In computational complexity theory, SP
2
is a complexity class, intermediate between the first and second levels of the polynomial hierarchy. A language L is in if there exists a polynomial-time predicate P such that

  • If , then there exists a y such that for all z, ,
  • If , then there exists a z such that for all y, ,

where size of y and z must be polynomial of x.

Relationship to other complexity classes

It is immediate from the definition that SP
2
is closed under unions, intersections, and complements. Comparing the definition with that of and , it also follows immediately that SP
2
is contained in . This inclusion can in fact be strengthened to ZPPNP.[1]

Every language in NP also belongs to SP
2
.
For by definition, a language L is in NP, if and only if there exists a polynomial-time verifier V(x,y), such that for every x in L there exists y for which V answers true, and such that for every x not in L, V always answers false. But such a verifier can easily be transformed into an SP
2
predicate P(x,y,z) for the same language that ignores z and otherwise behaves the same as V. By the same token, co-NP belongs to SP
2
.
These straightforward inclusions can be strengthened to show that the class SP
2
contains MA (by a generalization of the Sipser–Lautemann theorem) and (more generally, ).

Karp–Lipton theorem

A version of Karp–Lipton theorem states that if every language in NP has polynomial size circuits then the polynomial time hierarchy collapses to SP
2
. This result yields a strengthening of Kannan's theorem: it is known that SP
2
is not contained in SIZE(nk) for any fixed k.

Symmetric hierarchy

As an extension, it is possible to define as an operator on complexity classes; then . Iteration of operator yields a "symmetric hierarchy"; the union of the classes produced in this way is equal to the Polynomial hierarchy.

References

  1. Cai, Jin-Yi (2007), "" (PDF), Journal of Computer and System Sciences, 73 (1): 25–35, doi:10.1016/j.jcss.2003.07.015, MR 2279029. A preliminary version of this paper appeared earlier, in FOCS 2001, ECCC TR01-030, MR1948751, doi:10.1109/SFCS.2001.959938.
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