This is an overview of Russian early-warning radars for air surveillance, and related design bureaus.

NNIIRT

The Nizhny Novgorod Research Institute of Radio Engineering (Russian acronym: NNIIRT) has since 1948 developed a number of radars.[1] These were mainly radars in the VHF-band, and many of which featured developments in technology that represented "first offs" in the Soviet Union. Innovations include the first Soviet air surveillance radar with a circular scan: the P-8 Volga (NATO: KNIFE REST A) in 1950, the first 3D radar: the 5N69 Salute (NATO: BIG BACK) in 1975, and in 1982 the first VHF-band 3D-radar: the 55Zh6 Nebo (NATO: TALL RACK). Other innovations were radars with frequency hopping; the P-10 Volga A (NATO: KNIFE REST B) in 1953, radars with transmitter signal coherency and special features like moving target indicator (MTI); the P-12 Yenisei (NATO: SPOON REST) in 1955 as well as the P-70 Lena-M with chirp signal modulation in 1968[2] or the widely used P-18 Terek (NATO: SPOON REST D) in 1970.

NIIDAR

The Dalney Radiosvyazi NII company (Russian acronym: NIIDAR) developed a number of radars from 1949 to 1959 in co-operation with the NII-20 Lianozovo electromechanical plant.[3] However, unlike the NNIIRT, this design bureau focused on higher frequency radars like the P-20, P-30, P-30M, P-35, P-32D2 and the P-50 (NATO: E/F-bands). These radars have better accuracy and faster scan rates, and are thus more suited for ground control of fighter aircraft, which complement the lower frequency radars developed by the NNIIRT design bureau. NNIDAR has in recent years expanded their product range to include innovative radar designs like the Podsolnukh-E over-the-horizon (OTH) surface-wave radar[4] and the 29B6 Konteyner.[5] The latter, while also being an OTH-radar, has separate locations for the transmitter and the receiver making it a bi-static system.

VNIIRT

All-Russian Scientific Research Institute of Radio Engineering (Russian acronym: VNIIRT)

  • 1955; P-15 1RL13 Tropa FLAT FACE A, UHF (B/C-band),
  • 1970; ST-68 (19Zh6) TIN SHIELD, E-band, Fun fact: First Soviet radar with digital coherent signal processing,
  • 1974; P-19 1RL134 Danube FLAT FACE B, UHF (B/C-band)

Summary

Chronology of Soviet and Russian air surveillance radars
RadarNATO reporting nameRadio spectrum (NATO)DevelopedFun factDesign bureau
P-3VHF1948The first Soviet post-World War II air surveillance radarNNIIRT
P-20 PeriscopeTOKENE/F-band1949NIIDAR
P-50 ObservatoryE/F-band1949Stationary variant of P-20NIIDAR
P-30BIG MESHE/F-band1955NIIDAR
P-30MBIG BARE/F-band1959NIIDAR
P-35BAR LOCKE/F-band1958NIIDAR
P-8 VolgaKNIFE REST AVHF1950The first Soviet radar with circular scanNNIIRT
P-10 Volga AKNIFE REST BVHF1953Frequency hoppingNNIIRT
P-12 YeniseiSPOON RESTVHF1955Coherent radar with MTINNIIRT
P-15 TropaFLAT FACE AUHF1955VNIIRT
P-14 LenaTALL KINGVHF1959NNIIRT
P-35MBAR LOCKE/F-band1961Improved antenna layoutNIIDAR
P-70 Lena-MVHF1968First Soviet radar with chirpNNIIRT
P-18 TerekSPOON REST DVHF1970NNIIRT
ST-68TIN SHIELDE-band1970First Soviet radar with digital coherent signal processingVNIIRT
Sword-35BAR LOCKE/F-band1971faster scanning, improved antenna, polarization filters, pulse duration/frequency modulationNIIDAR
5N84A Oborona-14TALL KING CVHF1974NNIIRT
P-19 DanubeFLAT FACE BUHF1974VNIIRT
5N69 SaluteBIG BACKD-band1975First Soviet 3D-radarNNIIRT
44ZH6TALL KING BVHF1979Stationary version of Oborona-14NNIIRT
55ZH6 NeboTALL RACKVHF1982First Soviet meter-wavelength 3D-radarNNIIRT
1L131982NNIIRT
52E6VHF1982-1996NNIIRT
1L13-3 Nebo-SVBOX SPRINGVHF1985NNIIRT
55ZH6U Nebo-UTALL RACKVHF1992NNIIRT
1L119 Nebo-SVUVHF1997-2006NNIIRT
59N6-1 Protivnik-G1D-band1997Average time between failures 840 hoursNNIIRT
1L122D-band1997-2006NNIIRT
1L121-E UHF 2011 It is able to monitor even on the Move NNIIRT
52E6MUVHF1997-2006NNIIRT
P-18 modernisation kitsSPOON REST DVHF1997-2006NNIIRT
55ZH6M Nebo-MVHF/multi-band2011NNIIRT
Nebo-T[6]VHF2022Nebo-T radars are a heavy upgrade of Nebo-U radar stationsNNIIRT
59N6MNNIIRT
Podsolnukh-EVHF2000over-the-horizon surface-wave radarNIIDAR
29B6 Container radarVHF2000Bi-static radarNIIDAR

See also

References

  1. ↑ "NNIIRT". Retrieved 1 March 2016.
  2. ↑ "Soviet Radars".
  3. ↑ "NIIDAR". Retrieved 1 March 2016.
  4. ↑ "Podsolnukh-E over-the-horizon surface-wave radar". Retrieved 2 March 2016.
  5. ↑ "29B6 Konteyner Over The Horizon Radar".
  6. ↑ "Russia places latest Nebo-T radars on combat alert in Volga area and Urals".


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