Ryōta Murata
Ryōta Murata in 2017
Born
村田 諒太

(1986-01-12) 12 January 1986[1]
Other namesGolden Fist
Statistics
Weight(s)
Height6 ft (183 cm)[3]
Reach75 in (191 cm)[3]
StanceOrthodox
Boxing record
Total fights19
Wins16
Wins by KO13
Losses3
Medal record
Men’s amateur boxing
Representing  Japan
Olympic Games
Gold medal – first place2012 LondonMiddleweight
World Championships
Silver medal – second place2011 Baku Middleweight
Asian Championships
Bronze medal – third place2005 Ho Chi Minh CityMiddleweight

Ryōta Murata (村田 諒太, Murata Ryōta, born 12 January 1986) is a Japanese former professional boxer who competed from 2013 to 2022. He held the WBA (Regular) middleweight title twice between 2017 and 2021, and the WBA (Super) middleweight title from 2021 to 2022. As an amateur, he won a silver medal at the 2011 World Championships, and gold the following year at the 2012 Olympics.[4]

Amateur career

Murata started boxing in the first grade of junior high school.[5] His then trainer was Hiroaki Takami, who competed at the 1984 Summer Olympics.[6] Two years later, he started attending Shinko Boxing Gym in Osaka from his home in Nara City.[5] He was trained under the former Japanese super lightweight champion Hiromu Kuwata at that gym for one year.[6]

He proceeded to Minami-Kyoto High School and was coached there by Maekawa Takemoto, who served as the coach of the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta.[7] Murata went on to capture five national titles.[2] Takemoto died in 2010, at the age of 50.[8][9][10]

However, after his admission to Toyo University, he suffered a number of DQ losses in the university league.[11] At that time, he trained at the Physical Training School of the Self Defense Forces, on the recommendation of Takemoto.

After winning the All-Japan Amateur Boxing Championships in the first grade of university in 2004, he captured the bronze medal in the 2005 Asian Amateur Boxing Championships in Ho Chi Minh City,[2] and the silver medal in the 2005 King’s Cup in Bangkok.[12][2] After that, Murata went on an undefeated streak in his country, winning the All-Japan Amateur Boxing Championships also in 2007, 2009, 2010,[12] and 2011.[13] However, he was defeated in the preliminary round by Nikolajs Grisunins at the 2005 World Amateur Boxing Championships, and again in the preliminary round by Bakhtiyar Artayev in the 2006 Asian Games.

In the 2007 World Amateur Boxing Championships he won against Donatas Bondorovas in the first round, but lost to Shawn Estrada in the second round.

At the 2008 1st Asian Olympic Qualifying Tournament in Bangkok, Thailand, he won over Narmandakh Shinebayar in the quarterfinal but lost to Elshod Rasulov in the semifinal. In the 2nd AIBA Asian 2008 Olympic Qualifying Tournament in Astana, Kazakhstan, he was eliminated in the quarterfinal by Homayoun Amiri and ended in the seventh place.[12]

Murata retired as a boxer after failing to qualify for the 2008 Summer Olympics. After graduating from the university, he started coaching at the boxing club while working as an employee of his alma mater.[8][14] A year and a half later, he resumed his boxing career.[14][15]

In 2010, he secured the bronze medal by winning over Udai Al-Hindawi in the quarterfinal of the China Open Tournament in Guiyang, China, but lost to Husan Baymatov in the semifinal. In the 2010 Kazakhstan President's Cup in Astana, he won over Levan Guledani in the preliminary round but lost to Danabek Suzhanov in the quarterfinal.[12]

In July 2011, he won the gold medal at the 21st President's Cup in Jakarta.[16]

At the 2011 World Amateur Boxing Championships, Murata won over his preliminary contest over Leandro Sanchez (24–11).[17] In a big upset, Murata stopped two-time world champion Abbos Atoev in the first round.[18] He subsequently defeated Mohammad Sattarpour (22–11, in the second round)[19] and Stefan Härtel (18–15, in the third round).[20] By beating Härtel, Murata secured qualification for the 2012 Summer Olympics.[21] In the quarter-final, he beat Darren O'Neill (18-9).[22] Finally he defeated Esquiva Falcão (24–11) to qualify for the final.[23] Murata's run came to an end against Evhen Khytrov, losing a close match (22–24) and taking home the silver medal.[1]

2012 Olympics

In the 2012 Summer Olympics, second-seeded Murata defeated Algeria's Abdelmalek Rahou 21–12 in the round of 16 at the ExCeL London on 2 August 2012.[24] He subsequently beat Turkey's Adem Kılıççı 17–13 in the quarter-finals on 6 August,[25] and also outpointed Uzbekistan's Abbos Atoev 13–12 in the semi-finals on 10 August.[26] In the final on 11 August, he beat the Esquiva Falcão with a score of 14–13 and took the gold medal.[27][Video 1][Video 2]

After winning the quarter-finals, Murata and Florentino were both assured of the first men's boxing medal for their countries since the 1968 Summer Olympics.[28][29] It was a tough, close bout.[30]

Murata is the hundredth gold medalist for Japan in their Olympic history.[31] His is Japan's first boxing gold medal since Takao Sakurai won in the bantamweight class in 1964,[32] and also is the first-ever boxing medal in a weight class other than bantamweight or flyweight.[29]

The Brazilian Olympic Committee asked the International Boxing Association (AIBA) for a review of the final,[33] but the AIBA turned down the request.[34]

Murata finished his amateur career with a record of 11918 (89 RSC).[35]

Results

Men's Middleweight (75 kg)

  1. Round of 16: Ryōta Murata, Japan (21) def Abdelmalek Rahou, Algeria (12)
  2. Quarterfinals: Ryōta Murata, Japan (17) def Adem Kılıççı, Turkey (13)
  3. Semi-finals: Ryōta Murata, Japan (13) def Abbos Atoev, Uzbekistan (12)
  4. Final: Ryōta Murata, Japan (14) def Esquiva Falcão, Brazil (13)

Professional career

Murata registered with Misako Boxing Gym in April 2013,[36] and signed with Top Rank in June.[37] He also asked Teiken Promotions for cooperation in promotion.[38] Murata is sponsored by Dentsu.[37] Before turning professional, Murata had declined participation in AIBA Pro Boxing by saying that he intended to retire as a boxer.[39][40] Upon turning professional, Murata was banned from Japan Amateur Boxing Federation (JABF) for his disloyal behavior in February 2013.[41]

Qualified as a professional boxer in April 2013, he was cleared to fight in eight or more round bouts.[42] His professional debut took place in a six-round bout at a 161 lb catchweight against Akio Shibata at the Ariake Coliseum on 25 August 2013.[43] Murata won the bout by a second-round technical knockout. Murata went on to win his first four fights by knockout.

Murata's first fight in the U.S. took place in November 2015 against Gunnar Jackson. He won the fight via unanimous decision (99-91, 98-92, 97-93), outworking Jackson throughout most of the bout.[44]

Murata (8-0, 5 KOs), who was ranked fifth in the WBC and IBF middleweight ratings, ranked eighth in the WBO middleweight ratings and ranked eleventh in the WBA middleweight ratings at the time, faced Gaston Alejandro Vega (24-10-1, 10 KOs) of Argentina on 30 January in Shanghai, on the under card of Chinese superstar Zou Shiming against Natan Santana Coutinho . Murata won the fight by KO in the second round.[45]

WBA (Regular) middleweight champion

Murata vs. N'Dam

After 12 consecutive victories, Murata fought for the vacant WBA (Regular) title against Hassan N'Dam N'Jikam on 27 May 2017. Murata lost a very controversial split decision (116-111, 115-112, 110-117), in a match which many thought he'd won. N'Dam N'Jikam was knocked down in Round 4 but survived and got the decision.[46] The two judges who scored the fight for N'Dam N'Jikam were immediately suspended and WBA president Gilberto Mendoza issued a public apology.[47] A rematch was immediately ordered by the WBA,[48] and scheduled for 22 October.[49]

Murata vs. N'Dam II

On 22 October, Murata decisively beat N'Dam N'Jikam, who threw in the towel after round 7. Murata's body attack wore his opponent down, he also hurt him with a series of combinations. The fight was attended by 8,500 people at the Ryōgoku Kokugikan. This was N'Dam N'Jikam's first stoppage loss.[50]

After the fight, Murata said, "I know that you’re going to have a rougher time after you win a title. And there are other very strong champions in this weight class at other organizations. The people here know it. I will aim to be at their level." With the win, Murata became Japan's first Olympic medalist to win a world title, as well as the first Japanese middleweight world champion since Shinji Takehara.[51]

Murata vs. Blandamura

On 15 April, Murata retained his secondary middleweight world title with a one-sided eighth-round knockout of Emanuele Blandamura at the Yokohama Arena in Yokohama, Japan. Blandamura was ranked #6 by the WBA at middleweight.[52] Defending his 160-pound belt for the first time since knocking out Hassan N'Dam in the seventh round of their October rematch to claim the title, Murata had a similarly easy time with Blandamura.[53]

Murata vs. Brant

Murata failed to defend his WBA middleweight world title and suffered his second defeat on 20 October in Las Vegas, losing to mandatory challenger Rob Brant of the U.S. by unanimous decision, 118-110, 119-109 and 119-109. Brant was ranked #3 by the WBA and #11 by the IBF at the time.[54] Brant threw over 1,200 punches to get the decision, wearing Murata out and down over the course of the fight.[55]

Murata vs. Brant II

Brant made his second defense of WBA "regular" middleweight title against Murata on 12 July 2019 at Edion Arena in Osaka, Japan.[56] Murata regained the WBA "regular" middleweight title with a stunning 64 power punches he landed on Brant in Round 2, forcing referee Luis Pabon to stop the bout 2 minutes 34 seconds into the round. Murata's 64 power punches connected were the second most by a middleweight in a round next to Mike McCallum 's 74 landed punches in a fifth-round TKO of Nicky Walker in 1991.[57]

Murata vs. Butler

Murata defended his regained title on 23 May December 2019 at the Yokohama Arena against hard-punching Canadian contender Steven Butler (27-1). Butler was ranked #8 by the WBA at middleweight. Murata's power showed up right from the start, but Butler managed to keep up with the champion in the early rounds using his long reach and fast combinations. However, Murata's constant offense, sharp jab and powerful rights started to wear down Butler in round four. Near the end of Round 5, Murata drove Butler to the ropes and began to unleash a series of hard punches, before landing a devastating left hook that caused Butler to crash down on the canvas. Referee Rafael Ramos immediately halted the contest, thus giving Murata the victory by TKO.[58][59]

WBA (Super) middleweight champion

In January 2021, Murata was elevated to the status of full WBA (Super) middleweight champion. The position had previously been vacant after the previous Super champion Canelo Álvarez had vacated the title to move up to the super-middleweight division.[60]

Murata vs. Golovkin

After multiple rumors suggesting that Murata was set to take on IBF and IBO champion Gennady Golovkin in a unification match, it was announced on 27 October 2021 that a deal had finally been agreed between the two to stage the bout at the Saitama Super Arena in Saitama, Japan on 29 December 2021.[61] The fight eventually took place on 9 April 2022. Murata suffered a ninth-round TKO loss.

Retirement

Ryota Murata announced his retirement at the age of 37, saying he had run out of challenges following his loss in 2022 to Kazakh star Gennady Golovkin. Murata told reporters in Tokyo he had “always thought that the Golovkin fight would be the last one. After that, I couldn’t really find anything more that I wanted out of boxing, Winning the (Olympic) gold medal was a starting point, becoming a world champion was a starting point... I regard everything as a new beginning. As such, today is a new start. From here on, I want to build a solid future. As of today, professional boxer Ryota Murata will be retiring. Thank you to everyone who has supported me.”

Murata retires with a professional record of 16-3, winning 13 by knockout.[62]

Personal life

Murata was married in May 2010. His son was born in May 2011.[63]

Professional boxing record

19 fights 16 wins 3 losses
By knockout 13 1
By decision 3 2
No. Result Record Opponent Type Round, time Date Location Notes
19 Loss 16–3 Gennady Golovkin TKO 9 (12), 2:11 9 Apr 2022 Super Arena, Saitama, Japan Lost WBA (Super) middleweight title;
For IBF and IBO middleweight titles
18 Win 16–2 Steven Butler TKO 5 (12), 2:45 23 Dec 2019 Yokohama Arena, Kanagawa, Japan Retained WBA (Regular) middleweight title
17 Win 15–2 Rob Brant TKO 2 (12), 2:34 12 Jul 2019 EDION Arena, Osaka, Japan Won WBA (Regular) middleweight title
16 Loss 14–2 Rob Brant UD 12 20 Oct 2018 Park MGM, Paradise, Nevada, U.S. Lost WBA (Regular) middleweight title
15 Win 14–1 Emanuele Blandamura TKO 8 (12), 2:56 15 Apr 2018 Yokohama Arena, Kanagawa, Japan Retained WBA (Regular) middleweight title
14 Win 13–1 Hassan N'Dam N'Jikam RTD 7 (12), 3:00 22 Oct 2017 Ryōgoku Kokugikan, Tokyo, Japan Won WBA (Regular) middleweight title
13 Loss 12–1 Hassan N'Dam N'Jikam SD 12 20 May 2017 Ariake Colosseum, Tokyo, Japan For vacant WBA (Regular) middleweight title
12 Win 12–0 Bruno Sandoval KO 3 (10), 2:53 30 Dec 2016 Ariake Colosseum, Tokyo, Japan
11 Win 11–0 George Tahdooahnippah TKO 1 (10), 1:52 23 Jul 2016 MGM Grand Garden Arena, Paradise, Nevada, U.S.
10 Win 10–0 Felipe Santos Pedroso TKO 4 (10), 2:50 14 May 2016 Convention and Exhibition Centre, Hong Kong, SAR
9 Win 9–0 Gastón Vega KO 2 (10), 2:23 30 Jan 2016 Oriental Sports Center, Shanghai, China
8 Win 8–0 Gunnar Jackson UD 10 7 Nov 2015 Thomas & Mack Center, Paradise, Nevada, U.S.
7 Win 7–0 Douglas Damiao Ataide TKO 5 (10), 0:38 1 May 2015 Ota City General Gymnasium, Tokyo, Japan
6 Win 6–0 Jessie Nicklow UD 10 30 Dec 2014 Metropolitan Gym, Tokyo, Japan
5 Win 5–0 Adrian Luna Flores UD 10 5 Sep 2014 Yoyogi National Gymnasium, Tokyo, Japan
4 Win 4–0 Jesús Ángel Nerio KO 6 (10), 2:35 22 May 2014 Shimazu Arena, Kyoto, Japan
3 Win 3–0 Carlos Nascimento TKO 4 (8), 0:43 22 Feb 2014 Cotai Arena, Macau, SAR
2 Win 2–0 Dave Peterson TKO 8 (8), 1:20 6 Dec 2013 Ryōgoku Kokugikan, Tokyo, Japan
1 Win 1–0 Akio Shibata TKO 2 (6), 2:24 25 Aug 2013 Ariake Colosseum, Tokyo, Japan

See also

References

  1. 1 2 "Biographies for Ryōta Murata". International Boxing Association. 2011. Archived from the original on 11 April 2012. Retrieved 6 November 2011.
  2. 1 2 3 4 全力で五輪切符つかむ ボクシングの村田 南京都高出身 (in Japanese). Kyoto Shimbun – 47news. jp. 14 March 2008. Retrieved 6 November 2011.
  3. 1 2 DAZN tale of the tape prior to the Gennady Golovkin fight.
  4. 村田諒太 (2) 活動自粛から現役復帰 再び夢へ. Sports Nippon (in Japanese). 9 May 2012. Archived from the original on 20 June 2012. Retrieved 14 June 2012.
  5. 1 2 Hiroyuki Ishida (24 January 2012). 星に願いを: 村田諒太 (アマチュアボクシング世界選手権銀メダリスト/東洋大職員) <後編>「恩師に捧げるリング」 (in Japanese). Sports Communications. Retrieved 14 June 2012.
  6. 1 2 挫折3度…村田の強さは、逃げても戻る "ずぶとさ". Mainichi Shimbun (in Japanese). August 13, 2012. Archived from the original on February 18, 2013. Retrieved August 16, 2012.
  7. アマボクシング女子強化委員長の武元氏が急死. Sports Hochi (in Japanese). 11 February 2010. Archived from the original on 13 February 2010. Retrieved 6 November 2011.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  8. 1 2 Keiichi Kojima (12 August 2012). "Murata fought with late mentor in mind". Yomiuri Shimbun. Retrieved 16 August 2012.
  9. Shin Kobayashi, Mitsumasa Takemoto and Keigo Kawasaki (August 13, 2012). "London Stories: Boxer Murata, wrestler Yonemitsu capture gold on final day". Mainichi Shimbun. Archived from the original on February 18, 2013. Retrieved August 16, 2012.
  10. "Gold Medalist/ Boxing: Murata owes it all to former coach, hard work". Asahi Shimbun. August 15, 2012. Archived from the original on August 15, 2012. Retrieved August 16, 2012.
  11. 村田諒太、恩師に誓うデビュー戦勝利! (in Japanese). The page. 24 August 2013. p. 1. Retrieved 31 August 2013.
  12. 1 2 3 4 "Biographies for Ryōta Murata". Asian Boxing Confederation. 2013. Archived from the original on 4 October 2013. Retrieved 25 May 2013.
  13. "世界「銀」村田V3/ボクシング". Nikkan Sports (in Japanese). 20 November 2011. Retrieved 20 November 2011.
  14. 1 2 選手プロフィール 村田 諒太 - ロンドンオリンピック特集 (in Japanese). Toyo University. July 25, 2012. Archived from the original on July 29, 2012. Retrieved July 27, 2012.
  15. Jiji Press (13 August 2012). "Murata punches way to historic gold". Yomiuri Shimbun. Retrieved 16 August 2012.
  16. "Japan Win the Team Event in Jakarta". International Boxing Association. 13 July 2011. Retrieved 6 November 2011.
  17. "A fast victory for Brown". International Boxing Association. 28 September 2011. Retrieved 6 November 2011.
  18. AFP (2 October 2011). "Japan's Murata stuns defending champion". The Times of India. Retrieved 6 November 2011.
  19. "Teymur Mammadov triumphs in Baku". International Boxing Association. 3 October 2011. Retrieved 6 November 2011.
  20. Sapa-AFP (4 October 2011). "Aussie eliminates India's Kumar". SuperSport. Retrieved 6 November 2011.
  21. Boxing Beat editorial department (15 October 2011). MACC Publications Inc (ed.). 村田が銀 & 五輪切符獲得. Ironman. Boxing Beat (in Japanese). Tokyo, Japan: Fitness Sports Co., Ltd. (special issue): 109. ASIN B005T5W52C.
  22. "And then there was one as Nevin advances". The Irish Times. 6 October 2011. Retrieved 6 November 2011.
  23. AFP (8 October 2011). "Ukraine dominate AIBA event's semi-finals". Dawn. Retrieved 6 November 2011.
  24. "Olympics-Men's boxing middleweight last 16 results". Reuters. 2 August 2012. Retrieved 5 August 2012.
  25. "Olympics-Men's boxing middleweight quarter-finals results". Reuters. 6 August 2012. Retrieved 6 August 2012.
  26. Jake Donovan (10 August 2012). "Olympics Men's Middleweight Semifinals Live Results". BoxingScene.com. Retrieved 16 August 2012.
  27. "Olympics-Men's boxing Middleweight Final". Official London 2012 website. 12 August 2012. Archived from the original on 13 August 2012. Retrieved 12 August 2012.
  28. Patrick Johnston (6 August 2012). "Brazil wait 42 years for a medal then two arrive". Reuters. Retrieved 16 August 2012.
  29. 1 2 Joe Koizumi (August 11, 2012). "Remembering Olympic medalists out of Japan". Fightnews.com. Archived from the original on November 25, 2012. Retrieved August 16, 2012.
  30. Jake Donovan (11 August 2012). "Ryota Murata Captures Middleweight Gold For Japan". BoxingScene.com. Retrieved 16 August 2012.
  31. 村田で金100人目 メダル総獲得数400個. Nikkan Sports (in Japanese). 13 August 2012. Retrieved 16 August 2012.
  32. "Ryota Murata wins Japan's 2nd-ever boxing gold medal, edging Brazil's Esquiva Falcao". The Washington Post. Associated Press. 11 August 2012. Retrieved 16 August 2012.
  33. EFE (18 August 2012). "Brazil wants Olympic boxing decision reviewed". Fox News Latino. Retrieved 18 August 2012.
  34. "Brazil says request to review Olympic final against Murata denied". Asahi Shimbun. Associated Press. August 22, 2012. Archived from the original on January 17, 2013. Retrieved August 22, 2012.
  35. Joe Koizumi (25 August 2013). "Olympic Gold Medalist Murata halts OPBF Champ Shibata in pro debut". Fightnews.com. Retrieved 31 August 2013.
  36. 三迫会長 村田デビューは「夏でもいい」「重い責任感じる」. Sports Nippon (in Japanese). 12 April 2013. Retrieved 3 July 2013.
  37. 1 2 Miguel Maravilla (11 June 2013). "Murata: I want to become world champion and leave my name as one of the legends in boxing". fightnews.com. Retrieved 3 July 2013.
  38. 村田 米興行大手との契約の背景は? 「プロジェクト」最後のピースそろう. Sports Nippon (in Japanese). 11 June 2013. Retrieved 3 July 2013.
  39. 引退勧告を受けた村田、プロ転向示唆. Daily Sports (in Japanese). 3 February 2013. Retrieved 3 July 2013.
  40. ボクシング「村田ルール」7・1スタート. Nikkan Sports (in Japanese). 28 June 2012. Retrieved 3 July 2013.
  41. 村田、プロ正式表明! アマ山根会長に直談判. Sports Hochi (in Japanese). 3 February 2013. Archived from the original on 3 February 2013. Retrieved 3 July 2013.
  42. プロボクサーテスト合格発表 (PDF) (in Japanese). Japan Boxing Commission. April 2013. Retrieved 4 July 2013.
  43. "村田、8月にプロデビュー=OPBF王者柴田と対戦" (in Japanese). Jiji Press. 3 July 2013. Retrieved 3 July 2013.
  44. "Murata, Reed, Marriaga, Kavaliauskas Win in Vegas". BoxingScene.com. 7 November 2015.
  45. "Ryota Murata Faces Gaston Alejandro on 1/30 in Shanghai". BoxingScene.com. 10 January 2016.
  46. "N'Dam keeps title with a split decision vs. Murata". ESPN.com. 20 May 2017.
  47. "N'Dam-Murata judges suspended over scoring". ESPN.com. 26 May 2017.
  48. "Boxing-WBA order rematch of N'Dam-Murata title fight". Eurosport. 21 May 2017. Retrieved 21 May 2017.
  49. "Ryota Murata vs. Hassan N'Dam Rematch on October 22". 3 August 2017. Retrieved 3 August 2017.
  50. Stumberg, Patrick L. (22 October 2017). "Murata stops N'Dam in rematch". Bad Left Hook.
  51. Nagatsuka, Kaz (22 October 2017). "Ryota Murata beats Hassan N'Dam in rematch to claim WBA middleweight world title". The Japan Times.
  52. "Murata vs Blandamura - News, Tape, Ringwalk, TV, Streaming & Tickets". Box.Live. Retrieved 2 July 2021.
  53. "Murata KOs Blandamura in one-sided defense". ESPN.com. 15 April 2018.
  54. "Murata vs Brant - News, Tape, Ringwalk, TV, Streaming & Tickets". Box.Live. Retrieved 2 July 2021.
  55. Christ, Scott (21 October 2018). "Murata vs Brant results: Rob Brant dominates Ryota Murata, wins decision". Bad Left Hook.
  56. "Rob Brant vs. Ryota Murata Rematch Finalized For July 12". BoxingScene.com. 24 April 2019.
  57. "Ryota Murata shines in TKO of Rob Brant. Now what?". ESPN.com. 12 July 2019.
  58. "Ryota Murata Drops, Stops Steven Butler In Five Rounds". BoxingScene.com. 23 December 2019. Retrieved 23 December 2019.
  59. Christ, Scott (23 December 2019). "Ryota Murata puts Steven Butler away in fifth round to retain WBA belt". Bad Left Hook. Retrieved 23 December 2019.
  60. "Boxing News: Ryota Murata rises to WBA super champion » May 28, 2021". fightnews.com. 7 January 2021. Retrieved 28 May 2021.
  61. "Sources: Golovkin, Murata agree on Dec. 29 bout". ESPN.com. 27 October 2021. Retrieved 5 November 2021.
  62. |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/sport/boxing-japanese-champion-murata-hangs-up-gloves
  63. 村田は変わった! 家族の存在で"ポジティブ"に. Sports Nippon (in Japanese). 8 August 2012. Retrieved 22 August 2012.

Video references

This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.