injustices encountered in the 1950s as a result of shortcomings or irresponsibility on the part of authorities in the absorption in Israeli society of new immigrants.

Ringworm in Israel and Jewish communities

The scalp ringworm, also known as tinea capitis, mycosis, thrichophytia, and favus, was one of the most common fungal diseases in children in the Jewish communities in Israel and abroad since the 19th century. An X-ray treatment for ringworm has been used around the world as early as 1897.[2] An estimated 200,000 children worldwide received X-ray treatment for tinea capitis in accordance with the standard Adamson-Kienbock procedure between 1910 and 1959, until griseofulvin, the first effective anti-fungal agent for ringworm, was introduced.[3]

At the beginning of the 20th century, Hadassah Medical Center in Jerusalem treated ringworm disease among the religious Jewish community in Jerusalem using irradiation and the disease almost disappeared.[4]

With mass immigration from Arab and Muslim countries in the 1940s and 1950s, many new cases of ringworm surfaced, primarily among immigrant children from Asia and North Africa, due to crowded living conditions with deficient hygiene facilities. At this time, ringworm was still treated with irradiation, under the supervision of Hadassah Medical Center (Prof. Dostrovsky and Prof. Drukman).

The treatment regime increased the risk of cancerous and non-cancerous growths of the head and neck area years later among a portion of the patients. A number of research groups in Israel and the world have followed patients who were irradiated as children, in order to examine this group's susceptibility to cancerous growths. In Israel, this study was led by Professor Baruch Modan, who published an article in the medical journal The Lancet in 1974, in which Modan determined a strong causal linkage between irradiation of ringworm patients and the appearance of growths on the head and neck.[5]

In light of Modan's findings, in 1994 the Knesset passed a law requiring the Israeli government to provide compensation for damage to health resulting from exposure to such ringworm treatment. Compensation was available to patients (or their next of kin) treated with irradiation for ringworm between January 1, 1946, and December 31, 1960, and diagnosed with certain diseases as stipulated in the legislation. The law, however, placed the burden of proof on the claimant to submit factual evidence substantiating that they had received treatment – a proviso that generated public criticism.

The Ringworm Children

A documentary film in Hebrew entitled The Ringworm Children (Hebrew: ילדי הגזזת; Yaldei Hagazezet), produced by the Dimona Communications Center and directed by Asher Nachmias and David Balchasan, was released in 2003. In 2007, the film received the Best Documentary Film Award at the Haifa International Film Festival and was featured as a documentary at the Israel Film Festival in Los Angeles.[6][7] The documentary harshly attacked Israel's medical establishment in the 1950s, branding the episode "the ringworm children's holocaust" (shoat yaldei hagazezet). It also harshly criticized the compensation law and the politicians involved in its passage.

Treatment of ringworm patients is viewed by Mizrahi activists in Israel as the most salient example of injustices immigrants encountered in the 1950s as a result of shortcomings, negligence, paternalism, or irresponsibility on the part of Israeli authorities in the reception and absorption in Israeli society of new immigrants.

It is stated in the documentary that the X-ray radiation used on the children was thousands of times beyond the maximum recommended dose[8] and it is suggested that the program was funded by the United States in order to test the effects of large radiation doses on humans.

The documentary states that 100,000 children were irradiated, and that 6,000 of them died shortly after receiving treatment. Therefore, the documentary alleged, the campaign against North African immigrants to Israel – prior to or following their arrival – was only part of an international phenomenon whose scope is still being uncovered.

In November 2018, the creator of the film, David Balchasan, stated in a television interview that the film was the result of "work that doesn't meet the scientific criteria", and that he "cannot stand behind it", as he considers himself an "honest man".[9]

Scientific findings

Research was conducted by medical historian Professor Shifra Shvarts, in the first decade of the 21st century,[10] Shvarts followed a handful of parenthetical references to international organizations in Israeli primary documents, uncovering a wealth of archival material in Hadassah and United Nations archives and subsequently in the archives of a growing list of countries.

During the years 1921–1938, there was a campaign among Jews in Eastern Europe (that is, among Ashkenazi Jews) in the course of which some 27,000 East European children were irradiated – in part to allow their families to emigrate, since ringworm was grounds for exclusion of immigrants to the United States and elsewhere.[11]

A key figure in formulation and organization of the ringworm campaign among the Jewish community in North Africa was Professor Moshe Prywes, who would later become president of Ben-Gurion University and the founding dean of BGU's Medical School. Prywes traveled to North Africa in 1947; following his findings there, he formulated a comprehensive program for eradicating contagious diseases among those planning to immigrate to Israel. The program was called T.T.T., for the three leading diseases the program would address: Tinea (Ringworm), Trachoma, and Tuberculosis.[12]

Parallel to irradiation for ringworm carried out during the 1950s in the State of Israel, irradiation for ringworm was also carried out among children in Yugoslavia (94,000),[13] in Portugal (30,000), and in Syria (7,000).[14][15] About 4,600 children were irradiated for the disease between the years 1922–1958 in just one hospital in London.[16]

The primary agent behind these ringworm eradication operations was UNICEF,[17] which even assisted in the purchase of X-ray machines for this purpose. It supplied the two X-ray machines that operated in the immigrant intake and processing facility for immigrants in Israel, Sha'ar Ha'aliyah, nowadays part of Haifa. With the development of the drug griseofulvin for treating ringworm, UNICEF, as part of its policy devoted to eradicating contagious diseases among mothers and children, began funding the supply of the drug to all countries with a high incidence of ringworm.

There is a question of how many children of Moroccan origin actually suffered health issues as a result of X-ray ringworm treatment in childhood. Estimates in the aforementioned documentary film claim there were a hundred thousand persons or more. Others go even farther: a non-profit organization, established in 1999 to organize former patients and to ensure their compensation,[18] put the number of Mizrahi children irradiated at 200,000.

Reports submitted to UNICEF by the Israeli Ministry of Health, published in the medical news, state that the number of children treated with irradiation in Israel between 1948–1959 was approximately 15,000. Testimony exists that shows that children of Eastern European origin who were suspected of having ringworm were also irradiated. It is hard to know their numbers but they most likely numbered a few thousand. According to Giora Leshem, who was Professor Modan's statistical partner in his 1974 study (based on the Cancer Registry), it seems that the number of Moroccans who were irradiated was in the vicinity of 15,000 children.

See also

References

  1. ↑ Davidovich, Nadav; Zalashik, Rakefet (September 2011). "HEALTH, RACE AND NATION BUILDING: THE CASE OF MASS RINGWORM IRRADIATION IN ISRAEL". Korot: 135. ISSN 0023-4109. Ringworm treatment was not taking place only in Israel. Already abroad, either as part of the medical processing conducted before the arrival to Israel or as part of Jewish medical aid conducted by organizations such the JDC and OSE, Jewish children were screened and irradiated, if necessary. This time, the main group screened and irradiated was that of Jews emigrating from Muslim countries. After World War II, with the killing of the majority of European Jewry, the gaze of Jewish aid agencies shifted to the East. The JDC and OSE were very active in public health campaigns among the Jewish populations in Morocco, Libya, and Tunisia.
  2. ↑ Rosenthal, Theodore (1960-12-01). "Perspectives in Ringworm of the Scalp: Treatment Through the Ages". Archives of Dermatology. 9: 431–448. doi:10.1001/archderm.1960.01580060005001. ISSN 0003-987X. PMID 13743501. Archived from the original on 2022-02-21. Retrieved 2022-02-21.
  3. ↑ Shore RE, Moseson M, Xue X, Tse Y, Harley N, Pasternack BS (April 2002). "Skin cancer after X-ray treatment for scalp ringworm". Radiat. Res. 157 (4): 410–8. Bibcode:2002RadR..157..410S. doi:10.1667/0033-7587(2002)157[0410:SCAXRT]2.0.CO;2. ISSN 0033-7587. PMID 11893243. S2CID 11577550.
  4. ↑ Dostrovsky, Ringworm in Jerusalem’s Schools, Education (Ha'Chinuch, Hebrew), 9(1926) (p. 98.).
  5. ↑ Modan B, Baidatz D, Mart H, Steinitz R, Levin SG (February 1974). "Radiation-induced head and neck tumours". Lancet. 1 (7852): 277–9. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(74)92592-6. PMID 4130470.
  6. ↑ "THE RINGWORM CHILDREN (20th Anniversary Israel Film Festival)". israelfilmfestival.com. Archived from the original on 2004-04-22.
  7. ↑ "The Ringworm Children (FANDANGO)". fandango.com. Archived from the original on February 11, 2010.
  8. ↑ Israel Insider - Ringworm and Radiation
  9. ↑ "פנים אמיתיות: סודות הגזזת" [Real face: The secrets of ringworm]. 10.tv (in Hebrew). Archived from the original on 2018-12-04. Retrieved 2019-01-21.
  10. ↑ Shvarts S., "Israel Health Policy and the Ringworm Case 1948–1959: New Findings - New Context", The 25th Association of Israel Studies Conference, Beer Sheva, June 2009
  11. ↑ Shvarts, Shifra; Romem, Pnina; Romem, Yitzhak; Shani, Mordechai (April 2009). "[The forgotten ringworm campaign of OZE-TOZ in Poland]". Harefuah. 148 (4): 265–270, 275, 274. ISSN 0017-7768. PMID 19630352. Archived from the original on 2022-02-21. Retrieved 2022-02-21.
  12. ↑ Moshe, Prywes (1995). Prisoner of hope. Jerusalem: Brandeis Univ. Press. pp. 178–190. ISBN 9780874516531.
  13. ↑ Grin, E. I. (1961). "Epidemiology and control of tinea capitis in Yugoslavia". Transactions of the St. John's Hospital Dermatological Society. 47: 109–122. ISSN 0036-2891. PMID 13901969. Archived from the original on 2022-02-21. Retrieved 2022-02-21.
  14. ↑ Shvarts S, Sevo G, Tasic M, Shani M, Sadetzki S (August 2010). "The tinea capitis campaign in Serbia in the 1950s". Lancet Infect Dis. 10 (8): 571–6. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(10)70107-9. PMID 20670904.
  15. ↑ Ignjatovic B. [Mycotic diseases in Serbia (Tinea Capitis): Modern Campaign on their eradication.] Antimycotic Campaign in Serbia. [Library of the Institute of Hygiene of the People's Republic of Serbia.] Belgrade; 1959; 1–91. (In Serbian with English summary).
  16. ↑ Shanks, S. C. (April 1967). "Vale epilatio. X-ray epilation of the scalp at Goldie Leigh Hospital, Woolwich (1922-58)". The British Journal of Dermatology. 79 (4): 237–238. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2133.1967.tb11480.x. ISSN 0007-0963. PMID 5337583. Archived from the original on 2022-02-21. Retrieved 2022-02-21.
  17. ↑ UNICEF Archives, CF/HST/MON/1989-003.
  18. ↑ "אז מה זה גזזת?" [So what is ringworm?]. gazezet.org.il (in Hebrew). Archived from the original on 2018-12-20. Retrieved 2022-02-21.

Further reading

  • Bar Oz A (October 2016). "The Truth About the Ringworm Affair". Harefuah (Review) (in Hebrew). 155 (10): 637–641. PMID 28530060.
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