Salvation Army Headquarters
The facade of the Salvation Army Headquarters as seen from 14th Street during sunset
The Salvation Army Headquarters seen from 14th Street
General information
Architectural styleArt Deco
Address120–130 West 14th Street
Town or cityManhattan, New York
CountryUnited States
Coordinates40°44′16″N 73°59′54″W / 40.73778°N 73.99833°W / 40.73778; -73.99833
Year(s) built1894–1895 (original structure)
1928–1930 (current buildings)
GroundbreakingAugust 15, 1894 (original structure)
October 16, 1928 (Markle Evangeline dormitory)
October 5, 1929 (auditorium and office building)
OpenedJune 4, 1895 (original structure)
May 19, 1930 (auditorium and office building)
June 14, 1930 (Markle Evangeline dormitory)
Demolished1927 (original structure)
Cost$12,311,600 (original building)
$43,794,821 (current buildings)
OwnerThe Salvation Army
Technical details
Floor count4 (auditorium)
12 (office building)
17 (Markle Evangeline dormitory)
Design and construction
Architect(s)Ralph Thomas Walker
Architecture firmVoorhees, Gmelin and Walker
Other information
Public transit accessSubway: 14th Street/Sixth Avenue
PATH: 14th Street
DesignatedOctober 17, 2017[1]
Reference no.2565[1]
Designated entityFacade

The Salvation Army Headquarters is a building at 120–130 14th Street in the Chelsea and Greenwich Village neighborhoods of Manhattan in New York City. The building, owned by charitable organization the Salvation Army, is composed of a four-story auditorium named the Centennial Memorial Temple, a 12-story office building, and a 17-story dormitory named the Markle Evangeline. All three sections were designed in the Art Deco style by Ralph Thomas Walker of Voorhees, Gmelin and Walker and were constructed from 1928 to 1930 as the headquarters for the Salvation Army. The auditorium and office building are also New York City designated landmarks.

The building contains a facade of cast stone and buff brick. The office wing on 14th Street is sparsely decorated, although Walker used brick and cast stone, as well as stepped archways, to create a textile-like appearance. East of the office wing is the Centennial Memorial Temple. which has a triple-story opening whose design was intended to welcome visitors. The dormitory, in the rear of the building, contains setbacks to comply with the 1916 Zoning Resolution. The building's main auditorium had between 1,600 and 2,000 seats, while the dormitory had 220 rooms that were originally reserved for women. The building also had a recreation center and offices for the Salvation Army.

After the Salvation Army's cofounder Catherine Booth died in 1890, members decided to build a New York City headquarters in her honor. Catherine Booth's son Ballington Booth acquired land on 14th Street in 1893 and hired Gilbert A. Schellenger to design an eight-story headquarters, which was officially dedicated in June 1895. The Salvation Army also added a women's home at the rear of the building in December 1900. In its early years, the building hosted various programs and events, causing the existing headquarters to become overcrowded by the 1920s. Walker designed a new headquarters for the structure, which was built in stages from October 1928 to June 1930. The new building was the Salvation Army's national headquarters until 1981 and was a regional headquarters until 1990. The Salvation Army continued to use the structure to host events and renovated the building in the early 21st century.

Site

The Salvation Army Headquarters building is located at 120–130 West 14th Street, on the southern sidewalk between Sixth and Seventh Avenues, in the Chelsea and Greenwich Village neighborhoods of Manhattan in New York City.[2] The land lot covers 26,122 square feet (2,426.8 m2) and is irregular in shape, stretching through the block to 13th Street. The building has frontage of 150 ft (46 m) on 14th Street, with a depth of 200 feet (61 m); only the eastern portion of the lot extends south to 13th Street.[3] The Salvation Army Headquarters shares the block with 144 West 14th Street (the Pratt Institute School of Information) and 154 West 14th Street to the west.[3] In addition, entrances to the New York City Subway's 14th Street/Sixth Avenue station and the PATH's 14th Street station are east of the building.[3]

The Salvation Army had developed its first building on the site in the 1890s, at which time the adjacent stretch of 14th Street was largely commercial.[4] At the time of the original building's opening, 14th Street was a busy entertainment district with many theaters, hotels, and stores.[5] The building formerly faced a New York Army National Guard armory across 14th Street, prompting The New York Times to write that "two rather different military groups face each other across the busy street".[6]

Architecture

The Salvation Army Headquarters consists of a four-story auditorium and 11-story office building on 14th Street, as well as a 17-story dormitory on 13th Street. All three buildings were designed by the firm of Voorhees, Gmelin and Walker for the Salvation Army, a charitable organization, in the Art Deco style.[7] Ralph Walker of that firm was largely responsible for the design.[8][9] According to architect and historian Robert A. M. Stern, the building's design signified a "refinement" of his tendency to use Dutch and German Expressionist elements in his structures.[10]

Form and facade

The exterior of the Salvation Army Headquarters' 11-story office wing, which is made of brick and stone
The office wing

The office wing on 14th Street. on the northwestern corner of the site, is sparsely decorated, deriving much of its ornamentation from the treatment of the brick and stone surfaces.[11] Walker used brick and cast stone layers, as well as stepped archways, to create a textile-like appearance.[12][13] The office facade is divided vertically into seven bays by stepped piers. The facade is clad with cast stone up to the third story, except in the easternmost bay, where the cast stone rises to the fourth story. At ground level are six doorways. In the third and fourth bays from the west is an entrance with three glass and metal doors, surrounded by a granite frame and topped by an awning. Another entrance, with four glass and metal doors, is in the easternmost (leftmost) bay. The top of the entrance contains a grille with an eagle sculpture, and there is a vertical sign and three flagpoles above the doorway. On the upper stories, the facade is made of brick. Most of the window openings are one-over-one aluminum sash windows, which replaced the original windows in the 1970s; some of the openings contain ventilation grilles.[14] Though most of the building is 11 stories high, the northeast corner rises an additional story.[7][14]

East of the office wing is the auditorium, known as the Centennial Memorial Temple. Its facade consists primarily of a three-story-high stepped opening, which was intended to welcome visitors.[13][15] At the bottom of the opening, a set of wide stairs ascends to a bronze gate, and there is a display board on either side of the steps.[14] The rear wall of the opening contains the Salvation Army's insignia,[13] below which are bronze letters. The ceiling of this opening contains recessed spotlights.[14] There are doorways on the left and right walls, which lead to the auditorium's main level and balcony.[16] To the east, or left, of the opening is another entrance on 14th Street, which a double door made of glass and metal. The auditorium facade is largely made of layered cast stone. The top of the facade is stepped and is made of brick with a stone parapet. The roof contains heating, ventilation, and air conditioning systems.[14]

On 13th Street, there is a 17-story dormitory for women,[17][18] known as the Markle Evangeline.[19][20] The dormitory, originally known as the John and Mary R. Markle Memorial, contains setbacks to comply with the 1916 Zoning Resolution.[7]

Features

The interior of the Centennial Memorial Temple's auditorium, which consists of two levels of seating
Interior of the Centennial Memorial Temple

The building's main auditorium had either 1,600,[8][21] 1,700,[9] or 2,000 seats.[16][22] The seats are spread across a main level and a balcony in the rear. The primary decorative feature of the auditorium was its ceiling, which had faceted shapes as well as grilles for illumination.[9] The main auditorium also contains a large pipe organ,[23] which was manufactured by the Estey Organ Company and was salvaged from the Salvation Army's first building on the site, completed in 1895.[21] The building also contained a secondary auditorium with 500 seats.[22][lower-alpha 1] There were multiple meeting rooms in the basement.[16] The main building also had a recreation center with several game rooms, a 64-by-100-foot (20 by 30 m) gymnasium, a 60-by-40-foot (18 by 12 m) swimming pool.[24]

The women's dormitory originally contained 220 rooms, which could fit more than 300 women per night.[25][26] There were dining rooms, laundry rooms, a gymnasium, and a swimming pool in the dormitory.[18][26] When the women's dormitory was completed in 1930, it catered to women below the age of 35 with weekly salaries of no more than $35.[9][27] By the 2010s, the dormitory had 199 rooms and catered to a wider range of women between the ages of 18 and 50,[28]

History

The Salvation Army was founded in London by William Booth and his wife Catherine Booth in 1865.[29][5] Over the years, the Salvation Army expanded outside the United Kingdom to other countries, including the United States.[30][31] The Salvationists, as the Salvation Army's adherents were known, formed a New York City outpost at the intersection of Bedford Street and Christopher Street in Greenwich Village, known as "Fort Salvation", in 1882.[31][32] The Salvation Army's growing U.S. operations prompted the organization to open a new headquarters on State Street in Lower Manhattan during the late 19th century. William and Catherine Booth's second-oldest son Ballington Booth, along with Ballington's wife Maud Charlesworth, began managing the Salvation Army's U.S. operations in 1887.[31] The next year, the Salvation Army moved to 111 Reade Street,[33] which by the early 1890s was cramped.[4]

Original buildings

Construction and opening

After Catherine Booth died in 1890, American Salvationists began raising money for the construction of a regional headquarters in her honor.[4][34][35] Ballington Booth acquired an approximately 75-by-100-foot (23 by 30 m) site at 120–124 West 14th Street in March 1893, with the intention of erecting a six-story building dedicated to his mother.[34][36][35] Ballington also bought an approximately 25-by-100-foot (7.6 by 30.5 m) lot on 13th Street, connected to the 14th Street site by a trapezoidal gore. At the time, the Salvation Army occupied a barracks on part of the 14th Street lot.[34][35] In May 1894, Gilbert A. Schellenger completed plans for an eight-story headquarters building for the Salvation Army,[37][38] which was published in The War Cry magazine two months later.[4] A groundbreaking ceremony for the headquarters began on June 28. 1894,[39] and the cornerstone of the original 14th Street building was laid on August 15, 1894.[40][41] The building was expected to cost $120,000, excluding the $200,000 cost of the land.[39] That November,[42] Ballington Booth received a $200,000 mortgage from the Dime Savings Bank of New York to fund the building's construction.[42][43]

The Salvation Army's first 14th Street building formally opened with a two-day ceremony on June 4, 1895, as the headquarters of the Salvation Army in the United States.[44] The headquarters had cost $350,000 in total (equivalent to $12,311,600 in 2022),[45][46] with the building itself having cost $150,000.[43] The building itself was designed in the Romanesque Revival style and evoked a military fortification,[31][47] with a central tower flanked by turrets.[4][45] The lower stories were clad in gray stone, while the upper stories were made of buff brick.[48] The central entrance was through a stone-framed wooden door with turrets and insignia,[47] as well as a balcony above it.[45][48] The entrance led to an entrance hall, stores, a meeting room, stairs, and elevators on the ground floor.[45] The upper stories were used as offices.[34][49] There was also a lecture room on the ground floor and a 2,800-seat auditorium[45] on the second and fifth floors.[37][38] According to historian Diane Winston, the new structure was intended to be a "stronghold and staging ground" for the Salvation Army.[50]

In its early years, the building held events such as the Salvation Army's National Congress,[51] as well as loud concerts that prompted complaints from local residents.[52] Ballington and Maud Booth split from the Salvation Army in early 1896 after a dispute over whether the Booths should mortgage the headquarters to raise money for the Salvation Army's overseas operations.[53] They formed a splinter group—God's American Volunteers, later Volunteers of America—with the intention of attracting Salvationists.[54] Ballington ultimately handed over ownership of the building to his sister Emma Booth-Tucker and brother-in-law Frederick Booth-Tucker in May 1896.[55] By the end of the decade, the Salvation Army had already outgrown its new headquarters. The building contained a shoe store, tailoring department, millinery room, printing plant, engraving room, photography studio, and general store for Salvation Army merchandise.[56]

Early 20th century

The Salvation Army opened a women's home at 127 West 13th Street in December 1900.[57][58] This dormitory could shelter up to 15 women at once.[57] Under the Booth-Tuckers' tenure, the Salvation Army expanded its services and outreach programs for the needy.[59][60] The organization also operated a training school in a building just west of its 14th Street headquarters.[61] William and Catherine Booth's youngest child, Evangeline Booth, began leading the Salvation Army in the United States in 1904.[60] After the Salvation Army failed to pay taxes on the 14th Street property, the city government sold the building at auction to I. Roth in June 1905.[62][63] Meanwhile, the Salvation Army had reorganized its American operations during the early 20th century, forming the Western and Eastern territories in 1907; the Eastern Territory was headquartered at the 14th Street building.[64]

Around 1907, the Salvation Army acquired the neighboring Douglas-Cruger Mansion,[65] a 75-foot-wide (23 m) building whose facade was dominated by a large flight of stairs.[66] The house had previously served as a residence for members of the Roosevelt family, galleries for the Metropolitan Museum of Art, and a saloon and banquet hall.[65] This structure became the Salvation Army's training school and later also contained the printing department[64] and staff headquarters.[67] The architect William S. Barker filed plans in 1910 for alterations to the headquarters building's interior.[68] With the growth of the Salvation Army's operations, the organization could no longer fit all its offices in the 14th Street headquarters. As such, the Salvation Army bought additional structures on 13th and 14th Streets from 1913 to 1923.[64] The three-story training school at 126–128 West 14th Street burned down in February 1918, killing two people.[69][70] Shortly afterward, Barker was rehired to redesign the training school as a four-story structure.[71] The Salvation Army opened the Red Shield Club for Service Men at 128 West 14th Street in February 1919, after that structure was rebuilt.[72]

The 14th Street building was the headquarters of the Eastern Territory until 1920, when the Salvation Army created a Metropolitan Division for New York City-related activities.[64] By then, a New York Times reporter wrote that the Salvation Army Headquarters had "meetings, drills, addresses, receptions, a night refuge, food for the poor, clothes for the needy, a nursery for children, a community store, a newspaper office (The War Cry) and an inquiry department for missing persons".[73] The Salvation Army considered relocating, but it ultimately decided to erect a new structure on the site, since 14th Street was close to numerous modes of transit. The organization ruled out the possibility of expanding the existing headquarters because it would cost about the same as an entirely new structure, but the new structure would be easier to plan than an alteration of the existing premises.[64] The servicemen's building at 128 West 14th Street again burned down in March 1925.[74][75] The Salvation Army, which was already contemplating a redevelopment of the site, decided to tear down 128 West 14th Street entirely;[76] that structure was razed in 1926.[65][77]

Replacement buildings

Construction and opening

The facade of the Centennial Memorial Temple, which consists of a three-story-high stepped opening surrounded by cast stone
Entrance to the Centennial Memorial Temple

Evangeline Booth announced in November 1927 that she planned to replace the existing headquarters buildings with a new headquarters on 14th Street, as well as a 400-bed dormitory on 13th Street. This building was planned to cost $2 million.[78][79] The announcement came shortly after Evangeline had returned from a Salvation Army meeting in London.[80] The organization hired Voorhees, Gmelin & Walker to design the new headquarters; the firm had experience in designing large structures, and one of its principal architects, Stephen Voorhees, headed one of the Salvation Army's campaigns.[64] According to historian Kathryn Holliday, the Salvation Army wished to create "a new symbol of its positive impact on the city while minimizing its costs”.[7][15] As such, Voorhees, Gmelin & Walker waived the eight percent fee that they usually charged for architectural commissions.[7]

The philanthropist John Markle gave the Salvation Army $500,000 in early 1928, which was to fund the construction of the women's dormitory.[81][82] Markle and Evangeline Booth attended a groundbreaking ceremony for the women's dormitory, known as the John and Mary Markle Memorial Home, on October 16, 1928.[25][83] A few days later, workers began demolishing several row houses on 13th Street to make way for the dormitory.[26] The Salvation Army held its last weekend meeting at the old headquarters on November 19, 1928, and temporarily relocated to 248 West 14th Street.[18] The headquarters was officially closed four days later, November 23, with a dinner banquet.[84] The Amsterdam Building Company received the general contract for the new structure's construction the same month.[85][86] The printing plant, tailoring division, millinery department, and other operations were transferred to a seven-story building on 321 West 13th Street, two blocks away, in March 1929.[87][88] During the construction of the replacement headquarters in mid-1929, part of the site caved in, killing one worker.[89]

A groundbreaking ceremony for the new headquarters on 122 West 14th Street was held on October 5, 1929, within the incomplete auditorium.[90][91] By early 1930, the Salvation Army was seeking $300,000 to complete the auditorium at its new headquarters.[92] The new building was dedicated on May 19, 1930; it had cost over $2.5 million to erect (equivalent to $43,794,821 in 2022).[93][94] The new headquarters was originally known as the Centennial Memorial Temple, in honor of Evangeline Booth's parents.[93] The opening coincided with the 50th anniversary of the Salvationists' arrival to the U.S.;[7][95] the Salvation Army hosted a week of celebratory events, including a march at Battery Park where the first American Salvationists had entered the country.[96] The women's dormitory on 13th Street was dedicated the next month, on June 14, 1930.[97] At the dormitory's dedication, James A. Hearn & Son donated $3,000 toward the construction of a roof garden atop the dormitory.[97] The roof garden of the Markle Memorial Home was dedicated that August,[98] and the recreation rooms opened that November.[24]

Mid-20th century

The new headquarters had opened amid the Great Depression, when the Salvation Army was providing shelter and hundreds of thousands of free meals annually at its shelters.[7] By 1935, the Memorial Hotel adjacent to the headquarters served 12,000 meals and sheltered 2,200 people annually.[99] The Salvationists unveiled a bronze plaque dedicated to Evangeline Booth at the Centennial Memorial Temple in 1936.[100] By World War II, the Centennial Memorial Temple was directing the organization's activities in 11 states.[101] Toward the end of the war, the Salvation Army Headquarters contained an office for veterans who wanted job assistance and legal help.[102] Due to growing demand, the Salvation Army opened a veterans' psychiatric clinic across the street in February 1945.[103] The organization also operated a Vocational Guidance Bureau in the Centennial Memorial Temple.[104]

The Salvation Army continued to provide services for the needy following World War II and continuing into the 1950s, although it modified some programs to accommodate evolving needs.[102] During that time, the organization ran hospitals, rehabilitation centers, children's homes, children's camps, adults' guidance centers, programs for single mothers, and rehabilitation centers.[105] The Centennial Memorial Temple also hosted events such as annual induction ceremonies for Salvation Army "cadets".[106] The Salvation Army moved its Temple Corps in 1977 to a new community center next door at 132–136 West 14th Street.[107]

Relocation of headquarters

Bronze gate in front of the Centennial Memorial Temple's entrance
Centennial Memorial Temple gate

The Salvation Army announced in 1981 that it would relocate its national headquarters, as well as the publications and information services at 132–136 West 14th Street, to Verona, New Jersey.[108][109] The move, which involved relocating about 50 employees, allowed the organization to reduce costs and combine all of the national headquarters' operations into a single building.[110] After the national headquarters moved in January 1982,[111] the 14th Street building continued to house the headquarters of the Salvation Army's Eastern Division.[108][109] The New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission (LPC) began considering designating the building as a city landmark the same year.[112] During this era, the Salvation Army continued to operate the women's residence at 123 West 13th Street.[113] By January 1989, the Salvation Army was considering relocating the headquarters of its Eastern Division to Nyack, New York.[114] The organization purchased a building in Nyack at the end of that year[115] and moved its Eastern Division headquarters to Nyack in September 1990.[116]

The LPC held hearings in 1990 to determine whether the Salvation Army Headquarters should be designated as a city landmark.[117] The Salvation Army opposed the designation, saying that the structure was not one of Voorhees, Gmelin & Walker's most prominent designs and that more prominent buildings by the firm had not been designated as landmarks.[112] Ultimately, the building was not designated as a landmark and instead was added to the LPC's backlog of unreviewed buildings.[118] During the 1990s, the Salvation Army Headquarters building continued to host events such as League of Mercy visitation services[119] and Thanksgiving dinners.[120] The Salvation Army's Greater New York Division continued to use the building as a local headquarters, and it provided temporary housing and a social services center at the structure. The Centennial Memorial Temple also hosted various events, such as speeches and concerts.[102]

The women's residence on 13th Street, the Markle Evangeline, was one of the few remaining women's residences in Manhattan by the beginning of the 21st century.[19] The Salvation Army renovated the structure from 2008 to 2013.[102] Madelyn Biggs, a former resident of the Markle Residence, donated $1 million to the Salvation Army in 2011; the donation was intended to help fund a renovation and endowment for the dormitory.[20] The LPC again considered designating the Salvation Army Headquarters as a city landmark in 2014. Salvation Army officials again opposed the designation, saying that it would detract from the organization's charitable activities.[121] Part of the headquarters was designated as a city landmark in October 2017.[17][118] The designation only included the auditorium and office building on 14th Street, not the dormitory on 13th Street, which was part of the Greenwich Village Historic District.[7][17]

By the early 2020s, the Markle Evangeline had started to accept male residents, though it remained in use as a dormitory.[122] The Salvation Army hired Bellet Construction to restore the main building's facade in 2022.[123]

Critical reception

When the original building was finished, the Architectural Record criticized it, saying: "To construct a building for the uses of the Salvation Army is undoubtedly to incur a strong temptation to perpetrate an architectural aberration."[124] In particular, the magazine wrote negatively about the dull colors of the facade, as well as the inclusion of military-inspired decorations such as the parapet and central entrance.[48] By contrast, The New York Times said the structure was "a cross between a skyscraping office building and an armory" and wrote that "the ugliness of both" styles combined to form a structure that was "architecturally quite pleasing".[45][50] Diane Winston, the author of a book on the Salvation Army's history, described the building as looking like "a mighty fortress, an apt materialization of God's kingdom".[50] The journalist David W. Dunlap wrote that the old building was like "a medieval citadel".[8]

After the headquarters was rebuilt in 1930, War Cry magazine wrote that the building was "architecturally beautiful... with simplicity and harmony of proportions, in a style that was called 'nontraditional'".[7] Architectural writer W. Parker Chase said the headquarters comprised "a group of grand new buildings".[125] A critic for The New Yorker wrote of the auditorium and office building: "This combination of ordinarily unrelated elements is finely and frankly expressed on the principal elevation on Fourteenth Street."[126] Dunlap described the newer building's auditorium as having "a grand entry arch framed by curtain-like folds",[8] while Robert A. M. Stern wrote that the auditorium entrance was "a heavenly triumphal arch transformed into the ribbed, ziggurat forms of Modern Naturalism".[9] Kathryn Holliday stated that the inclusion of stepped surfaces, cast stone, and cast metal was similar to Walker's earlier design for the Barclay–Vesey Building.[15]

See also

References

Notes

  1. ↑ Landmarks Preservation Commission 2017, p. 14, states that both auditoriums had a combined capacity of 1,800.

Citations

  1. 1 2 Landmarks Preservation Commission 2017, p. 1.
  2. ↑ Landmarks Preservation Commission 2017, p. 4.
  3. 1 2 3 "120 West 14 Street, 10011". New York City Department of City Planning. Archived from the original on July 14, 2023. Retrieved January 1, 2021.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 Winston 2000, p. 55.
  5. 1 2 Landmarks Preservation Commission 2017, p. 8.
  6. ↑ Fowler, Glenn (June 21, 1970). "14th Street —A Crosstown Study in Contrasts". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on July 10, 2023. Retrieved July 10, 2023.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Landmarks Preservation Commission 2017, p. 14.
  8. 1 2 3 4 Dunlap, David W. (2004). From Abyssinian to Zion: A Guide to Manhattan's Houses of Worship. New York: Columbia University Press. p. 253. ISBN 0-231-12543-7.
  9. 1 2 3 4 5 Stern, Gilmartin & Mellins 1987, p. 154.
  10. ↑ Stern, Gilmartin & Mellins 1987, p. 567.
  11. ↑ Landmarks Preservation Commission 2017, pp. 14–15.
  12. ↑ Robinson, Cervin; Bletter, Rosemarie Haag (1975). Skyscraper Style: Art Deco, New York. Oxford University Press. p. 18. ISBN 978-0-19-501873-8. Archived from the original on April 10, 2023. Retrieved July 14, 2023.
  13. 1 2 3 Landmarks Preservation Commission 2017, p. 15.
  14. 1 2 3 4 5 Landmarks Preservation Commission 2017, p. 7.
  15. 1 2 3 Holliday, Kathryn E. (2012). Ralph Walker: Architect of the Century. Rizzoli. p. 64. ISBN 978-0-8478-3888-2. Archived from the original on July 7, 2023. Retrieved July 14, 2023.
  16. 1 2 3 "Headquarters Built for Salvation Army; New Group of Buildings Nearing Completion in West Fourteenth Street". The New York Times. May 4, 1930. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on July 8, 2023. Retrieved July 8, 2023.
  17. 1 2 3 "Salvation Army building and theater on W. 14th St. both landmarked". amNewYork. October 19, 2017. Archived from the original on July 7, 2023. Retrieved July 7, 2023.
  18. 1 2 3 "Landmark is Vacated by Salvation Army; Last Public Service Is Held in Fourteenth St. Headquarters-- Building to Be Razed". The New York Times. November 19, 1928. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on July 7, 2023. Retrieved July 7, 2023.
  19. 1 2 Kurutz, Steven (September 25, 2005). "On Gramercy Park, an Old-Fashioned Girl". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on July 10, 2023. Retrieved July 10, 2023.
  20. 1 2 Banjo, Shelly (January 6, 2011). "Donor of the Day: Madelyn Biggs". Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Archived from the original on May 27, 2018. Retrieved July 10, 2023.
  21. 1 2 "Centennial Memorial Temple at Salvation Army Headquarters". New York City Chapter of the American Guild of Organists. November 12, 1930. Archived from the original on May 16, 2021. Retrieved July 10, 2023.
  22. 1 2 "Survivor of First Salvation Army Band". The Herald Statesman. March 10, 1930. p. 22. Archived from the original on July 9, 2023. Retrieved July 8, 2023.
  23. ↑ Kilgore, Ed; Hartmann, Margaret; Prater, Nia; Hart, Benjamin; Danner, Chas; Stieb, Matt (December 17, 2015). "What Exactly Is the Salvation Army?". Intelligencer. Archived from the original on July 10, 2023. Retrieved July 10, 2023.
  24. 1 2 "Play Centre Opened by Salvation Army; Gymnasium, Swimming Pool and Recreation Rooms Dedicated at Headquarters Here". The New York Times. November 23, 1930. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on July 9, 2023. Retrieved July 8, 2023.
  25. 1 2 "Girls' Home Started by Salvation Army; Ground Is Broken by Commander Booth and John Markle for $500,000 Structure". The New York Times. October 17, 1928. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on July 8, 2023. Retrieved July 8, 2023.
  26. 1 2 3 "Work Started on Large Salvation Army Buildings". New York Herald Tribune. October 21, 1928. p. D2. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1113610843.
  27. ↑ "Hotel for Girls to Open; New Salvation Army Residence for Those Earning $35 Weekly or Less". The New York Times. June 12, 1930. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on July 9, 2023. Retrieved July 8, 2023.
  28. ↑ Banjo, Shelly (January 6, 2011). "Donor of the Day: Madelyn Biggs". Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Archived from the original on May 27, 2018. Retrieved July 10, 2023.
  29. ↑ Coutts 1977, p. 21.
  30. ↑ Coutts 1977, p. 113.
  31. 1 2 3 4 Landmarks Preservation Commission 2017, p. 9.
  32. ↑ Winston 2000, p. 32.
  33. ↑ Salvation Army (1992). The War Cry. Salvation Army. Archived from the original on April 25, 2023. Retrieved July 7, 2023.
  34. 1 2 3 4 "A New Salvation Army Home". The Sun. March 9, 1893. p. 3. Archived from the original on July 8, 2023. Retrieved July 7, 2023.
  35. 1 2 3 "A New Home for the Army". The World. March 9, 1893. p. 10. Archived from the original on July 8, 2023. Retrieved July 7, 2023.
  36. ↑ "Gossip of the Week". The Real Estate Record: Real estate record and builders' guide. Vol. 51, no. 1305. March 11, 1893. p. 367 – via columbia.edu.
  37. 1 2 "The Salvation Army's New Home: Plans for the New Building to Be Put Up in West Fourteenth-st". New-York Tribune. May 21, 1894. p. 10. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 573920771.
  38. 1 2 "Salvation Army's New Headquarters.; Plans Completed and Accepted for a Fine Building in West Fourteenth Street". The New York Times. May 21, 1894. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on July 7, 2023. Retrieved July 7, 2023.
  39. 1 2 "Salvation Army Building". The Evening World. June 28, 1894. p. 6. Archived from the original on July 8, 2023. Retrieved July 7, 2023.
  40. ↑ "Three Cornerstones Laid: That Many for the New Salvation Army Building One Laid by Commander Booth, Another by Mrs. Booth and a Third by J. M. Cornell". New-York Tribune. August 15, 1894. p. 3. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 573950026.
  41. ↑ "Salvation Army's New Home; the Cornerstones Laid by Mr. And Mrs. Booth. Three Thousand Persons Witness the Ceremony". The New York Times. August 15, 1894. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on July 7, 2023. Retrieved July 7, 2023.
  42. 1 2 "Big Loan to the Booths". The Brooklyn Daily Eagle. November 20, 1894. p. 1. Archived from the original on July 8, 2023. Retrieved July 7, 2023.
  43. 1 2 "Miss Eva Booth Speaks". New-York Tribune. February 28, 1896. p. 9. Archived from the original on July 8, 2023. Retrieved July 7, 2023.
  44. ↑ "Salvation Army Jubilee". The Evening World. June 4, 1895. p. 5. Archived from the original on July 8, 2023. Retrieved July 7, 2023.
  45. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Joy in Salvation Army; The National Headquarters in West Fourteenth Street Formally Opened". The New York Times. June 4, 1895. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on July 7, 2023. Retrieved July 7, 2023.
  46. ↑ Huntington (June 13, 1895). "Staff Correspondence.: From New York. Salvation Army's Headquarters". Congregationalist. Vol. 80, no. 24. p. 913. ProQuest 124235818.
  47. 1 2 Winston 2000, pp. 55–57.
  48. 1 2 3 Architectural Record 1896, p. 79.
  49. ↑ "The Religious World: A Rescue Mission Salvation Army Headquarters Dr. Clark and Dr. Stimson A Noble Ministry A Working Church Episcopal Resignations "At Tyburn for Christ"". Christian Union. Vol. 47, no. 12. March 25, 1893. p. 571. ProQuest 137160024.
  50. 1 2 3 Winston 2000, p. 57.
  51. ↑ "Salvation Army Festival: Features of the National Congress to Be Held The Present Week". The New York Times. December 14, 1896. p. 5. ISSN 0362-4331. ProQuest 1016146250.
  52. ↑ "Booth-tucker Indicted; Grand Jury Charges that He Maintains a Disorderly House at Salvation Army Headquarters". The New York Times. May 13, 1897. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on July 7, 2023. Retrieved July 7, 2023.
  53. ↑ Bell, Charles W. (March 23, 1996). "Volunteers but no Army". Daily News. p. 238. Archived from the original on July 10, 2023. Retrieved July 10, 2023.
  54. ↑ "Receive Word From Gen. Booth; His Message Read to Members of the Salvation Army at a Private Meeting". The New York Times. March 11, 1896. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on July 7, 2023. Retrieved July 7, 2023.
  55. ↑ "Salvation Army's Property: Ballington Booth Formally Transfers It--Booth-Tucker Starts for California". New-York Tribune. May 2, 1896. p. 4. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 574179142.
  56. ↑ "Salvationists in Trade: the Prosperous Business Organization at the Army Headquarters". New-York Tribune. January 23, 1898. p. B14. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 574394070.
  57. 1 2 "Home Opened for Women: Salvation Army Enlarges Its Rescue Work--employment for the Reformed". New-York Tribune. December 5, 1900. p. 5. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 570941076.
  58. ↑ "Drove the Women Out". The Buffalo Times. December 5, 1900. p. 10. Archived from the original on July 8, 2023. Retrieved July 7, 2023.
  59. ↑ Winston 2000, pp. 118–119.
  60. 1 2 Landmarks Preservation Commission 2017, pp. 9–10.
  61. ↑ "Training School Work for Salvation Army". The Brooklyn Daily Eagle. October 7, 1906. p. 33. Archived from the original on July 8, 2023. Retrieved July 7, 2023.
  62. ↑ "Historical Society Property Sold for Tax; But It Was a Mistake and the Sale Was Canceled". The New York Times. June 22, 1905. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on July 7, 2023. Retrieved July 7, 2023.
  63. ↑ "Society's Home Sold: Tax on N. Y. Historical Mistake of Sale for Arrears--salvation Army Headquarters Go, Too". New-York Tribune. June 22, 1905. p. 11. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 571671805.
  64. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Landmarks Preservation Commission 2017, p. 11.
  65. 1 2 3 "Old Landmark to Go: Douglas Mansion Held Museum, Then Saloon and Salvation Army". The New York Times. June 24, 1926. p. 34. ISSN 0362-4331. ProQuest 103879965.
  66. ↑ "Wreckers Attack Van Beuren Home: Fourteenth Street Landmark Giving Way to Taxpayer for Large Store". The New York Times. November 6, 1927. p. RE1. ISSN 0362-4331. ProQuest 104053372.
  67. ↑ "Last of Landmarks That Once Dotted This Street: Van Beurens' Country Place, Between Fifth and Sixth Avs., Was Turned Over to Builders 10 Days Ago; Had Stood 75 Years; Site of Cuban Patriots' Headquarters Changed Hands Day Tammany Hall Did". New York Herald Tribune. December 11, 1927. p. C1. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1132305505.
  68. ↑ "Manhattan Alterations". The Real Estate Record: Real estate record and builders' guide. Vol. 85, no. 2193. March 26, 1910. p. 649 – via columbia.edu.
  69. ↑ "2 Burn to Death in Salvation Barracks; Old Headquarters of Army in Fourteenth Street Destroyed-- Fire Drill Saves 113". The New York Times. February 21, 1918. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on July 7, 2023. Retrieved July 7, 2023.
  70. ↑ "Two Die in Fire In Barracks of Salvation Army". New-York Tribune. February 21, 1918. p. 1. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 575809790.
  71. ↑ "Rebuild Training School". The Real Estate Record: Real estate record and builders' guide. Vol. 101, no. 2607. March 2, 1918. p. 273 – via columbia.edu.
  72. ↑ "Fighters Feast on Army Donuts at Reception at Club". New-York Tribune. February 27, 1919. p. 6. Archived from the original on July 8, 2023. Retrieved July 7, 2023.
  73. ↑ Harvier, Ernest (December 12, 1920). "Sights A-plenty in This 3-mile Walk; What Pedestrians May See on the West Side From Columbus Circle to Washington Arch". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on July 8, 2023. Retrieved July 8, 2023.
  74. ↑ "3-Alarm Fire Sweeps Salvation Army Building". The New York Herald, New York Tribune. March 6, 1925. p. 3. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1112796396.
  75. ↑ "Salvation Army Building Burned at $100,000 Loss". Daily News. March 6, 1925. p. 44. Archived from the original on July 8, 2023. Retrieved July 8, 2023.
  76. ↑ "New Buildings On Fourteenth Street: the Douglas Mansion Will Be Demolished for Salvation Army Addition". The New York Times. March 15, 1925. p. RE1. ISSN 0362-4331. ProQuest 103605139.
  77. ↑ "Old Douglas Mansion Razed in 14th St. By Salvationists: Old Days Along That Thoroughfare Are Recalled as a Wrecking Crew Demolishes the Building". The New York Herald, New York Tribune. June 24, 1926. p. 9. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1112557320.
  78. ↑ "Salvation Army Plans New Centre; Commander Booth Announces Hotel for Women Will Be Built in 13th Street". The New York Times. November 2, 1927. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on July 8, 2023. Retrieved July 8, 2023.
  79. ↑ "Salvation Army Here Will Build $2,000,000 Home". New York Herald Tribune. November 2, 1927. p. 9. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1113585442.
  80. ↑ "Commander Booth Honored by Meeting Of Salvation Army: Discusses Plans for New Building, Which Will Be Submitted for Approval to Annual Eastern Congress". New York Herald Tribune. November 13, 1927. p. 22. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1131964226.
  81. ↑ "New York to Have 'Evangeline' Home: Salvation Army Hotel for Working Women Provided by Mr. Markle's Gift". The Christian Science Monitor. May 5, 1928. p. 4. ProQuest 512405406.
  82. ↑ "Salvationists Get $500,000 for Hotel". Daily News. February 9, 1928. p. 256. Archived from the original on July 10, 2023. Retrieved July 10, 2023.
  83. ↑ "Salvation Army Starts Home: Work Begins on Markle Memorial, Women's Residence". New York Herald Tribune. October 17, 1928. p. 27. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1113390337.
  84. ↑ "Salvation Army to Move; Fourteenth Street Headquarters Will Be Used for Last Time Today". The New York Times. November 23, 1928. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on July 7, 2023. Retrieved July 7, 2023.
  85. ↑ "To Build for Salvation Army". The New York Times. November 21, 1928. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on July 8, 2023. Retrieved July 8, 2023.
  86. ↑ "$2,000,000 Salvation Army Contract Awarded". New York Herald Tribune. November 21, 1928. p. 40. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1113507535.
  87. ↑ "Salvation Army Opens New Trade Headquarters: Seven-Story Structure in West 13th Street Is Dedicated Dedicating New Building for Salvation Army". New York Herald Tribune. March 21, 1929. p. 25. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1111956788.
  88. ↑ "Salvation Army Goes Into Old Liquor House; New Trade Headquarters Opened in 13th Street Building With Elaborate Ceremony". The New York Times. March 21, 1929. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on July 8, 2023. Retrieved July 8, 2023.
  89. ↑ "Cave-in Kills 1, Hurts 4; Men Digging for New Salvation Army Building Are Trapped". The New York Times. April 10, 1929. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on July 8, 2023. Retrieved July 8, 2023.
  90. ↑ "Miss Booth Puts Salvation Army Stone in Place: Ceremony in 14th St. Marks 50th Jubilee of Society's First Service in Country $2,500,000 Structure 11-Story U. S. Headquarters To Have Home for Girls". New York Herald Tribune. October 6, 1929. p. 14. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1112006366.
  91. ↑ "Cornerstone Laid by Salvation Army; Commander Booth Officiates at Ceremonies at New Home in West 14th St". The New York Times. October 6, 1929. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on July 8, 2023. Retrieved July 8, 2023.
  92. ↑ "$2,500,000 Sought by Salvation Army; $525,000 Needed for Operating Expenses and $1,575,000 for Buildings in This Section". The New York Times. March 3, 1930. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on July 9, 2023. Retrieved July 9, 2023.
  93. 1 2 "Salvation Army Honors Miss Booth; Her Election to Order of the Founder Is Announced at Dedication of New Building". The New York Times. May 19, 1930. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on July 7, 2023. Retrieved July 7, 2023.
  94. ↑ "Salvation Army Dedicates New Building Here: Commander Booth Officiates at Two Services Closing the Three Day Congress Speaks at Opera House Twelve-Story Headquarters Structure Is Opened". New York Herald Tribune. May 19, 1930. p. 13. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1113709775.
  95. ↑ "Salvation Army in Fete; Meeting at Battery to Mark 50th Anniversary of First Rally Here". The New York Times. March 10, 1930. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on July 9, 2023. Retrieved July 9, 2023.
  96. ↑ "Sousa Leads Bands of Salvation Army; March Dedicated to Miss Booth Played at Music Festival of Jubilee Congress". The New York Times. May 18, 1930. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on June 11, 2021. Retrieved July 9, 2023.
  97. 1 2 "Girls' Home Opened by Salvation Army; Miss Booth Lays Cornerstone of Completed Building in 13th St. and Dedicates It". The New York Times. June 15, 1930. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on July 8, 2023. Retrieved July 8, 2023.
  98. ↑ "Roof Garden Dedicated; New Feature of Salvation Army Home for Girls Given by Hearn's". The New York Times. August 2, 1930. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on July 8, 2023. Retrieved July 8, 2023.
  99. ↑ "726,730 Free Meals; Salvation Army Also Reports 237,227 Free Beds Given In Year". The New York Times. December 16, 1935. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on July 10, 2023. Retrieved July 10, 2023.
  100. ↑ "Associates Honor Evangeline Booth; Bronze Plaque Is Unveiled in Salvation Army Headquarters That She Helped Build". The New York Times. March 12, 1936. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on July 10, 2023. Retrieved July 10, 2023.
  101. ↑ "Service Aid Mapped by Salvation Army; New Commander Tells of Plans for Armed Forces Here". The New York Times. February 5, 1942. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on July 10, 2023. Retrieved July 10, 2023.
  102. 1 2 3 4 Landmarks Preservation Commission 2017, p. 17.
  103. ↑ "Salvation Army Opens New Clinic; With 60% of Cases Involving Emotional Problems, It Will Offer Psychiatric Help". The New York Times. February 11, 1945. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on July 14, 2023. Retrieved July 10, 2023.
  104. ↑ "Going On in New York: Salvation Army Again Making Appointments for Job Guidance". New York Herald Tribune. July 21, 1949. p. 16. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1327484235.
  105. ↑ Owen, Dick (April 7, 1957). "Famous Churches of Our City". Daily News. p. 569. Archived from the original on July 10, 2023. Retrieved July 10, 2023.
  106. ↑ Dugan, George (September 13, 1958). "Salvation Army to Induct Cadets; Class of 76 Is Largest Since 1940 -- St. Patrick's Schools Rite to Attract 3,500". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 10, 2023.
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  108. 1 2 "U.S. Headquarters of Salvation Army Are Going to Jersey". The New York Times. August 11, 1981. p. B3. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on July 8, 2023. Retrieved July 8, 2023.
  109. 1 2 "Salvation Army moving offices to N.J." The Record. August 11, 1981. p. 3. Archived from the original on July 10, 2023. Retrieved July 10, 2023.
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  112. 1 2 Shepard, Joan (September 12, 1990). "Removal of panes pains Landmarks". Daily News. p. 688. Archived from the original on July 10, 2023. Retrieved July 10, 2023.
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  114. ↑ Nash, Pati (January 13, 1989). "Salvation Army weighs move to Champion Building". The Journal News. pp. 1, 6. Archived from the original on July 10, 2023. Retrieved July 10, 2023.
  115. ↑ Britton, Stephen (December 17, 1989). "Salvation Army purchases Champion building". The Journal News. p. 35. Archived from the original on July 10, 2023. Retrieved July 10, 2023.
  116. ↑ Carroll, Cathy (March 4, 1991). "Salvation Army eases into Rockland resettlement". The Journal News. p. 11. Archived from the original on July 10, 2023. Retrieved July 10, 2023.
  117. ↑ Shepard, Joan (July 6, 1990). "A note-worthy house?". Daily News. p. 49. Archived from the original on July 10, 2023. Retrieved July 10, 2023.
  118. 1 2 Warerkar, Tanay (October 17, 2017). "Salvation Army's West Village HQ is NYC's newest landmark". Curbed NY. Archived from the original on July 7, 2023. Retrieved July 7, 2023.
  119. ↑ Martin, Douglas (December 15, 1990). "About New York; Music and Light Fill the Halls Of Despair". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on July 10, 2023. Retrieved July 10, 2023.
  120. ↑ Bruni, Frank (November 22, 1995). "Talking, Thinking, Cooking Turkey;When Menus Are Long and Time Is Short, Stress Is Served". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on July 10, 2023. Retrieved July 10, 2023.
  121. ↑ Hirsch, Marissa (February 21, 2014). "Salvation Army Representatives Oppose Designation of 14th Street Headquarters". CityLand. Archived from the original on July 10, 2023. Retrieved July 10, 2023.
  122. ↑ Hughes, C.J. (April 18, 2023). "A rooming house for professional women to become a co-ed dorm". Crain's New York Business. Archived from the original on May 10, 2023. Retrieved July 10, 2023.
  123. ↑ Levin, Julia (January 28, 2022). "Salvation Army Retains Bellet Construction for Restoration Of Centennial Memorial Temple Façade at 120 West 14th Street". EIN News (Press release). Retrieved July 10, 2023.
  124. ↑ Architectural Record 1896, p. 77.
  125. ↑ Chase, W. Parker (1983) [1932]. New York, the Wonder City. New York: New York Bound. p. 57. ISBN 978-0-9608788-2-6. OCLC 9946323. Archived from the original on April 18, 2021. Retrieved May 6, 2022.
  126. ↑ T-Square. "The Sky Line: The Army Goes Modern—Art in Wall Street—Aluminum and Steel". The New Yorker. Vol. 6, no. July 12, 1930. p. 67.

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