In response to court action in a number of states, the United States federal government and a number of state legislatures passed or attempted to pass legislation either prohibiting or allowing same-sex marriage or other types of same-sex unions.

On June 26, 2015, the Supreme Court of the United States ruled in the case of Obergefell v. Hodges that a fundamental right to marry is guaranteed to same-sex couples by the Fourteenth Amendment, and that states must allow same-sex marriage.

Federal level

In 1996, the United States Congress passed and President Bill Clinton signed Public Law 104–199, the Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA). Section 3 of DOMA defines "marriage" and "spouse" for purposes of both federal law and any ruling, regulation, or interpretation by an administrative bureau or agency of the United States government.[1] The impact of Section 2 of DOMA, which relieves jurisdictions within the United States of any obligation to recognize same-sex relationships legally established in any other jurisdiction, is less clear.[2]

In United States v. Windsor, the Supreme Court was asked to determine the constitutionality of Section 3 of DOMA, which defines marriage for federal purposes as the union of a man and a woman.[3] On June 26, 2013, the Supreme Court ruled by a 5–4 vote that the Section 3 of DOMA is unconstitutional.[4]

The State Marriage Defense Act, introduced in the House of Representatives on January 9, 2014, would require the federal government to recognize the validity of a marriage based on a person's legal residence (place of domicile), rather than on the validity of the marriage when and where it was solemnized (place of celebration). The Obama administration has generally used the latter standard. Its sponsors described it as a way to clarify the federal government's response to Windsor and restore the ability of the a state to control the definition of marriage within its borders.[5][6]

In Obergefell v. Hodges, the Supreme Court was asked to determine the constitutionality of state bans on same-sex marriage licenses as well as state bans on recognition of same-sex marriages from other states. On June 26, 2015, the court ruled by a 5–4 vote that the Fourteenth Amendment obliges states to license same-sex marriages and to recognize same-sex marriages from other states.[7]

In the 111th, 112th, 113th, 114th, and 117th Congresses, the Respect for Marriage Act (RFMA) was introduced by House and Senate Democrats to repeal DOMA.[8] These efforts eventually prevailed in 2022, with the bill passing the House 267–157 and the Senate 61–36. President Joe Biden signed the bill into law on December 13, 2022.[9]

State level

List of U.S. state and territorial statutes and codes, along with the Code of the District of Columbia, recognizing or prohibiting same-sex marriage, civil unions and domestic partnerships
  Statute recognizes same-sex marriage, civil unions and/or domestic partnerships
  Statute recognizes same-sex marriage and domestic partnerships
  Statute recognizes same-sex marriage
  Statute neither recognizes or prohibits same-sex marriage, civil unions and domestic partnerships
  Statute prohibits same-sex marriage (not enforceable)
  Statute prohibits same-sex marriage, civil unions and domestic partnerships (not enforceable)

Efforts to enable same-sex unions

Votes by state legislatures to recognize various types of same-sex unions, sorted by date:

State Date Type of same-sex union Upper house Lower house Governor Final
outcome
Yes No Yes No
District of Columbia June 1992 Domestic partnership[10] — Passed Signed Yes Yes
California September 1994 Domestic partnership[11][12] 21 17 41 26 Vetoed No No
Hawaii March 1996 Domestic partnership[13] 14 11 Failed — No No
Hawaii June 1997 Reciprocal beneficiary relationship[14] 24 7 43 27 Signed Yes Yes
California September 1998 Domestic partnership[15] 21 17 41 36 Vetoed No No
California October 1999 Domestic partnership[16] 23 13 41 38 Vetoed No No
California October 1999 Domestic partnership[17] 22 14 41 36 Signed Yes Yes
Vermont April 2000 Civil union[18] 19 11 79 68 Signed Yes Yes
Rhode Island July 2001 Domestic partnership[19] Passed Passed Signed Yes Yes
California August 2001 Domestic partnership (expansion)[20] 22 12 41 27 Signed Yes Yes
California October 2001 Domestic partnership (expansion)[21] 23 11 41 32 Signed Yes Yes
New York August 2002 Domestic partnership[22] Passed 147 0 Signed Yes Yes
New York August 2002 Domestic partnership (expansion)[23] Passed 147 0 Signed Yes Yes
California September 2002 Domestic partnership (expansion)[24] 26 11 41 31 Signed Yes Yes
California September 2002 Domestic partnership (expansion)[25] 23 13 43 27 Signed Yes Yes
District of Columbia April 2003 Domestic partnership (expansion)[26] — Passed Signed Yes Yes
California September 2003 Domestic partnership (expansion)[27] 23 14 41 33 Signed Yes Yes
New Jersey January 2004 Domestic partnership[28] 23 9 41 28 Signed Yes Yes
Maine April 2004 Domestic partnership[29] 18 14 84 58 Signed Yes Yes
District of Columbia May 2004 Domestic partnership (expansion)[30] — Passed Signed Yes Yes
California September 2004 Domestic partnership (expansion)[31] 23 12 46 29 Signed Yes Yes
New York September 2004 Domestic partnership (expansion)[32] Passed 141 1 Signed Yes Yes
District of Columbia December 2004 Domestic partnership (expansion)[33] — Passed Signed Yes Yes
District of Columbia January 2005 Domestic partnership (expansion)[34] — Passed Signed Yes Yes
Connecticut April 2005 Civil union[35] 27 9 85 63 Signed Yes Yes
Maryland May 2005 Domestic partnership[36] 31 16 83 50 Vetoed No No
California June 2005 Marriage[37] — — Failed — No No
Rhode Island June 2005 Domestic partnership (expansion)[38][39] Passed — — — No No
Rhode Island July 2005 Domestic partnership (expansion)[40][41] Passed — — — No No
California September 2005 Marriage[42] 21 15 41 35 Vetoed No No
California September 2005 Domestic partnership (expansion)[43] 23 15 47 28 Signed Yes Yes
California September 2005 Domestic partnership (expansion)[44] 21 14 47 32 Signed Yes Yes
District of Columbia December 2005 Domestic partnership (expansion)[45] — Passed Signed Yes Yes
New Jersey January 2006 Domestic partnership (expansion)[46] 39 0 67 8 Signed Yes Yes
District of Columbia January 2006 Domestic partnership (expansion)[47] — Passed Signed Yes Yes
New York March 2006 Domestic partnership (expansion)[48] Passed 96 25 Signed Yes Yes
Maine April 2006 Domestic partnership (expansion)[49] Passed Passed Signed Yes Yes
New York June 2006 Domestic partnership (expansion)[50] — — 114 27 — No No
New York June 2006 Domestic partnership (expansion)[51] — — 116 27 — No No
Rhode Island June 2006 Domestic partnership (expansion)[52][53] Passed Passed —4 Yes Yes
Rhode Island June 2006 Domestic partnership (expansion)[54][53] Passed Passed —4 Yes Yes
Rhode Island July 2006 Domestic partnership (expansion)[55][56] Passed Passed —4 Yes Yes
Rhode Island July 2006 Domestic partnership (expansion)[57][56] Passed Passed —4 Yes Yes
Rhode Island July 2006 Domestic partnership (expansion)[58][59] Passed Passed —4 Yes Yes
California September 2006 Domestic partnership (expansion)[60] 24 15 46 29 Signed Yes Yes
California September 2006 Domestic partnership (expansion)[61] 23 15 47 31 Signed Yes Yes
New Jersey December 2006 Civil union[62] 23 12 56 19 Signed Yes Yes
District of Columbia December 2006 Domestic partnership (expansion)[63] — Passed Signed Yes Yes
New Hampshire April 2007 Civil union[64] — — Failed — No No
Washington April 2007 Registered domestic partnership[65] 28 19 63 35 Signed Yes Yes
Oregon May 2007 Domestic partnership[66] 21 9 34 26 Signed Yes Yes
Maine May 2007 Domestic partnership (expansion)[67] Passed Passed Signed Yes Yes
New Hampshire May 2007 Civil union[68] 14 10 243 129 Signed Yes Yes
Maine June 2007 Domestic partnership (expansion)[69] Passed Passed Signed Yes Yes
Maine June 2007 Domestic partnership (expansion)[70] Passed Passed Signed Yes Yes
New York June 2007 Marriage[71] — — 85 61 — No No
Rhode Island July 2007 Domestic partnership (expansion)[72][73] Passed Passed —4 Yes Yes
California September 2007 Marriage[74] 22 15 42 34 Vetoed No No
California October 2007 Domestic partnership (expansion)[75] Passed Passed Signed Yes Yes
Rhode Island October 2007 Domestic partnership (expansion)[76][73] Passed Passed Vetoed 1 Yes Yes
New Hampshire January 2008 Contractual cohabitation[77] Failed — — — No No
New York January 2008 Domestic partnership (expansion)[78] Passed — — — No No
New Mexico February 2008 Domestic partnership[79] — — 33 31 — No No
Washington March 2008 Registered domestic partnership (expansion)[80][81]' 29 20 62 32 Signed Yes Yes
Maine March 2008 Domestic partnership (expansion)[82] Passed Passed Signed Yes Yes
Maryland April 2008 Domestic partnership[83] — — 86 51 — No No
Maryland May 2008 Domestic partnership[84] 30 17 88 46 Signed Yes Yes
Maryland May 2008 Domestic partnership[85] 27 20 86 47 Signed Yes Yes
District of Columbia May 2008 Domestic partnership (expansion)[86] — Passed Signed Yes Yes
New Mexico February 2009 Domestic partnership[87] 17 25 — — — No No
Vermont April 2009 Marriage[88] 23 5 100 49 Vetoed 1 Yes Yes
Colorado April 2009 Designated beneficiary agreement[89] 23 10 41 24 Signed Yes Yes
Connecticut April 2009 Marriage (codification)[90] 28 7 100 44 Signed Yes Yes
Maine May 2009 Marriage[91] 21 14 89 58 Signed No No2
District of Columbia May 2009 Marriage (recognition only)[92][93] — Passed Signed Yes Yes
Washington May 2009 Registered domestic partnership (expansion)[94] 30 18 62 35 Signed Yes Yes3
District of Columbia May 2009 Domestic partnership (expansion)[95] — Passed Signed Yes Yes
Maine May 2009 Domestic partnership (expansion)[96] Passed Passed Signed Yes Yes
Nevada May 2009 Domestic partnership[97][98] 14 7 28 14 Vetoed1 Yes Yes
New Hampshire June 2009 Marriage[99] 14 10 198 176 Signed Yes Yes
Oregon June 2009 Domestic partnership (expansion)[100] 27 0 41 8 Signed Yes Yes
Wisconsin June 2009 Domestic partnership 17 16 50 48 Signed Yes Yes
New York August 2009 Domestic partnership (expansion)[101] Passed 142 0 Signed Yes Yes
California October 2009 Out-of-state pre-proposition 8 marriage recognition[102] 24 14 44 27 Signed Yes Yes
New York December 2009 Marriage[103] 24 38 89 52 — No No
District of Columbia December 2009 Marriage[104] — 11 2 Signed Yes Yes
Rhode Island January 2010 Domestic partnership (expansion)[105][106] Passed Passed Vetoed 1 Yes Yes
Rhode Island January 2010 Domestic partnership (expansion)[107][108] Passed Passed Vetoed 1 Yes Yes
New York January 2010 Domestic partnership (expansion)[109][110] 61 0 142 0 Signed Yes Yes
New Jersey January 2010 Marriage[111] 14 20 — — — No No
New York March 2010 Domestic partnership (expansion)[112] — — 119 20 — No No
New York March 2010 Domestic partnership (expansion)[113][114] Passed 137 5 Signed Yes Yes
New York April 2010 Domestic partnership (expansion)[115][116] — — 132 9 — No No
Minnesota May 2010 Domestic partnership (only 1 entitlement)[117] 41 24 78 55 Vetoed No No
Hawaii July 2010 Civil union[118] 18 7 31 20 Vetoed No No
New York August 2010 Committed partnership[119][120] 50 11 107 26 Signed Yes Yes
California September 2010 Domestic partnership (expansion)[121] 23 12 53 24 Signed Yes Yes
Illinois January 2011 Civil union[122][123][124] 32 24 61 52 Signed Yes Yes
Hawaii February 2011 Civil union[125] 18 5 31 19 Signed Yes Yes
New Hampshire March 2011 Domestic union[126] — — Failed — No No
Maryland March 2011 Marriage[127][128] 25 21 — — — No No
Colorado March 2011 Civil union[129][130] 23 12 — — — No No
Washington April 2011 Recognition of out-of-state union as registered domestic partnership[131] 28 19 58 39 Signed Yes Yes
Nevada May 2011 Recognition of out-of-state union as domestic partnership[132] 21 0 41 0 Signed Yes Yes
Washington May 2011 Registered domestic partnership (expansion)[133] 27 21 57 40 Signed Yes Yes
Delaware May 2011 Civil union[134] 13 6 26 15 Signed Yes Yes
Nevada May 2011 Domestic partnership (expansion)[135] 11 10 — — — No No
New York June 2011 Marriage[136] 33 29 80 63 Signed Yes Yes
Rhode Island July 2011 Civil union[137] 21 16 62 11 Signed Yes Yes
California September 2011 Domestic partnership (expansion)[138] 22 13 52 25 Signed Yes Yes
California October 2011 Domestic partnership (expansion)[139] 25 15 Passed Signed Yes Yes
California October 2011 Domestic partnership (expansion)[140] 24 13 Passed Signed Yes Yes
Washington February 2012 Marriage[141] 28 21 55 43 Signed Yes Yes3
New Jersey February 2012 Marriage[142] 24 16 42 33 Vetoed No No
Maryland March 2012 Marriage[143] 25 22 72 67 Signed Yes Yes3
New York April 2012 Domestic partnership (expansion)[144] — — 129 10 — No No
Colorado May 2012 Civil union[145] 23 12 — — — No No
New Jersey August 2012 Civil union and domestic partnership (expansion: surrogacy)[146] 21 11 41 33 Vetoed No No
Wyoming January 2013 Domestic partnership[147] — — 24 35 — No No
Colorado March 2013 Civil union[148] 21 14 39 26 Signed Yes Yes
Rhode Island May 2013 Marriage[149][150] 26 12 56 15 Signed Yes Yes
Delaware May 2013 Marriage[151] 12 9 23 18 Signed Yes Yes
Minnesota May 2013 Marriage[152] 37 30 75 59 Signed Yes Yes
Nevada June 2013 Domestic partnership (expansion)[153] 21 0 41 0 Signed Yes Yes
Hawaii November 2013 Marriage[154] 19 4 30 19 Signed Yes Yes
Illinois November 2013 Marriage[155][156] 32 21 61 54 Signed Yes Yes
New York February 2014 Marriage (codification)[157][158] — — 125 10 — No No
Wyoming February 2014 Marriage[159] — — 17 41 — No No
New York April 2014 Domestic partnership (expansion)[160][161] — — 124 14 — No No
California July 2014 Marriage (statutory codification)[162][163][164] 25 10 51 11 Signed Yes Yes
Virginia February 2015 Marriage (statutory codification)[165][166][167] 20 18 — — — No No
Utah March 2015 Marriage (partial statutory codification)[168] 26 0 39 30 Signed Yes Yes
New Mexico April 2015 Marriage (partial codification)[169][170] 35 5 37 10 Signed Yes Yes
Nevada June 2015 Domestic partnership (expansion)[171] 21 0 42 0 Signed Yes Yes
Nevada June 2015 Domestic partnership (expansion)[172] 19 0 41 1 Signed Yes Yes
New Jersey June 2015 Marriage, civil union and domestic partnership (expansion: surrogacy)[173] 21 13 43 25 Vetoed No No
Maine June 2015 Marriage (expansion)[174] 35 0 141 0 Vetoed1 Yes Yes
Oregon July 2015 Marriage (statutory codification)[175] 18 11 40 18 Signed Yes Yes
Guam August 2015 Marriage (codification)[176][177][178] — 13 2 —4 Yes Yes
New York September 2015 Marriage (codification)[179][180] 60 0 146 1 Signed Yes Yes
District of Columbia December 2015 Domestic partnership (expansion)[181] — Passed Signed Yes Yes
Oregon March 2016 Marriage (statutory codification)[182][183] 18 11 43 13 Signed Yes Yes
New York March 2016 Marriage (codification)[184][185] — — 129 12 — No No
New York April 2016 Domestic partnership (expansion)[186] — — 120 15 — No No
Colorado June 2016 Conversion of civil union into marriage[187][188] 34 0 52 13 Signed Yes Yes
North Carolina June 2016 Marriage (partial statutory codification)[189] — — Passed — No No
California July 2016 Marriage and domestic partnership (statutory codification)[190][191] 34 0 63 1 Signed Yes Yes
North Dakota January 2017 Marriage (statutory codification)[192][193] 15 31 — — — No No
New Mexico February 2017 Marriage (partial codification)[194][195] — — 63 0 — No No
Utah March 2017 Marriage (partial statutory codification)[196] 26 0 74 0 Signed Yes Yes
Utah March 2017 Marriage (partial statutory codification)[197] 29 0 69 3 Signed Yes Yes
Utah March 2017 Marriage (partial statutory codification)[198] 27 0 68 0 Signed Yes Yes
Maryland May 2017 Domestic partnership (expansion)[199] 138 2 45 0 Signed Yes Yes
Nevada May 2017 Marriage (statutory codification)[200] 20 1 28 10 Signed Yes Yes
Nevada June 2017 Domestic partnership (expansion)[201] 21 0 41 0 Signed Yes Yes
New York June 2017 Marriage (codification)[202] 62 0 139 0 Signed Yes Yes
New Jersey June 2017 Marriage, civil union and domestic partnership (expansion: surrogacy)[203] 22 15 — — — No No
North Carolina July 2017 Marriage (partial statutory codification)[204] Passed Passed Signed Yes Yes
Maine July 2017 Marriage (codification)[205] Passed Passed —4 Yes Yes
Maryland January 2018 Domestic partnership (expansion)[206] 135 2 45 1 Vetoed No No
New Mexico February 2018 Marriage (partial codification)[207] — — 60 2 — No No
New York March 2018 Marriage (codification)[208] — — 129 6 — No No
Utah March 2018 Marriage (partial statutory codification)[209] 27 0 70 0 Signed Yes Yes
Utah March 2018 Marriage (partial statutory codification)[210] 23 0 73 0 Signed Yes Yes
Utah March 2018 Marriage (partial statutory codification)[211] 23 4 44 24 Signed Yes Yes
Utah March 2018 Marriage (partial statutory codification)[212] 25 3 45 26 Signed Yes Yes
New York April 2018 Domestic partnership (expansion)[213] — — 114 17 — No No
Minnesota May 2018 Marriage (codification)[214] 34 33 78 50 Vetoed No No
New Jersey May 2018 Marriage, civil union and domestic partnership (expansion: surrogacy)[215] Passed Passed Signed Yes Yes
New York June 2018 Marriage (codification)[216] 57 4 — — — No No
New Hampshire June 2018 Marriage (equalization of marriageable age)[217] Passed Passed Signed Yes Yes
Arkansas March 2019 Marriage (partial statutory codification)[218] 35 0 96 0 Signed Yes Yes
Nebraska March 2019 Marriage (partial statutory codification)[219] — 38 6 Signed Yes Yes
New Mexico March 2019 Marriage (partial codification)[220] — — 53 2 — No No
Virginia March 2019 Marriage (expansion: surrogacy)[221] 28 12 63 36 Signed Yes Yes
New Mexico March 2019 Marriage (partial codification)[222] 32 8 40 25 Signed Yes Yes
Nebraska March 2019 Marriage (partial statutory codification)[223] — 45 0 Signed Yes Yes
Utah March 2019 Marriage (partial statutory codification)[224] 22 2 55 6 Signed Yes Yes
Utah March 2019 Marriage (partial statutory codification)[225] 29 0 69 4 Signed Yes Yes
New Mexico April 2019 Marriage (partial codification)[226] 39 0 62 0 Signed Yes Yes
Maryland May 2019 Marriage (expansion)[227] 34 10 121 15 Signed Yes Yes
Maryland May 2019 Marriage (expansion)[228] 31 14 133 6 Signed Yes Yes
Oklahoma May 2019 Marriage (expansion: surrogacy)[229] 33 10 84 6 Signed Yes Yes
Nebraska May 2019 Marriage (partial statutory codification)[230] — 40 3 Signed Yes Yes
Nebraska May 2019 Marriage (partial statutory codification)[231] — 33 8 Vetoed No No
Minnesota May 2019 Marriage (codification)[232][233] 52 15 74 50 Signed Yes Yes
Rhode Island June 2019 Marriage (expansion)[234] 35 0 — — — No No
Maine June 2019 Marriage (codification)[235] Passed Passed Signed Yes Yes
Delaware July 2019 Marriage (codification)[236] 20 1 37 4 Signed Yes Yes
New York October 2019 Marriage (codification)[237] 61 0 121 23 Signed Yes Yes
Hawaii December 2019 Marriage and civil union (codification)[238] — — Passed — No No
New York December 2019 Domestic partnership (expansion)[239][240] 59 0 122 24 Signed Yes Yes
New Hampshire January 2020 Marriage (codification)[241] — — Failed — No No
New Mexico February 2020 Marriage (partial codification)[242] 42 0 64 0 Signed Yes Yes
Nebraska February 2020 Marriage (partial statutory codification)[243] — 47 0 Signed Yes Yes
New Mexico February 2020 Marriage (partial codification)[244] 40 0 67 0 Signed Yes Yes
Virginia March 2020 Marriage (partial statutory codification)[245] 28 12 63 34 Signed Yes Yes
Virginia March 2020 Marriage (partial statutory codification)[246] 25 13 62 38 Signed Yes Yes
Virginia March 2020 Marriage (partial statutory codification)[247] 33 6 58 42 Signed Yes Yes
Utah March 2020 Marriage (partial statutory codification)[248] 24 1 70 0 Signed Yes Yes
Utah March 2020 Marriage (partial statutory codification)[249] 27 0 71 0 Signed Yes Yes
Virginia April 2020 Marriage (partial statutory codification)[250] 39 1 91 6 Signed Yes Yes
New York April 2020 Marriage (expansion)[251][252] Passed Passed Signed Yes Yes
Virginia April 2020 Marriage (statutory codification)[253] 24 16 53 43 Signed Yes Yes
New York April 2020 Domestic partnership (expansion)[254][255] 62 0 131 11 Signed Yes Yes
Puerto Rico June 2020 Marriage (codification)[256][257] Passed Passed Signed Yes Yes
North Carolina June 2020 Marriage (partial statutory codification)[258] 47 0 Passed Signed Yes Yes
New Hampshire July 2020 Marriage (codification)[259] Passed 209 119 Signed Yes Yes
Rhode Island July 2020 Marriage (expansion)[260] 34 1 64 1 Signed Yes Yes
Rhode Island July 2020 Marriage (expansion)[261] 36 1 67 1 Signed Yes Yes
Indiana 2023 Marriage (codification)[262] Pending
Michigan 2023 Marriage (codification)[263] Pending
North Carolina 2023 Marriage (partial statutory codification)[264] Pending
Pennsylvania 2023 Marriage (codification)[265] Pending
North Carolina 2023 Marriage (partial statutory codification)[266] 50 0 Pending
Nebraska September 15, 2023 Marriage (partial statutory codification)[267] Pending
Kansas January 8, 2024 Marriage (codification)[268] Pending

Notes:

Efforts to prohibit same-sex unions

Votes by state legislatures to prohibit recognition of various types of same-sex unions, sorted by date:

State Date Type of same-sex union Upper House Lower house Governor Final
outcome1
Yes No Yes No
Maryland May 1973 Marriage[269] Passed Passed Signed Yes Yes2
Texas June 1973 Marriage[270][271] Passed Passed Signed Yes Yes
Oklahoma February 1975 Marriage[272] Passed Passed Signed Yes Yes
Arizona April 1975 Marriage[273] Passed Passed Signed Yes Yes
Virginia August 1975 Marriage[274] Passed Passed Signed Yes Yes2
Utah April 1977 Marriage[275] Passed Passed Signed Yes Yes
Florida June 1977 Marriage[276][277][278] 37 0 101 11 Signed Yes Yes
Illinois June 1977 Marriage[279] Passed Passed Signed Yes Yes2
California August 1977 Marriage[280] 23 5 68 2 Signed Yes Yes2
Wyoming October 1977 Marriage[281] Passed Passed Signed Yes Yes
Wisconsin July 1979 Marriage[282] Passed Passed Signed Yes Yes
New Hampshire July 1987 Marriage[283][284] Passed Passed Signed Yes Yes2
New Hampshire March 1994 Recognition of out-of-state marriage[285] 11 12 — — — No No
Guam May 1994 Marriage[286] — Passed Signed Yes Yes2
Hawaii June 1994 Marriage[287] Passed Passed Signed Yes Yes2
Utah March 1995 Marriage[288] Passed Passed Signed Yes Yes
South Dakota January 1996 Marriage[289][290][291] 26 8 49 18 Signed Yes Yes
Idaho February 1996 Marriage[290][292] 24 6 66 4 Signed Yes Yes
Idaho March 1996 Recognition of out-of-state marriage[293] 28 4 59 6 Signed Yes Yes
Colorado March 1996 Marriage[294] Passed Passed Vetoed No No
Kansas April 1996 Marriage[290][295] 39 1 87 38 Signed Yes Yes
Georgia April 1996 Marriage[289][290][296] 47 0 135 10 Signed Yes Yes
Arizona May 1996 Marriage[289][290][297] 21 9 50 5 Signed Yes Yes
Alaska May 1996 Marriage and civil union[290][298][299] 16 3 31 9 —3 Yes Yes
Illinois May 1996 Marriage[300][301] 42 9 87 17 Signed Yes Yes2
Tennessee May 1996 Marriage[289][290] Passed 90 1 Signed Yes Yes
South Carolina May 1996 Marriage[302][303] Passed 82 0 Signed Yes Yes
Michigan June 1996 Marriage[304][305] 31 2 88 14 Signed Yes Yes
Michigan June 1996 Recognition of out-of-state marriage[304][305] Passed 74 28 Signed Yes Yes
Delaware June 1996 Marriage[306] 17 3 39 0 Signed Yes Yes2
North Carolina June 1996 Marriage and recognition of out-of-state marriage[307][308][309] 41 4 98 10 Signed Yes Yes
Missouri July 1996 Marriage[310] 29 2 131 10 Signed Yes Yes
California August 1996 Marriage[311] 20 21 Passed — No No
Oklahoma September 1996 Marriage[289][290] 42 2 99 0 Signed Yes Yes
Pennsylvania October 1996 Marriage[312][313] 43 5 189 13 Signed Yes Yes
Mississippi February 1997 Marriage[314] 50 0 118 3 Signed Yes Yes
Arkansas February 1997 Marriage[289][315] 34 0 92 2 Signed Yes Yes
North Dakota February 1997 Marriage[289][316] 43 6 73 18 Signed Yes Yes
Texas February 1997 Marriage[314][317] Passed Passed Signed Yes Yes
Washington February 1997 Marriage[318] 33 15 63 35 Vetoed No No
Virginia March 1997 Recognition of out-of-state marriage[289][319] 40 0 87 9 Signed Yes Yes2
Maine March 1997 Marriage[320] 24 10 106 39 —3 Yes Yes2
Indiana April 1997 Marriage[321][322] 38 10 85 9 Signed Yes Yes
Montana April 1997 Marriage and civil union[289][323] 45 5 73 23 Signed Yes Yes
Florida May 1997 Recognition of out-of-state marriage and civil union[289][324] 33 5 97 19 —3 Yes Yes
Minnesota June 1997 Marriage[290][325] 64 0 108 20 Signed Yes Yes2
Colorado June 1997 Marriage[326] Passed Passed Vetoed No No
Washington February 1998 Marriage[327][328] 34 11 65 28 Vetoed 4 Yes Yes2
Kentucky April 1998 Marriage and recognition out-of-state marriage[290][329] 32 2 84 9 Signed Yes Yes
Alabama May 1998 Marriage[330] 30 0 79 12 Signed Yes Yes
Hawaii November 1998 Marriage[289] Passed Passed Signed Yes Yes2
Puerto Rico March 1999 Marriage[331] Passed Passed Signed Yes Yes
Louisiana July 1999 Marriage and recognition of out-of-state marriage[332] 32 0 95 0 Signed Yes Yes
West Virginia March 2000 Marriage[333] Passed 96 3 Signed Yes Yes
New Hampshire March 2000 Recognition of out-of-state marriage[334] — — 128 232 — No No
Colorado May 2000 Marriage[335] Passed 37 28 Signed Yes Yes
New Hampshire March 2001 Recognition of out-of-state civil union[336] — — 88 276 — No No
Missouri July 2001 Marriage[337] Passed Passed Signed Yes Yes
American Samoa March 2003 Marriage[338] Failed — — — No No
New Hampshire March 2003 Recognition of out-of-state civil union[339] — — Failed — No No
Texas May 2003 Recognition of out-of-state same-sex marriage and civil union[340] Passed Passed Signed Yes Yes
Wisconsin November 2003 Marriage[341][342] 22 10 68 29 Vetoed No No
Ohio February 2004 Marriage, recognition of out-of-state marriage, and civil union[289][343] 72 22 18 15 Signed Yes Yes
Utah March 2004 Civil union[289] Passed Passed Signed Yes Yes
Virginia April 2004 Civil union[289][344] 27 12 69 30 —3 Yes Yes2
New Hampshire May 2004 Recognition of out-of-state marriage[345] 16 7 215 137 Signed Yes Yes2
Wyoming February 2007 Recognition of out-of-state marriage[346] 21 8 — — — No No
New Hampshire March 2008 Recognition of out-of-state union[347] — — Failed — No No
New Hampshire March 2009 Civil union[348] — — 136 205 — No No
New Hampshire February 2010 Marriage[349] — — 109 210 — No No
Wyoming March 2011 Recognition of out-of-state marriage[350] 14 16 31 28 — No No
New Hampshire March 2012 Marriage[351] — — 116 211 — No No
Wyoming February 2014 Recognition of out-of-state marriage[159] — — 29 31 — No No

Notes:

  • 1 On June 26, 2015, the Supreme Court of the United States ruled in the case of Obergefell v. Hodges that a fundamental right to marry is guaranteed to same-sex couples by the Fourteenth Amendment, and that states must allow same-sex marriage.
  • 2 Subsequently, repealed.
  • 3 The bill was allowed to lapse into law.
  • 4 Veto overridden.

Attempts to establish same-sex unions via initiative or statewide referendum

State Intended date Same-sex union Description Outcome
Maine November 2012 Marriage Initiative to establish same-sex marriage.[352] Yes Yes

Efforts to enable ban amendment

State Date Type of same-sex union Upper House Lower house Final
outcome
Yes No Yes No
Hawaii 1996 Marriage ban permitted Passed Placed on Ballot
1997
November 3, 1998 Referendum (69.18%) Yes Yes
Alaska April 17, 1998

May 12, 1998

 Same-sex marriage 14 6 28 12 Placed on Ballot
November 3, 1998 Referendum (68.1%) Yes Yes
Indiana February 3, 2004 Same-sex marriage[353] 42 7 — — No No
Georgia February 16, 2004

February 26, 2004

March 31, 2004

 Same-sex marriage and civil unions 40 14 117 50 No No
122 52 Placed on Ballot
November 2004 Referendum (76.2%) Yes Yes
Missouri March 1, 2004

May 14, 2004

 Same-sex marriage 130 26 26 6[354] Placed on Ballot
August 3, 2004 Referendum (70.6%) Yes Yes
Mississippi March 1, 2004

April 7, 2004

 Same-sex marriage 97 17 51 0 Placed on Ballot
November 2004 Referendum (86.01%) Yes Yes
Utah March 3, 2004 Same-sex marriage and civil unions[355] 20 7 58 14 Placed on Ballot
November 2004 Referendum (65.86%) Yes Yes
Louisiana May 17, 2004

May 18, 2004

June 6, 2004

June 15, 2004

 Same-sex marriage and civil unions 31 6 64 29 No No
87 11 Placed on Ballot
88 13
September 18, 2004 Referendum (77.79%) Yes Yes
Kentucky April 2004 Same-sex marriage and civil unions[356][357] 33 5 85 11 Placed on Ballot
November 2004 Referendum (74.55%) Yes Yes
Oklahoma April 2004 Same-sex marriage and civil unions 26 19 92 4 Placed on Ballot
November 2004 Referendum (75.58%) Yes Yes
Kansas January/February 2005 Same-sex marriage and civil unions 28 11 86 37 Placed on Ballot
April 2005 Referendum (69.94%) Yes Yes
Texas May 2005 Same-sex marriage and civil unions[358] 21 8 101 29 Placed on Ballot
November 2005 Referendum (76.25%) Yes Yes
Alabama March 2005 Same-sex marriage and civil unions 30 0 85 7 Placed on Ballot
June 2006 Referendum (81.2%) Yes Yes
South Carolina March 1, 2005

April 14, 2005

 Same-sex marriage and civil unions 96 3 42 1 Placed on Ballot
November 2006 Referendum (77.97%) Yes Yes
January 25, 2007

February 27, 2007

 92 7 41 1
South Dakota February 2005 Same-sex marriage and civil unions 20 14 55 14 Placed on Ballot
November 2006 Referendum (51.83%) Yes Yes
Wisconsin March 2004 Same-sex marriage and civil unions 20 13 68 27 Advanced
February 2006 19 14 62 31 Placed on Ballot
November 2006 Referendum (59.4%) Yes Yes
Tennessee May 2004 Same-sex marriage 28 1 85 5 Advanced
March 2005 29 3 88 7 Placed on Ballot
November 2006 Referendum (81.25%) Yes Yes
Idaho February 2006 Same-sex marriage and civil unions[359] 26 9 53 17 Placed on Ballot
November 2006 Referendum (63.4%) Yes Yes
Virginia February 26, 2005

January 15, 2006

March 7, 2006

 All types of same-sex unions[360] 30 10 79 17 Placed on Ballot
28 11 85 12
November 2006 Referendum (57.06%) Yes Yes
Pennsylvania June 2006 Same-sex marriage[360] 38 12 136 61 Advanced
2007/2008 — — — — No No
Arizona May/June 2008 Same-sex marriage 14 11 35 25 No No
16 4 Placed on Ballot
November 2008 Referendum (56.2%) Yes Yes
Wyoming February 2009 Same-sex marriage[361] — — 25 35 No No
West Virginia March 2009 Same-sex marriage[362] — — 30 67 No No
Indiana January 2010 Same-sex marriage and civil unions[363] 38 10 — — No No
New Hampshire February 2010 Same-sex marriage[364] — — 135 201 No No
Wyoming January 2011 Same-sex marriage[365] 20 10 — — No No
Iowa February 2011 Same-sex marriage — — 62 37 No No
North Carolina September 2011 Same-sex marriage and civil unions[366] 30 16 75 42 Placed on Ballot
May 2012 Referendum (61.04%) Yes Yes
Minnesota May 2011 Same-sex marriage[367] 37 27 70 62 Placed on Ballot
November 2012 Referendum (47.44%) No No
Indiana March 2011 Same-sex marriage and civil unions[353] 40 10 70 26 No No, Bill was amended
Indiana February 2014 Same-sex marriage[368][369] 32 17 57 40 Advanced
2015 — — — — No No

Notes:

  • 1 Subsequently, repealed.

Efforts to ban same-sex unions by constitutional amendment

The following table shows all popular vote results regarding state constitutional amendments concerning same-sex marriage, and in some cases civil unions and domestic partnerships. The Hawaii amendment is different in that it granted the legislature authority to "reserve marriage to opposite-sex couples" (which the legislature had already done).

State Initiative Ban on Date Yes Yes vote No No vote Total votes Voter turnout Electorate Final
outcome1
Votes Percentage Votes Percentage
Alabama Amendment 774 Marriage and
civil union		 June 6, 2006 697,591 81.2% 161,694 18.8% 859,285 25.73% 3,338,467 Yes Yes
Alaska Ballot Measure 2 Marriage November 3, 1998 152,965 68.1% 71,631 31.9% 224,596 50.11% 453,332 Yes Yes
Arizona Proposition 107 Marriage and
civil union		 November 7, 2006 721,789 48.2% 775,498 51.8% 1,496,987 38.15% 3,923,786 No No
Arizona Proposition 102 Marriage November 4, 2008 1,258,355 56.2% 980,753 43.8% 2,239,078 55.33% 2,987,451 Yes Yes
Arkansas Constitutional Amendment 3 Marriage and
civil union		 November 2, 2004 753,770 74.95% 251,914 25.04% 1,005,684 51.07% 1,969,208 Yes Yes
California Proposition 8 Marriage November 4, 2008 7,001,084 52.24% 6,401,482 47.76% 13,743,177 61.73% 22,261,504 Yes Yes2
Colorado Amendment 43 Marriage November 7, 2006 855,126 55.02% 699,030 44.98% 1,554,156 47.13% 3,297,308 Yes Yes
Florida Amendment 2 Marriage and
civil union		 November 4, 2008 4,890,883 61.92% 3,008,026 38.08% 8,456,329 66.65% 12,687,407 Yes Yes
Georgia Constitutional Amendment 1 Marriage and
civil union		 November 2, 2004 2,454,930 76.2% 768,716 23.8% 3,223,646 54.84% 5,878,186 Yes Yes
Hawaii Constitutional Amendment 2 Marriage ban
permitted		 November 3, 1998 285,384 69.18% 117,827 28.56% 403,211 Yes Yes3
Idaho Amendment 2 Marriage and
civil union		 November 7, 2006 282,386 63.4% 163,384 36.6% 445,770 49.04% 908,925 Yes Yes
Kansas Proposed amendment 1 Marriage and
civil union		 April 5, 2005 417,675 69.94% 179,432 30.06% 597,107 Yes Yes
Kentucky Constitutional Amendment 1 Marriage and
civil union		 November 2, 2004 1,222,125 74.55% 417,097 25.45% 1,639,222 53.6% 3,057,741 Yes Yes
Louisiana Constitutional Amendment 1 Marriage and
civil union		 September 18, 2004 619,908 77.79% 177,067 22.21% 796,975 25.04% 3,182,762 Yes Yes
Michigan State Proposal - 04-2 All types of same-sex unions4 November 2, 2004 2,698,077 58.63% 1,904,319 41.37% 4,602,396 63.36% 7,263,024 Yes Yes
Minnesota Amendment 1 Marriage November 6, 2012 1,399,916 47.44% 1,550,864 52.56% 2,950,780 76.11% 3,876,752 No No
Mississippi Amendment 1 Marriage November 2, 2004 957,104 86.01% 155,648 13.99% 1,112,752 53.78% 2,068,766 Yes Yes
Missouri Constitutional Amendment 2 Marriage August 3, 2004 1,055,771 70.6% 439,529 29.4% 1,495,300 35.76% 4,180,960 Yes Yes
Montana Initiative 96 Marriage November 2, 2004 295,070 66.55% 148,263 33.45% 443,333 63.41% 699,114 Yes Yes
Nebraska Initiative Measure 416 All types of same-sex unions November 7, 2000 450,07 70.36% 189,555 29.64% 639,628 52.24% 1,224,178 Yes Yes
Nevada Question 2 Marriage November 7, 2000 412,688 69.62% 180,077 30.38% 592,765 44.03% 1,346,116 Yes Yes6
Question 2 Marriage November 5, 2002 337,197 67.20% 164,573 32.80% 501,770 42.61% 1,391,100 Yes Yes6
North Carolina Amendment 1 Marriage and
civil union		 May 8, 2012 1,317,178 61.04% 840,802 38.96% 2,157,980 34.66% 6,296,759 Yes Yes
North Dakota Constitutional Measure 1 Marriage and
civil union		 November 2, 2004 223,572 73.23% 81,716 26.77% 305,288 63.24% 482,722 Yes Yes
Ohio State Issue 1 Marriage and
civil union		 November 2, 2004 3,329,335 61.71% 2,065,462 38.29% 5,394,797 64.01% 8,427,696 Yes Yes
Oklahoma State Question 711 Marriage and
civil union		 November 2, 2004 1,075,216 75.58% 347,303 24.42% 1,422,519 56.65% 2,510,823 Yes Yes
Oregon Measure 36 Marriage November 2, 2004 1,028,546 56.63% 787,556 43.37% 1,816,102 71.19% 2,550,887 Yes Yes
South Carolina Amendment 1 Marriage and
civil union		 November 7, 2006 829,360 77.97% 234,316 22.03% 1,063,676 33.74% 3,152,046 Yes Yes
South Dakota Amendment C All types of same-sex unions November 7, 2006 172,305 51.83% 160,152 48.17% 332,457 57.26% 580,592 Yes Yes
Tennessee Amendment 1 Marriage November 7, 2006 1,419,434 81.3% 327,536 18.7% 1,746,970 39.4% 4,433,921 Yes Yes
Texas Proposition 2 Marriage and
civil union		 November 8, 2005 1,723,782 76.25% 536,913 23.74% 2,260,695 17.97% 12,577,545 Yes Yes
Utah Constitutional Amendment 3 Marriage and
civil union		 November 2, 2004 593,297 65.86% 307,488 34.14% 900,785 57.21% 1,574,463 Yes Yes5
Virginia Marshall-Newman Amendment All types of same-sex unions November 7, 2006 1,328,537 57.06% 999,687 42.94% 2,328,224 43.23% 5,385,522 Yes Yes
Wisconsin Referendum 1 Marriage and
civil union		 November 7, 2006 1,264,310 59.4% 862,924 40.6% 2,127,234 52.33% 4,064,432 Yes Yes

Notes:

  • 1 On June 26, 2015, the Supreme Court of the United States ruled in the case of Obergefell v. Hodges that a fundamental right to marry is guaranteed to same-sex couples by the Fourteenth Amendment, and that states must allow same-sex marriage.
  • 2 On June 26, 2013, the United States Supreme Court ruled that supporters of the measure did not have standing in federal court to defend the August 2010 ruling by Northern District of California's Chief Judge Vaughn Walker that the amendment was unconstitutional under both the Due Process and Equal Protection Clauses of the Fourteenth Amendment, effectively killing the ballot initiative.
  • 3 Does not explicitly define marriage, but allows the legislature to define marriage.
  • 4 On June 28, 2013, U.S. District Judge David M. Lawson issued a preliminary injunction blocking the state from enforcing its law banning local governments and school districts from offering health benefits to their employees' domestic partners.[370][371]
  • 5 On December 20, 2013, Judge Robert J. Shelby of Federal District Court for the District of Utah, issued a 53-page ruling that said Utah's law, which was passed by voters in 2004, violated the US Constitutional rights of gay and lesbian couples to due process and equal protection under the 14th Amendment.[372]
  • 6 Subsequently, repealed.

Post-Obergefell attempts to repeal constitutional amendments banning same-sex unions

State Date Type of same-sex union Upper House Lower house Final
outcome
Yes No Yes No
Nevada 2017 Same-sex marriage 19 2 27 14 Advanced
March/May 2019 19 2 37 2 Placed on Ballot
November 2020 Referendum (62.4%) Yes Yes
Virginia February 2021 Same-sex marriage, civil union and any marriage-like contract between unmarried persons 24 12 60 33 Advanced
2022 25 14 - - Failed Failed
California 2023 Same-sex marriage 31 0 67 0 Placed on Ballot
Pending Referendum Pending
November 2024
Oregon 2023 Same-sex marriage 22 0 Pending Pending
Michigan 2024 Same-sex marriage, civil union and any marriage-like contract between unmarried persons Pending
Virginia

Proposed attempts to constitutionally block same-sex unions

State 2000s 2010s Details
Delaware 2009 A proposed constitutional amendment, Senate Bill 27, to ban same-sex marriage failed.[373] Failed Failed
Indiana 2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009		 2010
2011

2014

 On February 15, 2011, the Indiana House approved a ban on civil unions and marriage (70–26). The bill passed the Indiana Senate by a 40–10 vote. According to state law, the bill must now be approved by the next, separately elected legislature before voters will see the measure on the 2014 ballot.[374] On January 27, 2014, the Indiana House voted 52–43 to remove the ban on civil unions from the proposed measure.[375] On January 28, 2014, the Indiana House voted 57–40 in favor of the amended measure.[376] On February 17, 2014, the Indiana Senate voted 32–17 approving the House-amended version of the ban on gay marriage. The measure will now need to be approved by the next, separately elected legislature before voters are allowed to decide its fate in 2016.[377] Failed Failed
Iowa 2004
2005		 2010
2011		 After the Iowa Supreme Court made same-sex marriage legal in 2009, a backlash quickly developed that resulted in three of the justices losing their seats in the 2010 election. Additionally, Republicans took control of the House and fell one seat short of taking over the Senate. For a proposed constitutional amendment to come before Iowa voters, it has to be approved in exactly the same form by two consecutive general assemblies.[378] Failed Failed
Minnesota 2004
2005
2006
2007
2009		 2011 A bill was sponsored in 2009 but failed to be brought up for a vote. An amendment was introduced again in 2011. The House and Senate bills passed.[379][380] Both are referred to other area. The bill would have been approved by majority by both the Senate and house by May 23, 2011. On May 11, 2011, the Senate passed the bill 38–27.[381] On May 22, 2011, an amendment was passed in the house by a vote of 70–62, and was placed on the ballot in the November 2012 election.[382] Failed Failed
New Hampshire 2006
2007		 2010 On February 17, 2010, a proposed constitutional amendment failed in the house by a 201–135 margin.[383][384] Constitutional amendments in New Hampshire require two-thirds approval from voters. Failed Failed
New Jersey 2006
2007
2008		 2010 Bills to place an amendment on the ballot have all failed in the House or Senate Judiciary Committee. Failed Failed
New Mexico 2007
2008
2009		 2010
2011
2013

2014

 A joint resolution was prefiled in the New Mexico legislature for the 2014 session.[385] The resolution would define marriage as one man and one woman for the state of New Mexico.[386] Failed Failed
Pennsylvania 2006
2008
2009		 2010
2011
2013		 A joint resolution was introduced in the house of representatives with record low sponsorship on May 8, 2013. The bill would ban same-sex marriages and civil unions. Pennsylvania would become the first northeastern state with a marriage amendment. According to state law, the amendment must receive a majority vote from both chambers of the legislature in two consecutive sessions before voters are allowed to decide its fate. The soonest voters could see the measure is in 2015.[387][388] Failed Failed
West Virginia 2009 2010
2011		 West Virginia senators proposed a constitutional amendment for the 2010 ballot that would have defined marriage as "a union between and man and a woman". The amendment was defeated.[389][390] Another proposition was introduced in January 2011[391] but failed to advance. Failed Failed
Wyoming 2009 2011 In 2009, the house of representatives considered an amendment to the state constitution, House Joint Resolution 17 (also known as the "Defense of Marriage" resolution), defining marriage as a union between a man and a woman. The measure was defeated in the house on February 6, with 35 votes against and 25 in favor. On January 27, 2011, the Senate approved an amendment,[392] but it died in the house.[393] Failed Failed

Efforts to ban same-sex unions by statute

The following consists of votes by statutory initiatives that ban same-sex marriage and/or civil unions and domestic partnerships:

State Date Yes Yes vote No No vote Description Final outcome
California March 2000 61% (4,618,673) 39% (2,909,370) Proposition 22. Amend the Family Code to say: Only marriage between a man and a woman is valid or recognized in California.[394]1 Yes Yes2 3

Notes:

  • 1 There is a debate as to whether the adoption of Prop 22 only prohibited California from recognizing same-sex marriages performed in other states.
  • 2 In March 2005, Judge Richard Kramer ruled there appeared to be no rational state compelling interest in limiting marriage to heterosexual couples. His ruling was appealed to the California Court of Appeal for the 1st District, which upheld Proposition 22 on October 5, 2006. The Supreme Court of California ruled on May 15, 2008, that Proposition 22 is unconstitutional and it was struck down by the state's highest court.
  • 3 Subsequently, repealed by state legislature.

Lawsuits seeking to overturn statutory bans

The following lists cases seeking to overturn marriage bans:

State Case Date Vote for Vote against Description Restrictions unconstitutional? Final outcome
Minnesota Richard John Baker v. Gerald R. Nelson October 15, 1971 0 7 Minnesota Supreme Court ruled that Minnesota's marriage statute applied only to opposite-sex couples.[395] The case was appealed to the United States Supreme Court, but dismissed on October 10, 1972.[396] No No No No
Kentucky Jones v. Callahan November 9, 1973 0 7 Kentucky Court of Appeals ruled that Kentucky's marriage statute applied only to opposite-sex couples.[397] No No No No
Washington Singer v. Hara October 1974 Failed Washington Supreme Court refused to hear an appeal of same-sex couple who were denied a marriage license by their county clerk. Washington Court of Appeals's decision stating that state marriage statutes only applied to opposite-sex couples upheld.[398] No No No No
District of Columbia Dean v. District of Columbia' January 1995 0 9 District of Columbia Court of Appeals ruled that District's marriage statute applied only to opposite-sex couples.[399][400] No No No No
Hawaii Baehr v. Miike December 9, 1999 0 5 Hawaii Supreme Court ruled on May 5, 1993, in a 3 in favor to 1 against decision, that state must provide a compelling interest to restricting marriage to opposite-sex couples. Remanded case to lower courts for trial on the subject. On December 3, 1996, Judge Chang ruled that the state had not established any compelling interest in denying same-sex couples the ability to marry and that, even if it had, it failed to prove that the Hawaii statute was narrowly tailored to avoid unnecessary abridgement of constitutional rights. He enjoined the state from refusing to issue marriage licenses to otherwise-qualified same-sex couples.[401] The following day Chang stayed his ruling, acknowledging the "legally untenable" position couples would be in should the Supreme Court reverse him on appeal.[402] Hawaii Supreme Court ruled that plaintiffs' arguments were moot in light of 1998 state constitutional amendment.[403] No No No No
Vermont Baker v. Vermont December 20, 1999 5 0 Vermont Supreme Court rules that same-sex marriage or something similar must be implemented in 100 days.[404] Yes Yes Yes Legalized civil unions in Vermont by Vermont General Assembly
Alaska Brause v. Alaska Dept of Health & Social Services April 17, 2001 0 5 Alaska Supreme Court ruled that plaintiffs' arguments were moot in light of 1998 state constitutional amendment.[405] No No No No
Massachusetts Goodridge v. Department of Public Health November 18, 2003 4 3 Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court rules that same-sex marriages must be legal in 180 days.[406] Yes Yes Yes Legalized same-sex marriage in Massachusetts on May 17, 2004
Arizona Harold Donald Standhardt and Tod Alan Keltner v. State of Arizona May 25, 2004 Failed Arizona Supreme Court refused to hear an appeal of a unanimous Arizona Appellate Court ruling upholding statutory marriage ban.[407][408] No No No No
Louisiana Forum for Equality v McKeithen January 19, 2005 0 7 District Judge William Morvant of Baton Rouge struck down the constitutional amendment on the grounds that it violated a provision of the state constitution requiring that an amendment cover only one subject. The Louisiana Supreme Court, however, upheld the constitutional amendment.[409] No No No No
Oregon Mary Li and Rebecca Kennedy et al. v. State of Oregon et al. April 2005 0 7 Oregon Supreme Court ruled that plaintiffs' arguments were moot in light of 2004 state constitutional amendment banning same-sex marriage.[410] No No No No
New York Hernandez v. Robles July 6, 2006 2 4 New York Court of Appeals upheld New York's marriage statute did not allow same-sex marriage, and that there is no constitutional right to same-sex marriage.[411] No No No No
Georgia Perdue v. O'Kelley July 7, 2006 0 7 On May 16, 2006, Constance C. Russell of Fulton County Superior Court struck down the constitutional amendment on the grounds that it violated a provision of the state constitution requiring that an amendment cover only one subject. The Georgia Supreme Court, however, upheld the constitutional amendment.[412] No No No No
Washington Andersen v. King County July 26, 2006 4 5 Washington Supreme Court upholds Washington's statute banning same-sex marriage.[413] No No No No
New Jersey Lewis v. Harris October 25, 2006 7 0 New Jersey Supreme Court rules that same-sex marriage or something similar must be implemented in 100 days.[414] Yes Yes Yes Legalized civil unions in New Jersey by New Jersey General Assembly
Maryland Conaway v. Deane & Polyak September 2007 3 4 Maryland Court of Appeals upholds Maryland's statute banning same-sex marriage.[415] No No No No
Michigan Pride at Work v. Granholm May 7, 2008 5 2 Michigan Supreme Court ruled that Michigan's constitutional amendment banning same-sex marriage and civil unions also applies to domestic partner benefits.[416][417] No No No Constitution of Michigan prohibits domestic partner benefits for same-sex couples
California In re Marriage Cases May 15, 2008 4 3 California Supreme Court overturns Proposition 22 and rules that in 30 days, same-sex marriages must be legal.[418] Yes Yes Yes Same-sex marriage licenses issued in California from June 17, 2008, to November 5, 2008
No On November 5, 2008, Proposition 8 goes into effect banning same-sex marriage in the Constitution of California
Yes
Connecticut Kerrigan v. Commissioner of Public Health October 10, 2008 4 3 Connecticut Supreme Court rules that same-sex marriages must be legal in 30 days.[419] Yes Yes Yes Legalized same-sex marriage in Connecticut on November 12, 2008
Iowa Varnum v. Brien April 2009 7 0 Iowa Supreme Court rules that same-sex marriages must be legal in 27 days.[420] Yes Yes Yes Legalized same-sex marriage in Iowa on April 27, 2009
California Strauss v. Horton May 26, 2009 1 6 California Supreme Court upholds Proposition 8; however, same-sex marriages performed before November 5, 2008, are also upheld.[421] No No No California Supreme Court upholds Proposition 8; however, same-sex marriages performed before November 5, 2008, are also upheld.
Yes
New York Lewis v. New York State Department of Civil Service November 2009 3 2 The case challenging the recognition of same-sex marriages in the state of New York was heard by New York Court of Appeals and upheld the rights that came with the recognition of same-sex marriages.[422] Yes Recognition upheld Yes Continuing the recognition of same-sex marriages abroad.
Wisconsin McConkey v. Van Hollen June 30, 2010 0 7 Wisconsin Supreme Court upholds constitutional amendment.[423] No No No No
Wyoming Christiansen v. Christiansen June 2011 Allowed Wyoming Supreme Court allows two Wyoming residents to dissolve a legal relationship created under the laws of Canada.[424] Yes Yes Yes Couple can divorce in Wyoming
Maryland McConkey v. Van Hollen May 18, 2012 7 0 Maryland Court of Appeals upholds Maryland's recognition of out-of-state same-sex marriages.[425] Yes Recognition upheld Yes Continuing the recognition of same-sex marriages abroad.
Wisconsin Appling v. Doyle July 31, 2014 7 0 On November 4, 2009, Wisconsin Supreme Court declined to hear the challenge to Wisconsin's domestic partnership.[426] On June 20, 2011, the Circuit court Judge Dan Moeser ruled that the domestic partnership registry does not violate the state constitution, finding that the state "does not recognize domestic partnership in a way that even remotely resembles how the state recognizes marriage".[427] On December 21, 2012, District 4 Court of Appeals affirms Judge Moeser's decision in a unanimous ruling.[428] On July 31, 2014, the Wisconsin Supreme Court ruled unanimously that the domestic partnership law does not violate the state's constitutional ban on same-sex marriage.[429] Yes Recognition upheld Yes Wisconsin's domestic partnership law is upheld.
Montana Donaldson and Guggenheim v. State of Montana December 2012 3 4 Montana Supreme Court affirmed a lower court's dismissal of this case because the plaintiffs had not identified specific state statutes in their complaint. They did not seek the right to marry, but equal treatment for same-sex couples with respect to inheritance rights, health care decisions, and parenting. The Court invited the plaintiffs to file an amended complaint citing specific statutes,[430] which the plaintiffs, did on April 16, 2013.[431] No No Pending (Lewis and Clark County District Court)
New Mexico Griego v. Oliver December 19, 2013 5 0 On March 21, 2013, ACLU filed a lawsuit in the Albuquerque District court on behalf of two New Mexico couples who are seeking the right to marry. On December 19, 2013, New Mexico's Supreme Court declared that denying marriage to same-sex couples is unconstitutional in the state.[432] Yes Yes Yes Legalized same-sex marriage in New Mexico on December 19, 2013
Texas In Re Marriage of J.B. and H.B. June 19, 2015 n/a n/a County judge ruled statutory and constitutional ban on same-sex marriage in violation of the US constitution; appealed to 5th Texas Court of Appeals. The court says Texas's same-sex marriage ban is constitutional.[433] The Fifth Circuit denied en banc review. J.B. sought review from the Texas Supreme Court in February 2011 and that court requested briefs in October.[434] On July 3, 2013, the Texas Supreme Court sua sponte ordered supplemental merits briefing in light of United States v. Windsor.[435] Case dismissed on June 19, 2015, because a Petitioner died.
Texas Texas v. Naylor June 19, 2015 5 3 On January 7, 2011, the Third Court of Appeals in Austin in the case of State of Texas v. Angelique S. Naylor and Sabina Daly rejected, on procedural grounds, the Texas attorney general's appeal of a divorce granted by a lower court to a same-sex couple married in Massachusetts.[436][437] The appeal was still pending in December 2012.[438] Third Court of Appeals upheld in a 5-3 decision on June 19, 2015. The Court ruled that the Texas government had no standing to intervene in the divorce.

See also

References

  1. ↑ 1 U.S.C. § 7
  2. ↑ 28 U.S.C. § 1738C
  3. ↑ Petition for Certiorari (No 12-307). Retrieved December 8, 2012
  4. ↑ Liptak, Adam (June 26, 2013). "Supreme Court Bolsters Gay Marriage With Two Major Rulings". New York Times. Retrieved June 26, 2013.
  5. ↑ "Weber Introduces "State Marriage Defense Act of 2014"". Press Releases. US House of Representatives. Retrieved January 16, 2014.
  6. ↑ Bradley, Gerard V. (January 10, 2014). "The State Marriage Defense Act, January 10, 2014". Witherspoon Institute. Retrieved January 16, 2014.
  7. ↑ Liptak, Adam (June 26, 2015). "Supreme Court Ruling Makes Same-Sex Marriage a Right Nationwide". New York Times. Retrieved June 28, 2015.
  8. ↑ Foley, Elise (March 16, 2011). "Democrats Aim For DOMA Repeal". Huffington Post.
  9. ↑ Shear, Michael D. (December 13, 2022). "Biden Signs Bill to Protect Same-Sex Marriage Rights". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved December 13, 2022.
  10. ↑ "HRC Talking Points on DC Domestic Partnership Program". www.glaa.org.
  11. ↑ Ingram, Carl (August 24, 1994). "Senate OKs Bill on Rights for Unwed Couples". The Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on January 11, 2012. Retrieved September 9, 2009.
  12. ↑ "Wilson: no to domestic partnership bill". The Sacramento Bee. September 12, 1994. p. A1. Retrieved September 9, 2009.
  13. ↑ "Gay marriages get thumps up in state senate". The Deseret News. March 6, 1996. p. A2. Retrieved September 9, 2009.
  14. ↑ "Partners Task Force - Hawaii: Civil Unions". buddybuddy.com.
  15. ↑ "Bill List". www.leginfo.ca.gov.
  16. ↑ "Bill List". www.leginfo.ca.gov.
  17. ↑ "Bill List". www.leginfo.ca.gov.
  18. ↑ "The Vermont Legislative Bill Tracking System". www.leg.state.vt.us.
  19. ↑ "Public Law 110". webserver.rilin.state.ri.us.
  20. ↑ "Bill List". www.leginfo.ca.gov.
  21. ↑ "Bill List". www.leginfo.ca.gov.
  22. ↑ "Bill Search and Legislative Information | New York State Assembly". assembly.state.ny.us.
  23. ↑ "Bill Search and Legislative Information | New York State Assembly". assembly.state.ny.us.
  24. ↑ "Bill List". www.leginfo.ca.gov.
  25. ↑ "Bill List". www.leginfo.ca.gov.
  26. ↑ "D.C. Law Library - D.C. Law 15-17. Health-Care Decisions Act of 2003". code.dccouncil.us. Archived from the original on December 1, 2018. Retrieved November 30, 2018.
  27. ↑ "Bill List". www.leginfo.ca.gov.
  28. ↑ "New Jersey Domestic Partnership Act".
  29. ↑ "Summary". www.mainelegislature.org.
  30. ↑ "D.C. Law Library - D.C. Law 15-176. Deed Recordation Tax and Related Amendments Amendment Act of 2004". code.dccouncil.us. Archived from the original on November 23, 2018. Retrieved November 30, 2018.
  31. ↑ "Bill List". www.leginfo.ca.gov.
  32. ↑ "Bill Search and Legislative Information | New York State Assembly". assembly.state.ny.us.
  33. ↑ "D.C. Law Library - D.C. Law 15-307. Department of Motor Vehicles Reform Amendment Act of 2004". code.dccouncil.us. Archived from the original on November 30, 2018. Retrieved November 30, 2018.
  34. ↑ "D.C. Law Library - D.C. Law 15-309. Domestic Partnership Protection Amendment Act of 2004". code.dccouncil.us. Archived from the original on November 30, 2018. Retrieved November 30, 2018.
  35. ↑ "Civil unions in Connecticut". www.religioustolerance.org.
  36. ↑ Wagner, John (May 21, 2005). "Ehrlich Vetoes Bill Extending Rights to Gay Couples". The Washington Post. Retrieved August 14, 2021.
  37. ↑ "AB 19 Assembly Bill - History". www.leginfo.ca.gov.
  38. ↑ "S0146". webserver.rilin.state.ri.us.
  39. ↑ "2005 Bill Status: Senate Bills 1-299" (PDF).
  40. ↑ "S 1209" (PDF).
  41. ↑ "2005 Bill Status: Senate Bills 1200 - 1237" (PDF).
  42. ↑ "AB 849 Assembly Bill - History". www.leginfo.ca.gov.
  43. ↑ "Bill List". www.leginfo.ca.gov.
  44. ↑ "Bill List". www.leginfo.ca.gov.
  45. ↑ "D.C. Law Library - D.C. Law 16-59. DOMESTIC PARTNER HEALTH CARE BENEFITS TAX EXEMPTION ACT OF 2005". code.dccouncil.us. Archived from the original on December 1, 2018. Retrieved November 30, 2018.
  46. ↑ "P.L. 2005, CHAPTER 331" (PDF).
  47. ↑ "D.C. Law Library - D.C. Law 16-79. Domestic Partnership Equality Amendment Act of 2006". code.dccouncil.us. Archived from the original on November 30, 2018. Retrieved November 30, 2018.
  48. ↑ "Bill Search and Legislative Information | New York State Assembly". assembly.state.ny.us.
  49. ↑ "Summary". legislature.maine.gov.
  50. ↑ "Bill Search and Legislative Information | New York State Assembly". assembly.state.ny.us.
  51. ↑ "Bill Search and Legislative Information | New York State Assembly". assembly.state.ny.us.
  52. ↑ "Chapter 157". webserver.rilin.state.ri.us.
  53. 1 2 "2006 Bill Status: House Bills 7600 - 7899" (PDF).
  54. ↑ "Chapter 189". webserver.rilin.state.ri.us.
  55. ↑ "Chapter-316". webserver.rilin.state.ri.us.
  56. 1 2 "2006 Bill Status: Senate Bills 2601 - 2900" (PDF).
  57. ↑ "Chapter 06-631". webserver.rilin.state.ri.us.
  58. ↑ "Chapter 06-645". webserver.rilin.state.ri.us.
  59. ↑ "2006 Bill Status: Senate Bills 2001 - 2300" (PDF).
  60. ↑ "Bill List". www.leginfo.ca.gov.
  61. ↑ "Bill List". www.leginfo.ca.gov.
  62. ↑ Cloyd, Wendy (December 15, 2006). "New Jersey Legislature Adopts Civil Unions". Citizen Link. Retrieved November 4, 2009.
  63. ↑ "D.C. Law Library - D.C. Law 16-292. Domestic Partnerships Joint Filing Act of 2006". code.dccouncil.us. Archived from the original on November 30, 2018. Retrieved November 30, 2018.
  64. ↑ "Bill_Status". www.gencourt.state.nh.us.
  65. ↑ "Washington State Legislature". apps.leg.wa.gov.
  66. ↑ Sklar, Roberta (May 2, 2007). "Task Force hails Oregon Senate passage of domestic partnership legislation covering same-sex couples". The Task Force. Archived from the original on November 4, 2009. Retrieved November 4, 2009.
  67. ↑ "Summary". legislature.maine.gov.
  68. ↑ "Bill_Status". www.gencourt.state.nh.us.
  69. ↑ "Summary". legislature.maine.gov.
  70. ↑ "Summary". legislature.maine.gov.
  71. ↑ "New York governor to propose legalizing same-sex marriage". CNN. April 14, 2009. Retrieved November 4, 2009.
  72. ↑ "Chapter 07-476". webserver.rilin.state.ri.us.
  73. 1 2 "2007 Bill Status: Senate Bills 600 - 899" (PDF).
  74. ↑ "AB 43 Assembly Bill - History". www.leginfo.ca.gov.
  75. ↑ "AB 102 Assembly Bill - CHAPTERED". www.leginfo.ca.gov.
  76. ↑ "Chapter 07-510". webserver.rilin.state.ri.us.
  77. ↑ "Bill_Status". www.gencourt.state.nh.us.
  78. ↑ "Bill Search and Legislative Information | New York State Assembly". assembly.state.ny.us.
  79. ↑ Sklar, Roberta (February 21, 2008). "Task Force Action Fund denounces New Mexico Senate's rejection of comprehensive domestic partnership bill". The Task Force. Archived from the original on November 6, 2009. Retrieved November 4, 2009.
  80. ↑ Luna, Brad (March 13, 2008). "WA domestic partnership expansion bill signed into law". Free Press. Retrieved November 4, 2009.
  81. ↑ "Washington State Legislature". apps.leg.wa.gov.
  82. ↑ "Summary". legislature.maine.gov.
  83. ↑ "BILL INFO-2008 Regular Session-HB 746". mlis.state.md.us.
  84. ↑ "BILL INFO-2008 Regular Session-SB 566". mlis.state.md.us.
  85. ↑ "BILL INFO-2008 Regular Session-SB 597". mlis.state.md.us.
  86. ↑ Jantzen, M. V. (May 16, 2008). "D.C. Council Passes Domestic Partner Law Expansion". DCist. Archived from the original on February 19, 2010. Retrieved November 4, 2009.
  87. ↑ Terrell, Steven (February 26, 2009). "Domestic partnership bill fails in Senate". Santa Fe New Mexican. Archived from the original on May 23, 2011. Retrieved November 4, 2009.
  88. ↑ Abel, David (April 8, 2009). "Vermont legalizes same-sex marriage". The Boston Globe. Retrieved November 4, 2009.
  89. ↑ "Ritter signs bill that will help gay couples". Associated Press. April 9, 2009.
  90. ↑ Matthews, Chase (April 23, 2009). "Connecticut Gov. signs gay marriage into law". Chicago Pride. Retrieved November 4, 2009.
  91. ↑ Goodnough, Abby (May 5, 2009). "Gay Marriage Advances in Maine". New York Times. Retrieved November 4, 2009.
  92. ↑ Craig, Tim (May 5, 2009). "Uproar in D.C. as Same-Sex Marriage Gains". Washington Post. Retrieved November 4, 2009.
  93. ↑ "D.C. Law Library - D.C. Law 18-9. Jury and Marriage Amendment Act of 2009". code.dccouncil.us. Archived from the original on December 1, 2018. Retrieved November 30, 2018.
  94. ↑ "Washington Expands Domestic Partnerships, Offers Almost-Marriage". Family Fairness. April 16, 2009. Archived from the original on February 12, 2011. Retrieved November 4, 2009.
  95. ↑ "D.C. Law Library - D.C. Law 18-33. Domestic Partnership Judicial Determination of Parentage Amendment Act of 2009". code.dccouncil.us. Archived from the original on November 30, 2018. Retrieved November 30, 2018.
  96. ↑ "Summary". legislature.maine.gov.
  97. ↑ "Nevada legalizing domestic partnerships". CNN. May 31, 2009. Retrieved November 4, 2009.
  98. ↑ "SB283". www.leg.state.nv.us.
  99. ↑ Love, Norma (June 3, 2009). "Gay Marriage: New Hampshire Makes Same-Sex Marriage Legal". Huffington Post. Retrieved November 4, 2009.
  100. ↑ "Tracking House Bill 2839 in the Oregon Legislature". Your Government :: The Oregonian.
  101. ↑ "Bill Search and Legislative Information | New York State Assembly". assembly.state.ny.us.
  102. ↑ Brigham, Roger (October 12, 2009). "Schwarzenegger signs Milk Day, marriage recognition into law". Edge Media Network. Archived from the original on January 19, 2012. Retrieved August 14, 2021.
  103. ↑ Honan, Edith (December 2, 2009). "NY Senate votes down gay marriage bill 38-24". Reuters.
  104. ↑ "Washington, D.C. Mayor Signs Law Legalizing Same-Sex Marriage". RTTNews. December 18, 2009.
  105. ↑ "Chapter 09-369". webserver.rilin.state.ri.us.
  106. ↑ "2009 Bill Status: Senate Bills 1-299" (PDF).
  107. ↑ "Chapter 09-385". webserver.rilin.state.ri.us.
  108. ↑ "2009 Bill Status: House Bills 5000-5299" (PDF).
  109. ↑ "New York S07773 | 2009-2010 | General Assembly". LegiScan.
  110. ↑ "Bill Search and Legislative Information | New York State Assembly". assembly.state.ny.us.
  111. ↑ "Gay marriage bill up for vote in NJ next week". Google. Associated Press. December 3, 2009.
  112. ↑ "Bill Search and Legislative Information | New York State Assembly". assembly.state.ny.us.
  113. ↑ "Bill Search and Legislative Information | New York State Assembly". assembly.state.ny.us.
  114. ↑ "New York A07729 | 2009-2010 | General Assembly". LegiScan.
  115. ↑ "Bill Search and Legislative Information | New York State Assembly". assembly.state.ny.us.
  116. ↑ "New York A04089 | 2009-2010 | General Assembly". LegiScan.
  117. ↑ "Citing Marriage, Tim Pawlenty Rejects Gay Rights Bill". On Top Magazine.
  118. ↑ Niesse, Mark (January 22, 2010). "Hawaii Senate Passes Civil Unions Bill". Newsday. Archived from the original on July 24, 2021. Retrieved July 24, 2021.
  119. ↑ "Bill Search and Legislative Information | New York State Assembly". assembly.state.ny.us.
  120. ↑ "New York A02563 | 2021-2022 | General Assembly". LegiScan.
  121. ↑ "California Assembly Bill 2055, 2010".
  122. ↑ Wayne, Kevin (November 30, 2010). "Illinois House passes civil unions legislation in historic vote". Go Pride. Retrieved July 24, 2021.
  123. ↑ Santoscoy, Carlos (December 1, 2010). "Illinois Senate OK's Civil Unions For Gay & Lesbian Couples". On Top. Retrieved July 24, 2021.
  124. ↑ "Illinois Governor Signs Historic Law, Extends a Measure of Fairness to All Couples". CISION PR Newswire. January 31, 2011. Retrieved July 24, 2021.
  125. ↑ "Hawaii State Legislature 2011 Regular Session SB232 SD1".
  126. ↑ "Bill_Status". www.gencourt.state.nh.us.
  127. ↑ Wagner, John (February 24, 2011). "Senate approves gay marriage; House passage not assured". The WAshington Post. Retrieved August 14, 2021.
  128. ↑ Lobianco, Tom (March 11, 2011). "Maryland gay marriage bill dies with no final vote". The San Diego Union-Tribune. Retrieved August 14, 2021.
  129. ↑ "Colorado Senate Passes Civil Unions Bill". www.advocate.com. March 24, 2011. Archived from the original on July 20, 2012. Retrieved July 25, 2021.
  130. ↑ "House panel kills Colorado civil unions bill on 6-5 party-line vote".
  131. ↑ "Washington State Legislature". apps.leg.wa.gov.
  132. ↑ "Nevada AB464 | 2011 | 76th Legislature". LegiScan.
  133. ↑ "Washington State Legislature". apps.leg.wa.gov.
  134. ↑ "Bill Detail - Delaware General Assembly". legis.delaware.gov.
  135. ↑ "Nevada SB391 | 2011 | 76th Legislature". LegiScan.
  136. ↑ Confessore, Nicholas; Barbaro, Michael (June 25, 2011). "New York Allows Same-Sex Marriage, Becoming Largest State to Pass Law". The New York Times.
  137. ↑ McGowan, Dan. "BREAKING NEWS: House Passes Controversial Civil Unions Bill". GoLocalProv.
  138. ↑ "Bill List". www.leginfo.ca.gov.
  139. ↑ "Bill List". www.leginfo.ca.gov.
  140. ↑ "Bill List". www.leginfo.ca.gov.
  141. ↑ "Washington becomes seventh state to recognize same-sex marriages". Thegavoice.com. February 13, 2012. Retrieved January 6, 2014.
  142. ↑ "Same-Sex Marriage On New Jersey Senate Agenda". January 24, 2012.
  143. ↑ "Kennebec Journal and Morning Sentinel". Kennebec Journal and Morning Sentinel.
  144. ↑ "Bill Search and Legislative Information | New York State Assembly". assembly.state.ny.us.
  145. ↑ "Archived". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on January 11, 2019. Retrieved June 9, 2023.
  146. ↑ "New Jersey S1599 | 2012-2013 | Regular Session". LegiScan.
  147. ↑ "H.B. No 0168". wyoleg.gov.
  148. ↑ "Votes for SB13-011" (PDF).
  149. ↑ "R.I. Senate committee to consider gay marriage, referendum bills next Thursday". Metro Weekly. March 15, 2013. Archived from the original on March 21, 2013.
  150. ↑ House Bill 5015 and Senate Bill 38.
  151. ↑ "Bill Detail - Delaware General Assembly". legis.delaware.gov.
  152. ↑ Bill Status for HF 1054.
  153. ↑ "Nevada AB99 | 2013 | 77th Legislature". LegiScan.
  154. ↑ "Measure Status". www.capitol.hawaii.gov.
  155. ↑ "Illinois General Assembly - Bill Status for SB0010". www.ilga.gov.
  156. ↑ Long, Ray; Rafael Guerrero (February 14, 2013). "Illinois Senate approves gay marriage - chicagotribune.com". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved February 14, 2013.
  157. ↑ "Bill Search and Legislative Information | New York State Assembly". assembly.state.ny.us.
  158. ↑ "New York A07100 | 2013-2014 | General Assembly". LegiScan.
  159. 1 2 "Wyoming House defeats bills on both sides of same-sex marriage issue". LGBTQ Nation. Associated Press. February 13, 2014.
  160. ↑ "Bill Search and Legislative Information | New York State Assembly". assembly.state.ny.us.
  161. ↑ "New York A04024 | 2013-2014 | General Assembly". LegiScan.
  162. ↑ "Calif. Senate advances bill to remove 'man and woman' from marriage laws". LGBTQ Nation. May 1, 2014.
  163. ↑ "Legislation updates California marriage laws". The Sacramento Bee. June 30, 2014. Archived from the original on July 14, 2014.
  164. ↑ "New law updates state code to use gender-neutral marriage terms". Los Angeles Times. July 7, 2014.
  165. ↑ "LIS > Bill Tracking > SB1211 > 2015 session". lis.virginia.gov.
  166. ↑ KUTNER [e]GayRVA.com[m, BRAD (February 3, 2015). "Rare win for LGBTQ Virginians as two equality bills pass full Senate vote". LGBTQ Nation.
  167. ↑ RVA, Gay (February 14, 2015). "Va. Delegate speaks out on discrimination as last two LGBT bills are killed". LGBTQ Nation.
  168. ↑ "Utah SB0269 | 2015 | Regular Session". LegiScan.
  169. ↑ "New Mexico SB279 | 2015 | Regular Session". LegiScan.
  170. ↑ "Legislation - New Mexico Legislature". www.nmlegis.gov.
  171. ↑ "Nevada SB307 | 2015 | 78th Legislature". LegiScan.
  172. ↑ "Nevada SB406 | 2015 | 78th Legislature". LegiScan.
  173. ↑ "New Jersey S866 | 2014-2015 | Regular Session". LegiScan.
  174. ↑ "Actions". legislature.maine.gov.
  175. ↑ "Oregon HB2478 | 2015 | Regular Session". LegiScan.
  176. ↑ "Guam passes marriage equality and employment nondiscrimination acts". Metro Weekly. August 12, 2015.
  177. ↑ Staff reports (August 12, 2015). "Guam lawmakers pass LGBT bills". Washington Blade: LGBTQ News, Politics, LGBTQ Rights, Gay News.
  178. ↑ Raymundo, Shawn (August 12, 2015). "Legislature passes Marriage Equality Act". guampdn.com.
  179. ↑ "New York A07645 | 2015-2016 | General Assembly". LegiScan.
  180. ↑ "Bill Search and Legislative Information | New York State Assembly". assembly.state.ny.us.
  181. ↑ "D.C. Law Library - D.C. Law 21-105. Domestic Partnership Termination Recognition Amendment Act of 2015". code.dccouncil.us. Archived from the original on December 1, 2018. Retrieved November 30, 2018.
  182. ↑ "Legislature reinforces same-sex marriage". Statesman Journal. February 25, 2016.
  183. ↑ "Oregon HB4127 | 2016 | Regular Session". LegiScan.
  184. ↑ "Bill Search and Legislative Information | New York State Assembly". assembly.state.ny.us.
  185. ↑ "New York A05476 | 2015-2016 | General Assembly". LegiScan.
  186. ↑ "Bill Search and Legislative Information | New York State Assembly". assembly.state.ny.us.
  187. ↑ "Colorado SB150 | 2016 | Regular Session". LegiScan.
  188. ↑ "Governor signs raft of bills | The Pueblo Chieftain". August 9, 2016. Archived from the original on August 9, 2016.
  189. ↑ "North Carolina H1061 | 2015-2016 | Regular Session". LegiScan.
  190. ↑ "Bill Status". leginfo.legislature.ca.gov.
  191. ↑ "SB 1005: Modernizing Code Language to Reflect Marriage Equality". April 22, 2016.
  192. ↑ "North Dakota Bill Actions: SB 2043". www.legis.nd.gov. Archived from the original on December 8, 2021. Retrieved July 25, 2021.
  193. ↑ "North Dakota Rejects Changes to Reflect Gay Marriage Ruling". ABC News. Archived from the original on January 11, 2017.
  194. ↑ "New Mexico HB412 | 2017 | Regular Session". LegiScan.
  195. ↑ "Legislation - New Mexico Legislature". www.nmlegis.gov.
  196. ↑ "Utah HB0150 | 2017 | Regular Session". LegiScan.
  197. ↑ "Utah SB0147 | 2017 | Regular Session". LegiScan.
  198. ↑ "Utah SB0237 | 2017 | Regular Session". LegiScan.
  199. ↑ "Maryland HB1104 | 2017 | Regular Session". LegiScan.
  200. ↑ "AB229". www.leg.state.nv.us.
  201. ↑ "Nevada SB79 | 2017 | 79th Legislature". LegiScan.
  202. ↑ "New York S04407 | 2017-2018 | General Assembly". LegiScan.
  203. ↑ "New Jersey S1238 | 2016-2017 | Regular Session". LegiScan.
  204. ↑ "North Carolina H229 | 2017-2018 | Regular Session". LegiScan.
  205. ↑ "Summary". legislature.maine.gov.
  206. ↑ "Maryland SB276 | 2017 | Regular Session". LegiScan.
  207. ↑ "New Mexico HB201 | 2018 | Regular Session". LegiScan.
  208. ↑ "Bill Search and Legislative Information | New York State Assembly". assembly.state.ny.us.
  209. ↑ "Utah SB0027 | 2018 | Regular Session". LegiScan.
  210. ↑ "Utah SB0221 | 2018 | Regular Session". LegiScan.
  211. ↑ "Utah SB0054 | 2018 | Regular Session". LegiScan.
  212. ↑ "Utah HB0293 | 2018 | Regular Session". LegiScan.
  213. ↑ "Bill Search and Legislative Information | New York State Assembly". assembly.state.ny.us.
  214. ↑ "Minnesota HF4385 | 2017-2018 | 90th Legislature". LegiScan.
  215. ↑ "New Jersey S482 | 2018-2019 | Regular Session". LegiScan.
  216. ↑ "New York S05858 | 2017-2018 | General Assembly". LegiScan.
  217. ↑ "Bill_Status". www.gencourt.state.nh.us.
  218. ↑ "Arkansas SB366 | 2019 | 92nd General Assembly". LegiScan.
  219. ↑ "Nebraska LB111 | 2019-2020 | 106th Legislature". LegiScan.
  220. ↑ "New Mexico HB419 | 2019 | Regular Session". LegiScan.
  221. ↑ "LIS > Bill Tracking > HB1979 > 2019 session". lis.virginia.gov.
  222. ↑ "New Mexico HB6 | 2019 | Regular Session". LegiScan.
  223. ↑ "Nebraska LB127 | 2019-2020 | 106th Legislature". LegiScan.
  224. ↑ "Utah HB0234 | 2019 | General Session". LegiScan.
  225. ↑ "Utah HB0422 | 2019 | General Session". LegiScan.
  226. ↑ "Legislation - New Mexico Legislature". www.nmlegis.gov.
  227. ↑ "Maryland SB697 | 2019 | Regular Session". LegiScan.
  228. ↑ "Maryland HB519 | 2019 | Regular Session". LegiScan.
  229. ↑ "Oklahoma HB2468 | 2020 | Regular Session". LegiScan.
  230. ↑ "Nebraska LB427 | 2019-2020 | 106th Legislature". LegiScan.
  231. ↑ "Nebraska LB533 | 2019-2020 | 106th Legislature". LegiScan.
  232. ↑ "HF 5 Status in the House for the 91st Legislature, 2019 1st Special Session (2019 - 2020)". www.revisor.mn.gov.
  233. ↑ "Minnesota HF5 | 2019 | 91st Legislature 1st Special Session". LegiScan.
  234. ↑ "Rhode Island S0789 | 2019 | Regular Session". LegiScan.
  235. ↑ "LD 1803, HP 1284, Text and Status, 129th Legislature, First Regular Session". www.mainelegislature.org.
  236. ↑ "Delaware SB94 | 2019-2020 | 150th General Assembly". LegiScan.
  237. ↑ "New York S00300 | 2019-2020 | General Assembly". LegiScan.
  238. ↑ "Hawaii HB979 | 2020 | Regular Session". LegiScan.
  239. ↑ "Bill Search and Legislative Information | New York State Assembly". assembly.state.ny.us.
  240. ↑ "New York A02566 | 2019-2020 | General Assembly". LegiScan.
  241. ↑ "New Hampshire HB686 | 2020 | Regular Session". LegiScan.
  242. ↑ "New Mexico HB158 | 2020 | Regular Session". LegiScan.
  243. ↑ "Nebraska LB387 | 2019-2020 | 106th Legislature". LegiScan.
  244. ↑ "New Mexico HB146 | 2020 | Regular Session". LegiScan.
  245. ↑ "LIS > Bill Tracking > HB1490 > 2020 session". lis.virginia.gov.
  246. ↑ "LIS > Bill Tracking > SB17 > 2020 session". lis.virginia.gov.
  247. ↑ "LIS > Bill Tracking > SB247 > 2020 session". lis.virginia.gov.
  248. ↑ "Utah HB0234 | 2020 | General Session". LegiScan.
  249. ↑ "Utah SB0065 | 2020 | General Session". LegiScan.
  250. ↑ "LIS > Bill Tracking > HB1580 > 2020 session". lis.virginia.gov.
  251. ↑ "New York S07506 | 2019-2020 | General Assembly". LegiScan.
  252. ↑ Staff, G. W. K. "Gestational Surrogacy Legalized in New York State". www.gayswithkids.com. Archived from the original on July 25, 2021. Retrieved July 25, 2021.
  253. ↑ "LIS > Bill Tracking > HB623 > 2020 session". lis.virginia.gov.
  254. ↑ "Bill Search and Legislative Information | New York State Assembly". assembly.state.ny.us.
  255. ↑ "New York S07168 | 2019-2020 | General Assembly". LegiScan.
  256. ↑ Lopez, Oscar (May 15, 2020). "Puerto Rico approves new civil code, sparking fears over LGBT+ rights". Reuters – via www.reuters.com.
  257. ↑ "Wanda Vázquez convirtió en ley el Código Civil". El Nuevo Día. June 2, 2020.
  258. ↑ "North Carolina S595 | 2019-2020 | Regular Session". LegiScan.
  259. ↑ "Bill_Status". gencourt.state.nh.us.
  260. ↑ "Rhode Island S2136 | 2020 | Regular Session". LegiScan.
  261. ↑ "Rhode Island H7541 | 2020 | Regular Session". LegiScan.
  262. ↑ "Indiana SB0228; 2023". LegiScan.
  263. ↑ "Michigan HB HB47907; 2023-2024". LegiScan.
  264. ↑ "North Carolina SB 575; 2023-2024". LegiScan.
  265. ↑ "Pennsylvania SB 6822; 2023-2024". LegiScan.
  266. ↑ "North Carolina SB112; 2023-2024". LegiScan.
  267. ↑ "Nebraska LB316; 2023-2024". LegiScan.
  268. ↑ "Kansas HB 2177; 2023-2024". LegiScan.
  269. ↑ "Maryland". Marriage-law.laws.com. Retrieved January 6, 2014.
  270. ↑ "Legislative Reference Library | Legislation | Search results". lrl.texas.gov.
  271. ↑ "Texas' First Anti-Marriage Law". October 13, 2015.
  272. ↑ "SAME-SEX MARRIAGE LAWS IN THE UNITED STATES (Current as of December 31, 2013)". Archived from the original on April 16, 2014.
  273. ↑ "Legal Marriage Court Cases". Partners Task Force for Gay and Lesbian Couples. July 10, 2011. Retrieved April 11, 2014.
  274. ↑ "Ban on gay marriage passes". Fredericksburg.com. November 7, 2006. Archived from the original on April 11, 2013. Retrieved January 6, 2014.
  275. ↑ Leger, Donna Leinwand. "Utah will ask Supreme Court to stop gay marriage during appeal". USA TODAY.
  276. ↑ "Pittsburgh Post-Gazette - Google News Archive Search". news.google.com.
  277. ↑ "Sarasota Herald-Tribune - Google News Archive Search". news.google.com.
  278. ↑ "Boca Raton News - Google News Archive Search". news.google.com.
  279. ↑ Baim, Tracy (2010). Obama and the Gays: A Political Marriage. Create Space. p. 8.
  280. ↑ "Sarasota Herald-Tribune - Google News Archive Search". news.google.com.
  281. ↑ "Overview of Gay Marriage". Lgbt-vmmlegal.com. Archived from the original on April 16, 2013. Retrieved January 6, 2014.
  282. ↑ "This Is Where Marriage Equality Stands on Its 10th Birthday". Archived from the original on June 6, 2014. Retrieved June 3, 2014.
  283. ↑ "New Hampshire". Lambda Legal.
  284. ↑ "Section 457:1 Purpose and Intent". www.gencourt.state.nh.us.
  285. ↑ "Bill_Status". gencourt.state.nh.us.
  286. ↑ "Welcome to nginx!". Archived from the original on April 16, 2015. Retrieved April 16, 2015.
  287. ↑ "Hawaii bans same-sex marriages". The Dallas Morning News. June 24, 1994. Retrieved August 14, 2021.
  288. ↑ "Utah may ignore gay unions". The Salt Lake Tribune. March 17, 1995. Retrieved August 14, 2021.
  289. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 "State Laws Prohibiting Recognition of Same-Sex Relationships" (PDF).
  290. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 "DEFINITION OR DISCRIMINATION? STATE MARRIAGE RECOGNITION STATUTES IN THE "SAME-SEX MARRIAGE" DEBATE" (PDF).
  291. ↑ "House Bill 1143". January 19, 1996. Retrieved August 14, 2021.
  292. ↑ "UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE DISTRICT OF IDAHO" (PDF).
  293. ↑ "Lewiston Morning Tribune - Google News Archive Search". news.google.com.
  294. ↑ "The Union Democrat - Google News Archive Search".
  295. ↑ "Daily Union - Google News Archive Search". news.google.com.
  296. ↑ "Georgia General Assembly". www.legis.ga.gov.
  297. ↑ "BILL STATUS OVERVIEW SB1038". Archived from the original on January 18, 2016. Retrieved January 6, 2016.
  298. ↑ "Daily News - Google News Archive Search". news.google.com.
  299. ↑ "1996 Alaska Statutes :: TITLE 25 MARITAL AND DOMESTIC RELATIONS :: Chapter 25.05. ALASKA MARRIAGE CODE :: Article 01 REQUIREMENTS FOR MARRIAGE :: Sec. 25.05.013. Same-sex marriages". Justia Law.
  300. ↑ "Same-Sex Marriage Ban OK'd". The Pantagraph. April 26, 1996. Retrieved August 14, 2021.
  301. ↑ Davis, Jon (May 25, 1996). "Governor Signs Bill Prohibiting Same-Sex Marriages". Daily Herald. Retrieved August 14, 2021.
  302. ↑ "Herald-Journal - Google News Archive Search". news.google.com.
  303. ↑ "Governor signs ban on same-sex unions". May 7, 2013.
  304. 1 2 "Toledo Blade - Google News Archive Search". news.google.com.
  305. 1 2 "Toledo Blade - Google News Archive Search". news.google.com.
  306. ↑ "The Tuscaloosa News - Google News Archive Search". news.google.com.
  307. ↑ "The Bill" (PDF).
  308. ↑ "The Dispatch - Google News Archive Search". news.google.com.
  309. ↑ "Senate Bill 1487 (1995-1996 Session) - North Carolina General Assembly". www.ncleg.gov.
  310. ↑ "Gay Marriage Ban Becomes Law State of Missouri Will Recognize Only Male-Female Unions". The Kansas City Star. July 4, 1996. Archived from the original on January 11, 2012.
  311. ↑ Katches, Mark (August 21, 1996). "Setback for Same-Sex Marriage Ban". The Washingtom Times. Retrieved August 14, 2021.
  312. ↑ "State Senate Votes to Ban Homosexual Marriages in PA". Erie Times-News. October 2, 1996. Retrieved August 14, 2021.
  313. ↑ "Legislature passes Same-Sex Marriage Ban Gov. Ridge said He Will Sign the Measure". The York Daily Record. October 8, 1996. Retrieved August 14, 2021.
  314. 1 2 "Rome News-Tribune - Google News Archive Search". news.google.com.
  315. ↑ "Bill Information - Arkansas State Legislature". www.arkleg.state.ar.us.
  316. ↑ "PROPOSED AMENDMENTS TO SENATE BILL NO. 2230" (PDF).
  317. ↑ "75(R) SB 334 Introduced version - Bill Analysis". capitol.texas.gov.
  318. ↑ "The Spokesman-Review - Google News Archive Search". news.google.com.
  319. ↑ "LIS > Bill Tracking > HB1589 > 1997 session". lis.virginia.gov.
  320. ↑ "Gay-marriage ban called irrelevant". Boston Globe. April 1, 1997.
  321. ↑ "New Law Bars Same-Sex Unions' Legal Recognition in Indiana". News-Sentinel. May 14, 1997. Archived from the original on January 6, 2014.
  322. ↑ "HB 1265 Passes Indiana House & Senate". April 26, 1997. Retrieved August 14, 2021.
  323. ↑ "HOUSE JOURNAL". leg.mt.gov.
  324. ↑ "Boca Raton News - Google News Archive Search". news.google.com.
  325. ↑ "Resources on Minnesota Issues Same-Sex Marriage in Minnesota".
  326. ↑ "The Telegraph-Herald - Google News Archive Search". news.google.com.
  327. ↑ "Washington Bans Gay Marriage". Chicago Tribune. February 8, 1998. Archived from the original on November 6, 2012. Retrieved July 7, 2017.
  328. ↑ "Washington State Legislature". apps.leg.wa.gov.
  329. ↑ "Kentucky 1998 Regular Session; HB13". Archived from the original on May 6, 2016. Retrieved May 12, 2016.
  330. ↑ "The Tuscaloosa News - Google News Archive Search".
  331. ↑ "Puerto Rico House Bill 1013, 1999" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on October 2, 2018. Retrieved November 22, 2012.
  332. ↑ "HB1450". www.legis.la.gov.
  333. ↑ "Portsmouth Daily Times - Google News Archive Search". news.google.com.
  334. ↑ "Bill_Status". gencourt.state.nh.us.
  335. ↑ "The Freedom to Marry in Colorado". Freedom to Marry. Retrieved August 14, 2021.
  336. ↑ "Bill_Status". gencourt.state.nh.us.
  337. ↑ "The Vindicator - Google News Archive Search". news.google.com.
  338. ↑ "RNZ Pacific". RNZ.
  339. ↑ "Bill_Status".
  340. ↑ "The Victoria Advocate - Google News Archive Search". news.google.com.
  341. ↑ "Doyle's Veto of Marriage Bill Stands, Assembly Fails by One Vote to Override It". Saint Paul Pioneer Press. November 14, 2003. Archived from the original on January 11, 2012. Retrieved August 14, 2021.
  342. ↑ "The Freedom to Marry in Wisconsin". Freedom to Marry. Retrieved August 14, 2021.
  343. ↑ Bill status of HB172 Archived September 29, 2011, at the Wayback Machine
  344. ↑ "LIS > Bill Tracking > HB751 > 2004 session". April 8, 2010. Archived from the original on April 8, 2010.
  345. ↑ "New Hampshire Senate Bill 427, 2004".
  346. ↑ "S". wyoleg.gov.
  347. ↑ "New Hampshire House Bill 1415, 2008".
  348. ↑ "Bill_Status". gencourt.state.nh.us.
  349. ↑ "New Hampshire House Overwhelmingly Rejects Attempt to Repeal Marriage Rights". Outword Magazine. Archived from the original on September 5, 2012. Retrieved August 14, 2021.
  350. ↑ LeClair, Aaron (March 3, 2011). "Anti-gay marriage bill defeated in Senate". laramiboomerang. Archived from the original on March 11, 2011. Retrieved August 14, 2021.
  351. ↑ Geiger, Kim (March 21, 2012). "New Hampshire House kills repeal of gay marriage law". Nation & World. Archived from the original on March 22, 2012. Retrieved August 14, 2021.
  352. ↑ Maine Question 1, 2012
  353. 1 2 "Indiana General Assembly". In.gov. February 3, 2004. Retrieved January 6, 2014.
  354. ↑ SJR 029 Amends Constitution to state that only marriages between a man and a woman will be valid in this state
  355. ↑ "Resource record: Utah Puts Same-Sex Marriage Issue to Voters". Gis.state.mn.us. Retrieved January 6, 2014.
  356. ↑ "Senate gives final passage to marriage amendment". Enquirer.com. April 15, 2004. Retrieved January 6, 2014.
  357. ↑ "04RS SB245". Lrc.ky.gov. Retrieved January 6, 2014.
  358. ↑ "Same-sex marriage ban going to voters Nov. 8 - Houston Chronicle". Chron.com. May 22, 2005. Retrieved January 6, 2014.
  359. ↑ "Idaho HJR 2 - Marriage Amendment Ballot Question - Key Vote - Project Vote Smart". Votesmart.org. Retrieved January 6, 2014.
  360. 1 2 "The Voter's Self Defense System". Vote Smart.
  361. ↑ JARED MILLER Star-Tribune capital bureau (February 7, 2009). "Gay marriage ban falls in House". Trib.com. Retrieved January 6, 2014.
  362. ↑ "West Virginia defeats marriage amendment | The Bilerico Project". Bilerico.com. March 31, 2009. Retrieved January 6, 2014.
  363. ↑ NIKI KELLY (January 29, 2010). "Amendment prohibiting gay marriage clears Senate". The Journal Gazette. Archived from the original on March 2, 2012. Retrieved January 6, 2014.
  364. ↑ Garcia, Michelle (February 17, 2010). "NH House Rejects Gay Marriage Ban". Advocate.com. Retrieved January 6, 2014.
  365. ↑ Fankhauser, Chris (January 27, 2011). "Chadrad.com". Chadrad.com. Archived from the original on July 8, 2011. Retrieved January 6, 2014.
  366. ↑ NC General Assembly webmasters. "North Carolina General Assembly - Senate Bill 514 Information/History (2011-2012 Session)". Ncga.state.nc.us. Retrieved January 6, 2014.
  367. ↑ Star Tribune, Tom Wallace (May 22, 2011). "Voters to determine the future of marriage, House decides". Star Tribune. Retrieved January 6, 2014.
  368. ↑ "Ind. house Approves Amended Version of Proposed Same-Sex Marriage Ban". LGBTQ Nation. January 28, 2014. Retrieved August 14, 2021.
  369. ↑ Carden, Dan (October 14, 2014). "Bosma declares marriage amendment dead". NWI. Retrieved October 17, 2014.
  370. ↑ White, Ed (June 28, 2013). "Mich. ban on domestic partner benefits blocked". Pioneer Press. Retrieved February 18, 2014.
  371. ↑ Lederman, Marty (July 1, 2013). "After Windsor: Michigan same-sex partners benefits suit advances". SCOTUSblog. Retrieved July 2, 2013.
  372. ↑ Eckholm, Erik (December 20, 2013). "Federal Judge Rules That Same-Sex Marriage Is Legal in Utah". The New York Times.
  373. ↑ "Delaware Senate Defeats Gay Marriage Ban". WBOC. March 26, 2009. Archived from the original on September 26, 2018. Retrieved August 14, 2021.
  374. ↑ "Indiana House Passes Gay Marriage Ban". CBN news. February 16, 2011. Archived from the original on February 20, 2011. Retrieved August 14, 2021.
  375. ↑ "Indiana House amends marriage ban language". Post-Tribune. January 27, 2014. Archived from the original on February 2, 2014. Retrieved August 14, 2021.
  376. ↑ "Indiana House approves constitutional amendment to ban gay marriages". Fox News. January 28, 2014. Retrieved August 14, 2021.
  377. ↑ LoBianco, Tom (February 17, 2014). "Indiana Senate approves diluted gay marriage ban". Seattle PI. Archived from the original on February 21, 2014. Retrieved August 14, 2021.
  378. ↑ "Iowa's governor-elect wants vote to ban gay marriage, criticizes senate leader". LGBTQ Nation. December 6, 2010. Retrieved August 14, 2021.
  379. ↑ "Minnesota Gay Marriage Ban Amendment Clears First Hurdle". On Top Magazine. April 30, 2011. Retrieved August 14, 2021.
  380. ↑ "Minnesota Gay Marriage Ban Amendment Clears House Panel". On Top Magazine. May 4, 2011. Retrieved August 14, 2021.
  381. ↑ "Minn. Senate OKs Vote on Gay-Marriage Ban". The Wall Street Journal. May 11, 2011. Archived from the original on May 17, 2011.
  382. ↑ "House sends same-sex marriage ban to 2012 ballot". Minnesota Public Radio. May 22, 2011.
  383. ↑ "NH House rejects two anti-gay marriage measures". Freedin to Marry. February 17, 2010. Retrieved August 14, 2021.
  384. ↑ Garcia, Michelle (February 17, 2010). "NH House Rejects Gay Marriage Ban". The Advocate. Retrieved August 14, 2021.
  385. ↑ Clausing, Jeri (December 20, 2013). "New Mexico Clerk Quits Over Gay Marriage Ruling". Seattle PI. Archived from the original on January 4, 2014. Retrieved August 14, 2021.
  386. ↑ "SJR06". Nmlegis.gov. Retrieved January 6, 2014.
  387. ↑ "Bill Information (History) - House Bill 1349; Regular Session 2013-2014 - PA General Assembly". Legis.state.pa.us. May 8, 2013. Retrieved January 6, 2014.
  388. ↑ Middleton, Josh (January 14, 2013). "Bigot Watch: Read Darryl Metcalfe's Anti-Gay Memo". Philadelphia Magazine. Retrieved July 24, 2021.
  389. ↑ "Lawmakers Study Amendment Banning Gay Marriage". Archived from the original on May 16, 2011.
  390. ↑ "W.Va. Gay Marriage Ban Fails in House". Archived from the original on December 21, 2011.
  391. ↑ "West Virginia Senators David Nohe, Donna Boley Back Gay Marriage Ban". On Top Magazine. January 16, 2011. Retrieved August 14, 2021.
  392. ↑ Fankhauser, Chris (January 27, 2011). "(Wyo.)-House Now Gets Chance At Gay Marriage Bill". Chadrad. Archived from the original on July 8, 2011. Retrieved July 24, 2021.
  393. ↑ "Same-Sex Marriage Amendment Dies in Wyoming House". Equally Wed. February 28, 2011. Retrieved July 24, 2021.
  394. ↑ "Full Results" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on October 11, 2009.
  395. ↑ 291 Minn. 310 (Minn. 1971), 409 U.S. 810 (1972).
  396. ↑ Baker v. Nelson, 409 810 (U.S. 1972) ("The appeal is dismissed for want of a substantial federal question.").
  397. ↑ Cantor, Donald J.; et al. (2006). Same-Sex Marriage: The Legal and Psychological Evolution in America. Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press. pp. 117–8. ISBN 9780819568120. Kentucky Court of Appeals: Jones v. Callahan, November 9, 1973
  398. ↑ "Gay Marriage’s Jewish Pioneer", Eli Sanders, The Tablet, June 6, 2012 Archived July 3, 2013, at the Wayback Machine.
  399. ↑ "Dean v. District of Columbia". Archived from the original on June 21, 2010.
  400. ↑ "Dean v. District of Columbia" (PDF).
  401. ↑ Baehr v. Miike, Circuit Court for the First Circuit, Hawaii No. 91-1394
  402. ↑ Oshiro, Sandra (December 6, 1996). "Hawaiian judge puts same-sex marriage ruling on hold". The Nation. Thailand: Reuter. p. A12. Retrieved August 18, 2010.
  403. ↑ Baehr v. Lewin, 74 Haw. 530, 852 P.2d 44 (1993), reconsideration and clarification granted in part, 74 Haw. 645, 852 P.2d 74 (1993).
  404. ↑ "Baker v. Vermont, 744 A.2d 864". Archived from the original on March 3, 2012.
  405. ↑ "Brause v Alaska Dept of Health & Social Services (04/17/2001) sp-5392". www.touchngo.com.
  406. ↑ Boston Globe: Decision: Hillary Goodridge & others vs. Department of Public Health & another, November 18, 2003, accessed March 19, 2011
  407. ↑ Kiritsky, Laura (October 16, 2003). "Gay marriage setback in Arizona". Bay Windows. Retrieved July 9, 2013.
  408. ↑ "Arizona high court upholds same-sex marriage ban". The Advocate. May 27, 2004. Retrieved July 9, 2013.
  409. ↑ "Same-Sex Marriage in Louisiana". Archived from the original on February 19, 2012. Retrieved May 7, 2013.
  410. ↑ "April 14, 2005". September 29, 2011. Archived from the original on September 29, 2011.
  411. ↑ "Hernandez v Robles (2006 NY Slip Op 05239)". Courts.state.ny.us. Retrieved January 6, 2014.
  412. ↑ "Perdue v. O'Kelley, 280 Ga. 732 (2006)" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on March 27, 2009.
  413. ↑ "Microsoft Word - 759341opn.doc" (PDF). Washington Courts. Retrieved June 25, 2023.
  414. ↑ "Lewis v. Harris". Lambda Legal Legacy.
  415. ↑ Rich, Eric; Wagner, John (September 18, 2007). "Maryland High Court Upholds Same-Sex Marriage Ban". Washington Post. Retrieved March 3, 2013.
  416. ↑ "Public Employers in Michigan May Not Offer Same-Sex Domestic Partner Benefits, Michigan Supreme Court Rules". benefitslink.com.
  417. ↑ "Michigan high court says gay partners can't get health benefits". Michigan Live. May 7, 2008. Retrieved August 14, 2021.
  418. ↑ "Text of the decision" (PDF).
  419. ↑ "Majority opinion" (PDF).
  420. ↑ Iowa Supreme Court decision Archived March 17, 2012, at the Wayback Machine, page 15.
  421. ↑ "The court's ruling in Strauss" (PDF).
  422. ↑ Grossman, Joanna L. (November 24, 2009). "New York's Highest Court Upholds Benefits for Same-Sex Spouses in Narrow Ruling".
  423. ↑ "William C. McConkey v J. B. Van Hollen" (PDF). Supreme Court of Wisconsin. November 3, 2009. Retrieved August 14, 2021.
  424. ↑ Jones, Ashby (June 7, 2011). "Wyoming High Court Grants Divorce to Same-Sex Couple". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved August 14, 2021.
  425. ↑ Belczyk, Jaclyn (May 18, 2012). "Maryland high court grants same-sex divorce". The Jurist. Retrieved March 1, 2015.
  426. ↑ "Domestic partnership registry lawsuit rejected", Green Bay Press Gazette Accessed November 8, 2009.
  427. ↑ "Judge rules Wisconsin same sex registry is constitutional". Reuters. June 21, 2011 – via www.reuters.com.
  428. ↑ Marley, Patrick (December 21, 2012). "Wisconsin appeals court upholds domestic partner registry". Jsonline.com. Retrieved January 6, 2014.
  429. ↑ "Wisconsin Supreme Court upholds state's domestic partner registry". jsonline.com. July 31, 2014. Retrieved July 31, 2014.
  430. ↑ "Montana Supreme Court rejects equal benefits for gay couples". Missoulian. December 18, 2012. Retrieved July 17, 2013.
  431. ↑ "ACLU sues state of Montana over benefits for gay couples". Missoulian. July 16, 2013. Retrieved July 17, 2013.
  432. ↑ "Griego v Oliver". NCLR. Archived from the original on March 23, 2013. Retrieved February 19, 2016.
  433. ↑ Dwyer Arce (September 1, 2010). "Texas appeals court upholds same-sex marriage ban". JURIST - Paper Chase.
  434. ↑ Wright, John (October 20, 2011). "Gay divorce cases before Texas Supreme Court". Dallas Voice. Archived from the original on August 20, 2012. Retrieved January 18, 2013.
  435. ↑ Order for Supplementary Briefing by Texas Supreme Court July 3, 2013 Accessed July 8, 2013
  436. ↑ Kreytak, Steven (January 7, 2011). "Same-sex divorce stands under appellate ruling: Attorney general did not have standing to intervene in case, court declares". Austin American-Statesman. Retrieved January 19, 2013.
  437. ↑ Rozen, Miriam (December 17, 2012). "Tex Parte Blog: Lawyer in two same-sex divorce cases awaits Texas Supreme Court decision on petitions for review". Texas Lawyer. Archived from the original on October 20, 2013. Retrieved January 19, 2013.
  438. ↑ Rozen, Miriam (December 17, 2012). "Lawyer in two same-sex divorce cases awaits Texas Supreme Court decision on petitions for review". Texas Lawyer. Archived from the original on October 20, 2013. Retrieved January 18, 2013.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.