The Sackler family is an American family who owned the pharmaceutical company Purdue Pharma and later founded Mundipharma.[1] Purdue Pharma, and some members of the family, have faced lawsuits regarding overprescription of addictive pharmaceutical drugs, including OxyContin. Purdue Pharma has been criticized for its role in the opioid epidemic in the United States.[2][3][4] They have been described as the "most evil family in America",[5][6][7][8] and "the worst drug dealers in history".[9][10]

The Sackler family has been profiled in various media, including the documentary Crime of the Century on HBO, the book Empire of Pain by Patrick Radden Keefe, the 2021 Hulu miniseries Dopesick, the 2022 Oscar-nominated documentary All the Beauty and the Bloodshed and the 2023 Netflix mini-series Painkiller.

History

Arthur, Mortimer, and Raymond Sackler, the three children of Jewish immigrants from Galicia and Poland, grew up in Brooklyn in the 1930s. All three of the siblings went to medical school and worked together at the Creedmoor Psychiatric Center in Queens. They were often cited as early pioneers in medication techniques which ended the common practice of lobotomies, and were also regarded as the first to fight for the racial integration of blood banks.[11] Arthur Sackler was widely regarded as the patriarch of the family. In 1952, the brothers bought a small pharmaceutical company, Purdue-Frederick.[4] Raymond and Mortimer ran Purdue, while Arthur, the oldest brother, became a pioneer in medical advertising. He devised campaigns appealing directly to doctors, and enlisted prominent physicians to endorse Purdue's products. As one of the foremost art collectors of his generation, he also donated the majority of his collections to museums around the world. After his death in 1987, his option on one third of Purdue-Frederick was sold by his estate to his two brothers who turned it into Purdue Pharma.

In 1996, Purdue Pharma introduced OxyContin, a reformulated version of oxycodone in a slow-release form. Oxycodone was first invented in 1916 and sold as Eukodal, but had been withdrawn from the market in 1990 due to addiction issues.

Heavily promoted,[13][14] OxyContin is a key drug in the emergence of the opioid epidemic.[15][16] Elizabeth Sackler, daughter of Arthur Sackler, claimed that her branch of the family did not participate in or benefit from the sales of narcotics. While some have criticized Arthur Sackler for pioneering marketing techniques to promote non-opioids decades earlier, Professor Evan Gerstmann of Loyola Marymount University said in Forbes magazine, "It is an absurd inversion of logic to say that because Arthur Sackler pioneered direct marketing to physicians, he is responsible for the fraudulent misuse of that technique, which occurred many years after his death and from which he procured no financial gain."[17][18] In 2018, multiple members of the Raymond and Mortimer Sackler families, Richard Sackler, Theresa Sackler, Kathe Sackler, Jonathan Sackler, Mortimer Sackler, Beverly Sackler, David Sackler, and Ilene Sackler, were all named as defendants in suits filed by numerous states over their involvement in the opioid crisis.[19][20]

In 2012, a member of the Sackler family bought Stargroves, a manor house near Newbury in the UK, for more than its £15 million listing price; former owners at different times of the estate have been Mick Jagger and Rod Stewart.[21][22] The family was first listed in Forbes list of America's Richest Families in 2015.[23]

The Sackler family is also the owner of Mundipharma, a lower profile pharma company that has significant operations in China. Bloomberg News reported in 2020 that the family had hired an investment bank to identify a potential buyer of the business.[24] The company could fetch as much as $3 to $5 billion.[1]

Genealogy

  • Isaac Sackler and Sophie Greenberg
    • Arthur M. Sackler, (1913–1987),[25] married Else Finnich Jorgensen 1934 and divorced,[26][13] married Marietta Lutze 1949 and divorced, and Jillian Lesley Tully 1981 until death
    • Mortimer Sackler (1916–2010) obtained British citizenship and renounced American citizenship.[27] Married Theresa Elizabeth Rowling (born 1949) in 1980 until his death, married Gertraud (Gheri) Wimmer in 1969 and divorced,[28] married Muriel Lazarus (1917–2009) and divorced.[29]
      • Ilene Sackler Lefcourt (b. 1946) (married Gerald B. Lefcourt and divorced)
      • Kathe Sackler (b. 1948) (spouse Susan Shack Sackler)
      • Robert Mortimer Sackler (1951-1975)
      • Mortimer A. Sackler (b. 1971) (married Jaqueline Sackler)
      • Samantha Sophia Sackler Hunt (b. 1968)[13]
      • Marissa Sackler
      • Sophie Sackler (married Jamie Dalrymple)
      • Michael Sackler[13]
    • Raymond Sackler (1920–2017), married Beverly Feldman in 1944 until death[13] Beverly died in October 2019, aged 95[30]

Donations to promote Sackler name

The Sackler family has donated to cultural institutions, including the Metropolitan Museum of Art, the American Museum of Natural History, and the Guggenheim.[31][32][33]

The family has also donated to universities, including Harvard University, Yale University, Cornell University, and the University of Oxford, although the latter severed ties in 2023.[34][35][23][31] The Sackler Faculty of Medicine at Tel Aviv University is named after Arthur, Mortimer, and Raymond Sackler for their donations but the name was removed in June 2023. Similarly, the Sackler Institute of Pulmonary Pharmacology at King's College London was named after Mortimer and Theresa Sackler.[36][37][38]

The Sackler family has previously donated to the China International Culture Exchange Center (CICEC), a front organization of China's principal civilian intelligence agency, the Ministry of State Security.[39][40]

The Sackler family contributed about $116,000 to the Connecticut Democratic Party.[41]

Reputation laundering

The Sackler family name, as used in institutions which the family have donated to, saw increased scrutiny in the late 2010s over the family's association with OxyContin. David Crow, writing in the Financial Times, described the family name as "tainted" (cf. Tainted donors).[42][43] In March 2019, the National Portrait Gallery and the Tate galleries announced that they would not accept further donations from the family. This came after the American photographer Nan Goldin threatened to withdraw a planned retrospective of her work in the National Portrait Gallery if the gallery accepted a £1 million donation from a Sackler fund.[44][45] In June 2019, NYU Langone Medical Center announced they will no longer be accepting donations from the Sacklers, and have since changed the name of the Sackler Institute of Graduate Biomedical Sciences to the Vilcek Institute of Graduate Biomedical Sciences.[46] Later in 2019, the American Museum of Natural History, and the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum and Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York, each announced they will not accept future donations from any Sacklers that were involved in Purdue Pharma.[47]

On July 1, 2019, Nan Goldin, an American photographer and the founder of P.A.I.N.,[48] led a small groups of protesters who unfurled a banner "Take down the Sackler name" against the backdrop of the Louvre's glass pyramid.[48][49][50][51][52] According to The New York Times, the Louvre in Paris was the first major museum to "erase its public association" with the Sackler family name. On July 16, 2019, the museum had removed the plaque at the gallery entrance about Sacklers’ donations made to the museum. Throughout the gallery, grey tape covered signs such as Sackler Wing, including signage for the Louvre's Persian and Levantine artifacts collection, which was removed on July 8 or 9. Signage for the collection had identified it as the Sackler Wing of Oriental Antiquities since 1997.[53]

The Metropolitan Museum of Art announced it would remove the Sackler name from galleries and other locations within the museum in December 2021.[54] This was followed by the Bodleian Library's "Sackler Library", which has since been renamed the Bodleian Art, Archaeology and Ancient World Library.[55]

The family's philanthropy has been characterized as reputation laundering from profits acquired from the selling of opiates.[56][57] In 2022, the British Museum announced that it would rename the Raymond and Beverly Sackler Rooms and the Raymond and Beverly Sackler Wing, as part of "development of the new masterplan", and that it "made this decision together through collaborative discussions" with the Sackler Foundation.[58]

Opioid lawsuits

In 2019, a suit was brought in the Southern District of New York, which included more than 500 counties, cities and Native American tribes. It named eight family members: Richard, Jonathan, Mortimer, Kathe, David, Beverly and Theresa Sackler as well as Ilene Sackler Lefcourt.[59] In addition, Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island and Utah all brought suits against the family. On the federal level, the family faced an overall bundle of 1,600 cases.[60]

According to the New Yorker, Purdue Pharma played a "special role" in the opioid crisis because the company "was the first to set out, in the nineteen-nineties, to persuade the American medical establishment that strong opioids should be much more widely prescribed—and that physicians’ longstanding fears about the addictive nature of such drugs were overblown."[61]

In late 2020, the Committee on Oversight and Reform of the US House of Representatives held a hearing on the role of Purdue Pharma and the Sackler family in the opioid epidemic. "We don't agree on a lot on this committee, in a bipartisan way," the ranking member, James Comer of Kentucky said, "but I think our opinion of Purdue Pharma and the actions of your family...are sickening." The Sacklers were also accused of being "addicted to money." Of the Sacklers responses in the hearing, author Patrick Radden Keefe stated "They could produce a rehearsed simulacrum of human empathy" but were "impervious to any genuine moral epiphany." Jim Cooper, a congressman from Tennessee, stated to David Sackler: "Watching you testify makes my blood boil. I am not sure I am aware of any family in America that's more evil than yours." Of the Sacklers' wealth and Richard Sackler's in particular, Keefe states: "No one wanted his money."[62]

In March 2021, Purdue Pharma filed a restructuring plan to dissolve itself and establish a new company dedicated to programs designed to combat the opioid crisis.[63] The proposal was for the Sackler family to pay an additional US$4.2 billion over the next nine years to resolve various civil claims[63] in exchange for immunity from criminal prosecutions. This "legal firewall" was opposed by 24 state attorneys general as well as the attorney general for Washington, D.C. "If the Sacklers are allowed to use bankruptcy to escape the consequences of their actions," said the state AGs who called the proposal legally unprecedented, "it would be a roadmap for other powerful bad actors."[64]

In a bankruptcy court filing on July 7, 2021, multiple states agreed to settle. Though Purdue admitted no wrongdoings, the Sacklers would agree never to produce opioids again and pay billions in damages toward a charitable fund.[65] Purdue Pharma was dissolved on September 1, 2021. The Sacklers agreed to pay $4.5 billion over nine years, with most of that money funding addiction treatment. The bankruptcy judge acknowledged that the Sacklers had moved money to offshore accounts to protect it from claims, and he said he wished the settlement had been higher.[66]

On December 16, 2021, U.S District Judge Colleen McMahon ruled that the bankruptcy judge did not have authority to give the Sacklers immunity in civil liability cases.[67] This ruling was overturned on appeal to the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit.[68] This ruling was stayed in August 2023 by the U.S. Supreme Court pending oral argument in December 2023.[69]

References

  1. 1 2 Wu, Kane (May 5, 2021). "Sackler-owned Mundipharma seeks bids for China unit in over $1 billion deal -sources". Reuters. Archived from the original on September 21, 2022. Retrieved May 17, 2021.
  2. ↑ Ellis, Ralph; Schuman, Melanie (March 24, 2019). "Hundreds of cities, counties and Native American tribes file federal lawsuit against Sackler family over opioid crisis". CNN. Archived from the original on November 27, 2022. Retrieved March 25, 2019.
  3. ↑ Perraudin, Frances; Neate, Rupert (March 25, 2019). "Sackler Trust halts new philanthropic giving due to opioid lawsuits". The Guardian. Archived from the original on December 5, 2022. Retrieved March 25, 2019.
  4. 1 2 Sales, Ben (May 22, 2019). "Who are the Sacklers, the family at the center of the opioid crisis?". Jewish Telegraphic Agency. Archived from the original on May 22, 2019. Retrieved June 2, 2019.
  5. ↑ Lelchuck, Saul (September 21, 2021). "Are the Sacklers the Most Evil Family in American History?". Bulwark Media. Archived from the original on September 2, 2021. Retrieved January 30, 2022.
  6. ↑ Smith, David (December 11, 2021). "OxyContin and the story behind America's 'most evil' family". The Irish Examiner. Archived from the original on December 11, 2021. Retrieved January 30, 2022.
  7. ↑ Walters, Joanna (December 18, 2020). "'An evil family': Sacklers condemned as they refuse to apologize for role in opioid crisis". The Guardian. Archived from the original on December 17, 2020. Retrieved January 30, 2022.
  8. ↑ "Some members of Sackler family under fire over ties to opioids". CBS News. April 11, 2021. Archived from the original on April 11, 2021. Retrieved January 30, 2022.
  9. ↑ Wolf, Zachary B. (September 3, 2021). "The worst drug dealers in history are getting away with billions". CNN Politics. Archived from the original on September 2, 2021. Retrieved January 30, 2022.
  10. ↑ McGreal, Chris (December 17, 2019). "The Sacklers were drug dealers who put money over morality. The Purdue deal is no different". The Guardian. Archived from the original on September 17, 2019. Retrieved January 30, 2022.
  11. ↑ Gerstmann, Evan (May 10, 2019). "Harvard, Arthur Sackler And The Perils Of Indiscriminate Shaming". Forbes. Archived from the original on June 12, 2019. Retrieved September 17, 2019.
  12. ↑ Watch 8-hour Deposition Of Richard Sackler As He Denies Family's Role in The Opioid Crisis, archived from the original on December 11, 2021, retrieved December 11, 2021
  13. 1 2 3 4 5 Joanna Walters (February 18, 2018). "Meet the Sacklers: the family feuding over blame for the opioid crisis". The Guardian. Archived from the original on April 4, 2020. Retrieved February 19, 2019.
  14. ↑ Meyer, Barry (May 10, 2007). "In Guilty Plea, OxyContin Maker to Pay 600 Million". New York Times. Archived from the original on October 27, 2017. Retrieved February 21, 2019.
  15. 1 2 Christopher Glazek (October 16, 2017). "The Secretive Family Making Billions From the Opioid Crisis". Esquire. Archived from the original on September 20, 2019. Retrieved February 21, 2019.
  16. ↑ Keefe, Patrick Radden (October 23, 2017). "The Family That Built an Empire of Pain". The New Yorker. ISSN 0028-792X. Archived from the original on January 22, 2018. Retrieved February 21, 2019.
  17. ↑ "Forbes". Forbes. Archived from the original on June 12, 2019. Retrieved September 17, 2019.
  18. ↑ "Nan Goldin Receives Elizabeth A. Sackler's Support in Condemning Purdue Pharma". Artforum (artforum.com). January 23, 2018. Archived from the original on May 10, 2019. Retrieved May 10, 2019. and Sackler, Elizabeth A. (February 1, 2018). "Growing P.A.I.N." Artforum (artforum.com). Archived from the original on May 10, 2019. Retrieved May 10, 2019.
  19. ↑ Dwyer, Colin (June 13, 2018). "Massachusetts Sues OxyContin Maker Purdue Pharma, Saying It 'Peddled Falsehoods'". Npr.org. NPR. Archived from the original on June 14, 2018. Retrieved January 16, 2019.
  20. ↑ Christine, Willmsen; Martha, Bebinger (January 16, 2019). "Massachusetts Attorney General Implicates Family Behind Purdue Pharma In Opioid Deaths". Npr.org. NPR. Archived from the original on January 16, 2019. Retrieved September 11, 2019.
  21. ↑ Anna Mikhailova (August 19, 2012). "Moving on: Jagger edge". The Sunday Times. Archived from the original on May 13, 2014. Retrieved February 16, 2017.
  22. ↑ Alex Morrell (July 1, 2015). "The OxyContin Clan: The $14 Billion Newcomer to Forbes 2015 List of Richest U.S. Families". Forbes. Archived from the original on February 22, 2019. Retrieved February 16, 2017.
  23. 1 2 Alex Morrell (July 1, 2015). "The OxyContin Clan: The $14 Billion Newcomer to Forbes 2015 List of Richest U.S. Families". Forbes. Archived from the original on February 22, 2019. Retrieved February 21, 2019.
  24. ↑ Baigorri, Manuel (January 13, 2020). "Sackler-Owned Mundipharma Taps Deutsche Bank for Sale". Bloomberg News. Archived from the original on May 17, 2021. Retrieved May 17, 2021.
  25. ↑ Glueck, Grace (May 27, 1987). "Dr. Arthur Sackler Dies at 73; Philanthropist and Art Patron". The New York Times. Archived from the original on December 18, 2019. Retrieved May 11, 2014.
  26. ↑ "Paid Notice: Deaths SACKLER, ELSE". The New York Times. March 17, 2000. Archived from the original on March 30, 2019. Retrieved February 21, 2019.
  27. ↑ David Cohen (May 11, 2018). "The Sackler Files: Billionaire liked to parade as philanthropist... in fact he was tax avoider on industrial scale". Evening Standard. Archived from the original on March 29, 2019. Retrieved February 22, 2019.
  28. ↑ "SACHS, FRANK thru SACHS, GEORGE". sortedbyname.com. Archived from the original on February 23, 2019. Retrieved February 23, 2019.
  29. ↑ Muriel L. Sackler Archived March 29, 2019, at the Wayback Machine, NYT obituary
  30. ↑ Schott, Paul (October 15, 2019). "Purdue Pharma co-owner and Greenwich resident Beverly Sackler dies". New Haven Register. Archived from the original on October 15, 2019. Retrieved October 16, 2019.
  31. 1 2 Goukassian, Elena (January 11, 2018). "Our Incomplete List of Cultural Institutions and Initiatives Funded by the Sackler Family". Hyperallergic. Archived from the original on March 27, 2019. Retrieved March 26, 2019.
  32. ↑ "Annual Campaign 2016". The Jewish Museum. Archived from the original on December 20, 2019. Retrieved May 10, 2019.
  33. ↑ "List of Bletchley Park Supporters including Dr Mortimer and Theresa Sackler Foundation". Bletchley Park Trust (Museum). Archived from the original on November 14, 2021. Retrieved November 14, 2021.
  34. ↑ "The University of Oxford's relationship with the Sackler family – statement". Retrieved May 18, 2023.
  35. ↑ "Cornell Received Millions From Scandal-Ridden Sackler Family — But the University Says It Won't Accept More". The Cornell Daily Sun. October 3, 2019. Archived from the original on October 27, 2021. Retrieved October 27, 2021.
  36. ↑ "New Sackler Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences". February 13, 2002. Archived from the original on October 2, 2015.
  37. ↑ Cohen, David (March 19, 2018). "The Opioid Timebomb: The Sackler family and how their painkiller fortune helps bankroll London arts". Evening Standard. Archived from the original on June 18, 2019. Retrieved May 10, 2019.
  38. ↑ "Raymond and Beverly Sackler Institute for Biological, Physical and Engineering Sciences". Yale University. Archived from the original on May 25, 2022. Retrieved May 24, 2022.
  39. ↑ Joske, Alex (2022). Spies and Lies: How China's Greatest Covert Operations Fooled the World. Hardie Grant Books. p. 80. ISBN 978-1-74358-900-7. OCLC 1347020692.
  40. ↑ "第七届国际文化交流赛克勒杯中国书法竞赛获奖名单". China International Culture Exchange Center (in Chinese). September 10, 2009. Archived from the original on July 17, 2019. Retrieved October 22, 2022.
  41. ↑ "CT Democratic Party received $116,000 from Sacklers". Associated Press. January 29, 2019. Archived from the original on January 30, 2023. Retrieved January 30, 2023.
  42. ↑ David Crow (September 8, 2018). "What next for the Sacklers? A pharma dynasty under siege". Financial Times. Archived from the original on March 27, 2019. Retrieved February 24, 2019.
  43. ↑ David Armstrong (February 21, 2019). "Sackler Embraced Plan to Conceal OxyContin's Strength From Doctors, Sealed Testimony Shows". ProPublica. Archived from the original on February 26, 2019. Retrieved February 27, 2019.
  44. ↑ "Tate art galleries will no longer accept donations from the Sackler family". Guardian. March 22, 2019. Archived from the original on March 22, 2019. Retrieved March 22, 2019.
  45. ↑ Walters, Joanna. "Nan Goldin threatens London gallery boycott over £1m gift from Sackler fund". The Guardian. Archived from the original on March 23, 2019. Retrieved March 23, 2019.
  46. ↑ Youn, Soo. "NYU Langone no longer accepting donations from the Sacklers, the family that owns OxyContin maker Purdue Pharma". ABC News. Archived from the original on December 24, 2019. Retrieved December 19, 2019.
  47. ↑ Harris, Elizabeth A. (May 15, 2019). "The Met Will Turn Down Sackler Money Amid Fury Over the Opioid Crisis". The New York Times. Archived from the original on May 16, 2019. Retrieved May 17, 2019.
  48. 1 2 Walters, Joanna (January 22, 2018). "'I don't know how they live with themselves' – artist Nan Goldin takes on the billionaire family behind OxyContin". The Guardian. Archived from the original on January 22, 2018. Retrieved January 22, 2018.
  49. ↑ Walters, Joanna (March 22, 2019). "Tate art galleries will no longer accept donations from the Sackler family". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on March 23, 2019. Retrieved March 24, 2019 – via www.theguardian.com.
  50. ↑ Goldin, Nan. "Nan Goldin". Art Forum. Archived from the original on January 3, 2018. Retrieved January 22, 2018.
  51. ↑ Walters, Joanna; Thorpe, Vanessa (February 17, 2019). "Nan Goldin threatens London gallery boycott over £1m gift from Sackler fund". The Guardian. Archived from the original on February 17, 2019. Retrieved February 17, 2019.
  52. ↑ In 2018, Goldin went public with her rehabilitation process to overcome her opioid addiction Archived March 5, 2019, at the Wayback Machine. Goldin was prescribed Archived March 5, 2019, at the Wayback Machine OxyContin after breaking her wrist. Goldin established Prescription Addiction Intervention Now (P.A.I.N.) through which she used social media activism to contrast the Sackler family's cultural philanthropy Archived January 3, 2018, at the Wayback Machine with their role in inflaming the opioid crisis as owners and managers of Purdue Pharma who manufactured and marketed OxyContin. P.A.I.N. also protested that the Sackler family have never taken responsibility for their role in the opioid crisis. Previous P.A.I.N protests took place in Sackler Wing's Temple of Dendur at The Metropolitan Museum of Art in 2018, at the Guggenheim Museum in 2019. In February 2019, Goldin issued a statement saying she no longer would participate in the planned retrospective of her photography, which was to be exhibited at the National Portrait Gallery in London if the Tate did not refuse the Sacklers most recent donation of £1 million.
  53. ↑ Marshall, Alex (July 17, 2019). "Louvre Removes Sackler Family Name From Its Walls". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on July 17, 2019. Retrieved July 17, 2019.
  54. ↑ Alexander, Sophie (December 9, 2021). "NYC's Met Pulls Sackler Name From Galleries After Opioid Scandal". Bloomberg. Archived from the original on December 10, 2021. Retrieved December 10, 2021.
  55. ↑ "Sackler: relationship review". University of Oxford. May 15, 2023. Retrieved May 16, 2023.
  56. ↑ "New Yorker Sackler Article". newyorker.com. October 23, 2017. Archived from the original on January 22, 2018. Retrieved October 17, 2018.
  57. ↑ "Sackler Blood Money disgraces museums". theguardian.com. February 16, 2018. Archived from the original on October 17, 2018. Retrieved October 17, 2018.
  58. ↑ Cascone, Sarah (March 25, 2022). "The British Museum Drops the Sackler Name From Its Galleries, Joining a Growing Flood of Institutions Cutting Ties With the Family". Artnet News. Archived from the original on March 25, 2022. Retrieved March 25, 2022.
  59. ↑ "New York Sues Sackler Family Members and Drug Distributors" Archived April 6, 2019, at the Wayback Machine, New York Times, March 28, 2019.
  60. ↑ "Lawsuits Lay Bare Sackler Family's Role in Opioid Crisis" Archived April 4, 2019, at the Wayback Machine, New York Times, April 1, 2019.
  61. ↑ Keefe, Patrick Radden (October 4, 2020). "The Sackler Family's Plan to Keep Its Billions". The New Yorker. Archived from the original on October 4, 2020. Retrieved October 4, 2020.
  62. ↑ Keefe, Patrick Radden. Empire of pain : the secret history of the Sackler dynasty. ISBN 978-1-0395-0147-8. OCLC 1252970608. Retrieved December 17, 2021.
  63. 1 2 Maruf, Laura Ly and Ramishah (March 16, 2021). "Sackler family agrees to pay US$4.2 billion as part of plan to dissolve OxyContin maker Purdue". CTVNews. Archived from the original on March 16, 2021. Retrieved March 16, 2021.
  64. ↑ Brian Mann (May 3, 2021). "24 States Mount Legal Fight To Block Sackler Bid For Opioid Immunity". NPR. Archived from the original on May 7, 2021. Retrieved May 7, 2021.
  65. ↑ "Multiple states agree to $4.5B deal with Sackler family in Purdue Pharma opioid lawsuit". CBS. July 8, 2021. Archived from the original on August 16, 2021. Retrieved August 16, 2021.
  66. ↑ Hoffman, Jan (September 1, 2021). "Purdue Pharma Is Dissolved and Sacklers Pay $4.5 Billion to Settle Opioid Claims". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on December 17, 2021. Retrieved December 17, 2021.
  67. ↑ Hoffman, Jan (December 16, 2021). "Judge Overturns Purdue Pharma's Opioid Settlement". New York Times. Archived from the original on December 17, 2021. Retrieved December 17, 2021.
  68. ↑ "Ruling clears way for Purdue Pharma to settle opioid claims, protects Sacklers from lawsuits". CBS News. May 31, 2023.
  69. ↑ Howe, Amy (August 10, 2023). "Justices put Purdue Pharma bankruptcy plan on hold". SCOTUSblog. Retrieved September 17, 2023.

Further reading

  • Patrick Radden Keefe (2021). Empire of Pain: The Secret History of the Sackler Dynasty. Doubleday. ISBN 978-0385545686.
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