Roman Dziarski
Dziarski in 2017
BornDecember 11, 1949 (1949-12-11) (age 74)
Warsaw, Poland
NationalityAmerican
Alma materUniversity of Warsaw, Poland (BS, MS) National Institute of Public Health, Warsaw, Poland (PhD)
OccupationScientist
Known forResearch on peptidoglycan recognition proteins, innate immunity, and peptidoglycan
TitleProfessor Emeritus of Microbiology and Immunology
Scientific career
FieldsImmunology, microbiology
InstitutionsIndiana University School of Medicine

Roman Dziarski (Polish pronunciation: IPA: /ˈrɔ.man//ˈd͡ʑar.ski/ born December 11, 1949) is a Polish-born American immunologist and microbiologist.[1][2] He is best known for his research on innate immunity[3] and bacterial peptidoglycan,[4][5] for discovering the family of human peptidoglycan recognition proteins,[6][7][8] which comprises PGLYRP1, PGLYRP2, PGLYRP3, and PGLYRP4, and for defining the functions of these proteins.[7][8][9][10][11]

Dziarski is currently Professor Emeritus of Microbiology and Immunology at Indiana University School of Medicine.[2]

Education

From 1963 to 1967, Dziarski received his secondary education at Reytan High School (Polish: VI Liceum Ogólnokształcące im. Tadeusza Reytana)[12] in Warsaw, Poland, under the tutelage of the revered pedagogue, Ireneusz Gugulski. From 1967 to 1972, Dziarski attended the University of Warsaw with a major in Biology and Microbiology, which he studied under Władysław Kunicki-Goldfinger. He received his Bachelor of Sciences (BS) degree in 1971, and Master of Science (MS) degree in 1972.[1][2] His MS Thesis was titled, Phenotypic expression of spontaneous mutations to nalidixic acid resistance in Escherichia coli K-12, with Roman Mycielski as his thesis advisor.[2] From 1972 to 1973, Dziarski studied English at West London College in London, England.[1][2] From 1973 to 1977, Dziarski was a Research Scientist in the Department of Bacteriology at the National Institute of Public Health (Polish: Narodowy Instytut Zdrowia Publicznego – Państwowy Zakład Higieny), Warsaw, Poland, where he performed research for his Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) degree,[1][2] which culminated in 1977 with the defense of his Ph.D. thesis, titled, Immunobiological properties of Staphylococcus aureus cell wall polysaccharides, with Janusz Jeljaszewicz as his thesis advisor.[2] In September 1977, Dziarski emigrated to the USA.[1][2]

Academic positions

In 1977, Dziarski joined the Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology at Temple University School of Podiatric Medicine in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA, as a research associate and assistant professor.[2] In 1978, he was promoted to assistant professor and in 1981 to associate professor.[1][2] In 1985, Dziarski moved to the Department of Microbiology and Immunology at Indiana University School of Medicine–Northwest, in Gary, Indiana, USA, as an associate professor and a full member of the Indiana University Graduate School, in Bloomington, Indiana, USA. In 1991, Dziarski was promoted to a Full Professor of Microbiology and Immunology with tenure.[1][2] He held this position until his retirement in 2021, when he became Professor Emeritus of Microbiology and Immunology.[2]

Scientific contributions

Role of peptidoglycan in innate immunity

In his early research, Dziarski focused on the role of bacterial peptidoglycan in innate immunity. He showed that peptidoglycan is an immunomodulator[13][14][15] and a polyclonal activator of B lymphocytes.[16][17][18][19][20][21] He determined the role of DNA synthesis, intracellular calcium, protein kinase C, and inhibitory G proteins in peptidoglycan-induced polyclonal B lymphocyte activation.[22][23][24][25] He also established the role of peptidoglycan and other polyclonal B cell activators in the induction of autoantibody responses in various models of autoimmunity.[25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34]

Peptidoglycan receptors and cell activation pathways

In his subsequent research, Dziarski set out to identify peptidoglycan receptors on immune cells that mediate the cell-activating and immunomodulating effects of peptidoglycan. His early attempts using biochemical methods were not successful, as they were prone to nonspecific interactions and technical artifacts.[35][36][37][38][39] He also showed that similar problems and artifacts plagued the early attempts to identify the cell receptors for bacterial lipopolysaccharide and other cell activators.[37][38][39]

The molecular biology approach to identifying the cell-activating peptidoglycan receptors was more successful. Using this approach, Dziarski and his research group, in collaboration with Dipika Gupta and her group (also at Indiana University School of Medicine), identified CD14 as the cell-activating receptor for peptidoglycan and showed that CD14 physically binds peptidoglycan.[40][41][42][43][44][45][46] Furthermore, Dziarski's and Gupta's groups identified the involvement of several signal transduction molecules and pathways in peptidoglycan-induced cell activation.[47][48][49][50] Dziarski also established that chemokines are the main pro-inflammatory mediators in human monocytes activated by peptidoglycan and other bacterial cell activators.[51][52][53]

Using similar molecular biology approach the research groups of Carsten J. Kirschning (at Tularik Inc.) and Douglas Golenbock (at Boston University School of Medicine) in collaboration with Dziarski, discovered that TLR2 is the cell-activating receptor for peptidoglycan and other components of Gram-positive bacteria.[54][55] In the follow-up studies, Dziarski's and Gupta's groups identified the signal transduction pathway activated by peptidoglycan through TLR2 and verified that TLR2 is indeed the peptidoglycan cell-activating receptor.[56][57][58][59]

Discovery of peptidoglycan recognition proteins

Dziarski's best known contribution to innate immunity is his research on mammalian peptidoglycan recognition proteins (PGRPs). In 2001, Dziarski's and Gupta's groups discovered and cloned three human PGRPs, which they named PGRP-L, PGRP-Iα, and PGRP-Iβ (for long and intermediate size transcripts).[6] They established that the human genome codes for a family of 4 PGRPs: PGRP-S (short PGRP), PGRP-L, PGRP-Iα, and PGRP-Iβ.[6] Subsequently, the Human Genome Organization Gene Nomenclature Committee changed the gene symbols of PGRP-S, PGRP-L, PGRP-Iα, and PGRP-Iβ to PGLYRP1, PGLYRP2, PGLYRP3, and PGLYRP4, respectively, and this nomenclature is currently also used for other mammalian PGRPs.[7][8][9][10]

Dziarski and his collaborators showed that mammalian PGRPs are selectively expressed in immune and epithelial cells.[6][60][61][62]

Functions of peptidoglycan recognition proteins

Dziarski and his collaborators established that all mammalian PGRPs bind bacterial peptidoglycan.[6][60][61] Then, they identified the functions of human PGRPs: PGLYRP2 is a peptidoglycan-lytic enzyme, N-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanine amidase,[63][64] and PGLYRP1, PGLYRP3, and PGLYRP4 are directly bactericidal for both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.[60][61][65]

In further research, Dziarski's group established the mechanism of bacterial killing by human PGRPs. They showed that human PGRPs kill bacteria by simultaneously inducing three synergistic stress responses: oxidative stress, thiol stress, and metal stress, by interfering with the function of the bacterial respiratory electron transport chain.[66][67][68][69][70][71] Dziarski also showed that bacterial killing by these PGRPs does not involve cell membrane permeabilization, cell wall hydrolysis, or osmotic shock,[61][65][66] but is synergistic with antibacterial peptides.[65]

Cloning and functions of zebrafish peptidoglycan recognition proteins

Collaborative research of Dipika Gupta's and Dziarski's groups also identified and cloned three zebrafish PGRPs and showed that they are highly expressed in eggs, developing embryos, and adult tissues that contact the external environment.[72] They further showed that these PGRPs have both peptidoglycan-lytic amidase and bactericidal activities and are essential for defense against bacterial infections and survival of the developing zebrafish embryos.[72]

In vivo role of mammalian peptidoglycan recognition proteins

Dziarski's group also identified several in vivo functions of mammalian PGRPs. Dziarski showed that despite their bactericidal activity, mammalian PGRPs have only a limited role in defense against infections. Intranasal application of PGLYRP3 or PGLYRP4 in mice protects from intranasal lung infection with Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli,[61][73] and PGLYRP1-deficient mice are more sensitive to systemic infections with non-pathogenic bacteria (Micrococcus luteus and Bacillus subtilis).[74]

Dziarski's group further showed that mouse PGRPs play a role in maintaining healthy microbiome, because PGLYRP1-, PGLYRP2-, PGLYRP3-, and PGLYRP4-deficient mice have significant changes in the composition of their intestinal microbiomes.[75][76][77] PGLYRP1-deficient mice also have changes in their lung microbiome.[77]

Dziarski's and Gupta's groups further showed that mouse PGRPs play a role in maintaining anti- and pro-inflammatory homeostasis in the intestine, skin, lungs, and joints.[8][10] They demonstrated that all four PGLYRPs protect mice from dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis and the effect of PGLYRP2 and PGLYRP3 on the intestinal microbiome is responsible for this protection.[75][76][78] They showed that PGLYRP3 and PGLYRP4 are anti-inflammatory and protect mice from experimentally induced atopic dermatitis,[79] and PGLYRP2 is also anti-inflammatory and protects mice from experimentally induced psoriasis-like inflammation.[80] They also showed that some PGRPs have opposite effects, i.e., PGLYRP2 also has a pro-inflammatory effect, as it promotes the development of experimental arthritis,[81] and PGLYRP1 is pro-inflammatory and promotes experimentally induced asthma[82] and skin inflammation[79][80] in mice. The pro-inflammatory effect of PGLYRP1 on asthma depends on the PGLYRP1-regulated intestinal microbiome.[77]

Disease associations of peptidoglycan recognition proteins

In collaborative research, Dipika Gupta's and Dziarski's groups showed that patients with two forms of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, have significantly more frequent missense variants in all four PGLYRP genes than healthy control individuals.[83] These results suggest that PGRPs may protect humans from these inflammatory diseases, and that mutations in PGLYRP genes may be among the genetic factors predisposing to these diseases.[83]

Publications and research support

Dziarski authored over 150 scientific publications, which have over 14,000 citations, h-index of 49, and i10-index of 90.[84] From 1979 to 2020, Dziarski was a Principal Investigator on more than 20 research grants, including 10 awards from the National Institutes of Health.[2]

Teaching

Dziarski is a dedicated educator. From 1978 to 1984, he taught Immunology and Microbiology to podiatric medicine students at Temple University School of Podiatric Medicine.[2] From 1985 to 2020, he taught Immunology, Microbiology, and elements of Pathology and Pharmacology to medical students at Indiana University School of Medicine–Northwest.[2] He was a Course Director of Microbiology and Immunology, and in 1990 introduced an innovative Problem-Based Learning curriculum.[2] He authored a chapter on Innate Immunity, published in three editions of the popular medical textbook, Schaechter’s Mechanisms of Microbial Disease,[3][85][86] and a chapter on peptidoglycan in Molecular Medical Microbiology textbook.[5] Dziarski received seven Teaching Awards at Indiana University.[2]

World War II book

In 2023 Dziarski published a World War II family memoir, “How We Outwitted and Survived the Nazis: The True Story of the Holocaust Rescuers, Zofia Sterner and Her Family”,[87] which received positive reviews.[88][89]

Awards and honors

  • Stanford University List of World’s Top 2% Scientists, ranked in the top 0.71% of world’s scientists (2023)[90][91]
  • Indiana University Trustees’ Teaching Awards (2001, 2012, and 2018)[2]
  • Indiana University School of Medicine Class of 2016 Faculty Teaching Award (2016)[2]
  • Indiana University Outstanding Educator (2012, 2013, and 2014)[2]
  • Innovation Fellow Award from the Society of Innovators, sponsored by Ivy Tech State College in Indiana (2007)[2]
  • Joseph A. Negri Trust Award and Dedication of the Laboratory (2006)[2]
  • Indiana University School of Medicine Eminent Scholar (1998 – 1999)[2]
  • Editorial Board of Infection and Immunity, the official journal of the American Society for Microbiology (1982 – 2020)[2]
  • Editorial Board of Current Immunology Reviews (2004 – 2020)[2]
  • Member of the American Association of Immunologists and Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology (1982 – 2020)[2]
  • Member of the American Society for Microbiology (1978 – 2020)[2]
  • Dean's Award to the Best Graduating Student at the Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Poland (1971)[2]

Family

Dziarski's mother (Janina Dziarska, née Domańska) and father (Kazimierz W. Dziarski) were both dentists in Warsaw, Poland.[1] Dziarski was married to Agnes Dziarski (née Rewkiewicz), a dentist, from 1971 to 1994.[1] In 1996, Dziarski married Dipika Gupta, a biochemist and molecular biologist at Indiana University School of Medicine.[92] Dziarski has three children: Matthew Dziarski, Alisha Dziarski, and Anjali Dziarski.

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 "Roman Dziarski".
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 "Roman Dziarski, PhD".
  3. 1 2 Schaechter's mechanisms of microbial disease. N. Cary Engleberg, Victor J. DiRita, Michael Joseph Imperiale (Sixth ed.). Philadelphia. 2022. pp. 61–86. ISBN 978-1-9751-5150-8. OCLC 1266208905.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) CS1 maint: others (link)
  4. ↑ Rosenthal, Raoul S.; Dziarski, Roman (1994), "Isolation of peptidoglycan and soluble peptidoglycan fragments", Bacterial Pathogenesis Part A: Identification and Regulation of Virulence Factors, Methods in Enzymology, vol. 235, Elsevier, pp. 253–285, doi:10.1016/0076-6879(94)35146-5, ISBN 978-0-12-182136-4, PMID 8057899, retrieved 2022-02-01
  5. 1 2 Molecular medical microbiology. Max Sussman. San Diego: Academic Press. 2002. pp. 137–154. ISBN 978-0-12-677530-3. OCLC 162129494.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 Liu, C.; Xu, Z.; Gupta, D.; Dziarski, R. (2001-09-14). "Peptidoglycan recognition proteins: a novel family of four human innate immunity pattern recognition molecules". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 276 (37): 34686–34694. doi:10.1074/jbc.M105566200. ISSN 0021-9258. PMID 11461926.
  7. 1 2 3 Dziarski, Roman; Gupta, Dipika (2006). "The peptidoglycan recognition proteins (PGRPs)". Genome Biology. 7 (8): 232. doi:10.1186/gb-2006-7-8-232. ISSN 1465-6906. PMC 1779587. PMID 16930467.
  8. 1 2 3 4 Dziarski, Roman; Royet, Julien; Gupta, Dipika (2016), "Peptidoglycan Recognition Proteins and Lysozyme", Encyclopedia of Immunobiology, Elsevier, pp. 389–403, doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-374279-7.02022-1, ISBN 978-0-08-092152-5, retrieved 2022-02-01
  9. 1 2 Royet, Julien; Dziarski, Roman (Apr 2007). "Peptidoglycan recognition proteins: pleiotropic sensors and effectors of antimicrobial defences". Nature Reviews. Microbiology. 5 (4): 264–277. doi:10.1038/nrmicro1620. ISSN 1740-1534. PMID 17363965. S2CID 39569790.
  10. 1 2 3 Royet, Julien; Gupta, Dipika; Dziarski, Roman (2011-11-11). "Peptidoglycan recognition proteins: modulators of the microbiome and inflammation". Nature Reviews. Immunology. 11 (12): 837–851. doi:10.1038/nri3089. ISSN 1474-1741. PMID 22076558. S2CID 5266193.
  11. ↑ Dziarski, Roman; Gupta, Dipika (Feb 2018). "How innate immunity proteins kill bacteria and why they are not prone to resistance". Current Genetics. 64 (1): 125–129. doi:10.1007/s00294-017-0737-0. ISSN 1432-0983. PMC 5777906. PMID 28840318.
  12. ↑ "VI Liceum Ogólnokształcące im. Tadeusza Reytana w Warszawie".
  13. ↑ Dziarski, R. (1978). "Immunosuppressive effect of Staphylococcus aureus peptidoglycan on antibody response in mice". International Archives of Allergy and Applied Immunology. 57 (4): 304–311. doi:10.1159/000232119. ISSN 0020-5915. PMID 659018.
  14. ↑ Dziarski, R. (Sep 1979). "Splenic macrophages: mediators of immunosuppressive activity of staphylococcal peptidoglycan". Journal of the Reticuloendothelial Society. 26 (3): 239–247. ISSN 0033-6890. PMID 501708.
  15. ↑ Dziarski, R. (Nov 1979). "Relationships between adjuvant, immunosuppressive, and mitogenic activities of staphylococcal peptidoglycan". Infection and Immunity. 26 (2): 508–514. doi:10.1128/iai.26.2.508-514.1979. ISSN 0019-9567. PMC 414645. PMID 317594.
  16. ↑ Dziarski, R.; Dziarski, A. (Mar 1979). "Mitogenic activity of staphylococcal peptidoglycan". Infection and Immunity. 23 (3): 706–710. doi:10.1128/iai.23.3.706-710.1979. ISSN 0019-9567. PMC 414223. PMID 313370.
  17. ↑ Dziarski, R. (Nov 1980). "Modulation of mitogenic responsiveness by staphylococcal peptidoglycan". Infection and Immunity. 30 (2): 431–438. doi:10.1128/iai.30.2.431-438.1980. ISSN 0019-9567. PMC 551331. PMID 7439988.
  18. ↑ Dziarski, R.; Dziarski, A.; Levinson, A. I. (1980). "Mitogenic responsiveness of mouse, rat and human lymphocytes to Staphylococcus aureus cell wall, teichoic acid, and peptidoglycan". International Archives of Allergy and Applied Immunology. 63 (4): 383–395. doi:10.1159/000232654. ISSN 0020-5915. PMID 7429652.
  19. ↑ Dziarski, R. (Dec 1980). "Polyclonal activation of immunoglobulin secretion in B lymphocytes induced by staphylococcal peptidoglycan". Journal of Immunology. 125 (6): 2478–2483. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.125.6.2478. ISSN 0022-1767. PMID 6968784. S2CID 10056237.
  20. ↑ Dziarski, R. (Feb 1982). "Studies on the mechanism of peptidoglycan- and lipopolysaccharide-induced polyclonal activation". Infection and Immunity. 35 (2): 507–514. doi:10.1128/iai.35.2.507-514.1982. ISSN 0019-9567. PMC 351069. PMID 6460001.
  21. ↑ Levinson, A. I.; Dziarski, A.; Zweiman, B.; Dziarski, R. (Jan 1983). "Staphylococcal peptidoglycan: T-cell-dependent mitogen and relatively T-cell-independent polyclonal B-cell activator of human lymphocytes". Infection and Immunity. 39 (1): 290–296. doi:10.1128/iai.39.1.290-296.1983. ISSN 0019-9567. PMC 347939. PMID 6600446.
  22. ↑ Dziarski, R. (1985). "The role of DNA synthesis in peptidoglycan-induced generation of immunoglobulin-secreting cells in mice and humans". Immunology Letters. 9 (2–3): 161–165. doi:10.1016/0165-2478(85)90028-8. ISSN 0165-2478. PMID 4039298.
  23. ↑ Dziarski, R. (Jan 1988). "Enhancement of B-cell stimulation by muramyl dipeptide through a mechanism not involving interleukin 1 or increased Ca2+ mobilization or protein kinase C activation". Cellular Immunology. 111 (1): 10–27. doi:10.1016/0008-8749(88)90047-0. ISSN 0008-8749. PMID 2448043.
  24. ↑ Dziarski, R. (Jan 1989). "Correlation between ribosylation of pertussis toxin substrates and inhibition of peptidoglycan-, muramyl dipeptide- and lipopolysaccharide-induced mitogenic stimulation in B lymphocytes". European Journal of Immunology. 19 (1): 125–130. doi:10.1002/eji.1830190120. ISSN 0014-2980. PMID 2537732. S2CID 25447041.
  25. 1 2 Biological Properties of Peptidoglycan : Proceedings Second International Workshop, Munich, Federal Republic of Germany, May 20-21, 1985. Karl H. Schleifer, Peter H. Seidl (Reprint 2019 ed.). Berlin. 2019. pp. 229–247. ISBN 978-3-11-087429-7. OCLC 1167631600.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) CS1 maint: others (link)
  26. ↑ Dziarski, R. (Mar 1982). "Preferential induction of autoantibody secretion in polyclonal activation by peptidoglycan and lipopolysaccharide. I. In vitro studies". Journal of Immunology. 128 (3): 1018–1025. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.128.3.1018. ISSN 0022-1767. PMID 7035553. S2CID 6804886.
  27. ↑ Dziarski, R. (Mar 1982). "Preferential induction of autoantibody secretion in polyclonal activation by peptidoglycan and lipopolysaccharide. II. In vivo studies". Journal of Immunology. 128 (3): 1026–1030. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.128.3.1026. ISSN 0022-1767. PMID 7035554. S2CID 41066567.
  28. ↑ Dziarski, R. (Nov 1984). "Anti-immunoglobulin autoantibodies are not preferentially induced in polyclonal activation of human and mouse lymphocytes, and more anti-DNA and anti-erythrocyte autoantibodies are induced in polyclonal activation of mouse than human lymphocytes". Journal of Immunology. 133 (5): 2537–2544. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.133.5.2537. ISSN 0022-1767. PMID 6207235. S2CID 21332031.
  29. ↑ Dziarski, R. (Nov 1984). "Opposing effects of xid and nu mutations on proliferative and polyclonal antibody and autoantibody responses to peptidoglycan, LPS, protein A and PWM". Immunology. 53 (3): 563–574. ISSN 0019-2805. PMC 1454924. PMID 6436173.
  30. ↑ Dziarski, R. (Feb 1985). "Comparison of in vitro and in vivo mitogenic and polyclonal antibody and autoantibody responses to peptidoglycan, LPS, protein A, PWM, PHA and Con A in normal and autoimmune mice". Journal of Clinical & Laboratory Immunology. 16 (2): 93–109. ISSN 0141-2760. PMID 3886911.
  31. ↑ Dziarski, R. (1985). "Ontogenic development of proliferative and polyclonal antibody and autoantibody responses to staphylococcal peptidoglycan, protein A and cell walls in mice". Developmental and Comparative Immunology. 9 (1): 119–130. doi:10.1016/0145-305x(85)90065-5. ISSN 0145-305X. PMID 4039689.
  32. ↑ Dziarski, Roman (Jun 1985). "Polyclonal B-cell activation in SLE: Frequencies of autoantibody secreting cells". Clinical Immunology Newsletter. 6 (6): 89–93. doi:10.1016/S0197-1859(85)80027-3.
  33. ↑ Dziarski, R. (1987). "Letters Natural autoantibodies might prevent autoimmune disease". Immunology Today. 8 (5): 132. doi:10.1016/0167-5699(87)90138-1. ISSN 0167-5699. PMID 25290022.
  34. ↑ Dziarski, R. (Nov 1988). "Autoimmunity: polyclonal activation or antigen induction?". Immunology Today. 9 (11): 340–342. doi:10.1016/0167-5699(88)91333-3. ISSN 0167-5699. PMID 3076403.
  35. ↑ Dziarski, R. (1987-10-01). "Binding sites for peptidoglycan on mouse lymphocytes". Cellular Immunology. 109 (1): 231–245. doi:10.1016/0008-8749(87)90307-8. ISSN 0008-8749. PMID 2820589.
  36. ↑ Dziarski, R. (1991-03-15). "Demonstration of peptidoglycan-binding sites on lymphocytes and macrophages by photoaffinity cross-linking". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 266 (8): 4713–4718. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(19)67707-0. ISSN 0021-9258. PMID 2002020.
  37. 1 2 Dziarski, R. (1991-03-15). "Peptidoglycan and lipopolysaccharide bind to the same binding site on lymphocytes". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 266 (8): 4719–4725. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(19)67708-2. ISSN 0021-9258. PMID 2002021.
  38. 1 2 Dziarski, R.; Gupta, D. (1994-01-21). "Heparin, sulfated heparinoids, and lipoteichoic acids bind to the 70-kDa peptidoglycan/lipopolysaccharide receptor protein on lymphocytes". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 269 (3): 2100–2110. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(17)42141-7. ISSN 0021-9258. PMID 8294463.
  39. 1 2 Dziarski, R. (1994-08-12). "Cell-bound albumin is the 70-kDa peptidoglycan-, lipopolysaccharide-, and lipoteichoic acid-binding protein on lymphocytes and macrophages". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 269 (32): 20431–20436. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(17)32010-0. ISSN 0021-9258. PMID 8051139.
  40. ↑ Gupta, D.; Kirkland, T. N.; Viriyakosol, S.; Dziarski, R. (1996-09-20). "CD14 is a cell-activating receptor for bacterial peptidoglycan". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 271 (38): 23310–23316. doi:10.1074/jbc.271.38.23310. ISSN 0021-9258. PMID 8798531.
  41. ↑ Dziarski, R.; Tapping, R. I.; Tobias, P. S. (1998-04-10). "Binding of bacterial peptidoglycan to CD14". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 273 (15): 8680–8690. doi:10.1074/jbc.273.15.8680. ISSN 0021-9258. PMID 9535844.
  42. ↑ Jin, Y.; Gupta, D.; Dziarski, R. (Jun 1998). "Endothelial and epithelial cells do not respond to complexes of peptidoglycan with soluble CD14 but are activated indirectly by peptidoglycan-induced tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-1 from monocytes". The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 177 (6): 1629–1638. doi:10.1086/515318. ISSN 0022-1899. PMID 9607843. S2CID 42163402.
  43. ↑ Dziarski, R.; Viriyakosol, S.; Kirkland, T. N.; Gupta, D. (Sep 2000). "Soluble CD14 enhances membrane CD14-mediated responses to peptidoglycan: structural requirements differ from those for responses to lipopolysaccharide". Infection and Immunity. 68 (9): 5254–5260. doi:10.1128/IAI.68.9.5254-5260.2000. ISSN 0019-9567. PMC 101786. PMID 10948152.
  44. ↑ Dziarski, Roman; Gupta, Dipika (Feb 1999). "Function of CD14 as a peptidoglycan receptor: differences and similarities with LPS". Journal of Endotoxin Research. 5 (1–2): 56–61. doi:10.1177/09680519990050010201. ISSN 0968-0519. S2CID 85796229.
  45. ↑ Dziarski, R.; Ulmer, A.J.; Gupta, D. (1999), Jack, R.S. (ed.), "Interactions of CD14 with Components of Gram-Positive Bacteria", Chemical Immunology and Allergy, Basel: KARGER, vol. 74, pp. 83–107, doi:10.1159/000058761, ISBN 978-3-8055-6917-0, PMID 10608083, retrieved 2022-02-01
  46. ↑ Glycomicrobiology. Ronald J. Doyle. New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers. 2000. pp. 145–186. ISBN 0-306-46821-2. OCLC 559648508.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  47. ↑ Gupta, D.; Jin, Y. P.; Dziarski, R. (1995-09-01). "Peptidoglycan induces transcription and secretion of TNF-alpha and activation of lyn, extracellular signal-regulated kinase, and rsk signal transduction proteins in mouse macrophages". Journal of Immunology. 155 (5): 2620–2630. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.155.5.2620. ISSN 0022-1767. PMID 7650392. S2CID 45885283.
  48. ↑ Dziarski, R.; Jin, Y. P.; Gupta, D. (Oct 1996). "Differential activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) 1, ERK2, p38, and c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase mitogen-activated protein kinases by bacterial peptidoglycan". The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 174 (4): 777–785. doi:10.1093/infdis/174.4.777. ISSN 0022-1899. PMID 8843216.
  49. ↑ Gupta, D.; Wang, Q.; Vinson, C.; Dziarski, R. (1999-05-14). "Bacterial peptidoglycan induces CD14-dependent activation of transcription factors CREB/ATF and AP-1". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 274 (20): 14012–14020. doi:10.1074/jbc.274.20.14012. ISSN 0021-9258. PMID 10318814.
  50. ↑ Xu, Z.; Dziarski, R.; Wang, Q.; Swartz, K.; Sakamoto, K. M.; Gupta, D. (2001-12-15). "Bacterial peptidoglycan-induced tnf-alpha transcription is mediated through the transcription factors Egr-1, Elk-1, and NF-kappaB". Journal of Immunology. 167 (12): 6975–6982. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.167.12.6975. ISSN 0022-1767. PMID 11739517. S2CID 83509463.
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  87. ↑ Dziarski, Roman (2023). How We Outwitted and Survived the Nazis: The True Story of the Holocaust Rescuers, Zofia Sterner and Her Family. Boston, MA: Academic Studies Press. ISBN 9798887191980.
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  90. ↑ "Stanford University Names World's Top 2% Scientists, 2023". October 4, 2023.
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