Samo's Empire
631–658
Borders of the Slavic territories under King Samo's rule in 631
Borders of the Slavic territories under King Samo's rule in 631
CapitalMorava, most likely Dowina (present Devín in Slovakia)
Common languagesProto-Slavic
Religion
GovernmentMonarchy
Historical eraEarly Middle Ages
• Victory against Dagobert I
631
• Death of King Samo
658
Preceded by		Succeeded by
Francia
Avar Khaganate
Francia
Carantania
Avar Khaganate
Moravia
Nitravia

Samo's Empire (also known as Samo's Kingdom or Samo's State) is the historiographical term[note 1] for the West Slavic tribal union established by King ("Rex") Samo. It existed between 623/631 and 658 in Central Europe.[1][2] The extent of Samo's power before and after 631 is disputed.[3]

The centre of the union was most likely in Moravia and Nitravia (Nitra); additionally, the union included Czech tribes, Sorbian tribes (under Dervan), and other West Slavic tribes along the river Danube (present Lower Austria and Hungary). The polity has been called the first Slavic state.[4][5]

Territory

It is generally believed that the tribal union included the regions of Moravia, Nitravia (Nitra), Silesia, Bohemia and Lusatia. According to Julius Bartl, the centre of the polity lay "somewhere in the area of southern Moravia, Lower Austria, and western Slovakia (Nitravia)".[6]

According to J. B. Bury, "the assumption that his kingdom embraced Carantania, the country of the Alpine Slavs, rests only upon the Anonymus de conversione Bagariorum et Carantanorum".[7]

Archaeological findings indicate that the empire was situated in present-day Moravia, Lower Austria and Slovakia. According to Slovak historian Richard Marsina, it is unlikely that the center of Samo's tribal union was in the whole territory of present-day Slovakia.[8] The settlements of the later Moravian and Nitrian principalities (see: Great Moravia) are often identical with those from the time of Samo's Empire.

According to the findings of some German archaeologists, the core of Samo's state was located north of the Danube, and in the upper Main region.[9] In some historical sources of the early 9th century, this region is described as "regio Sclavorum" or "terra Slavorum". Large amounts of early medieval Slavic ceramics are also found here. Many Slavic toponyms have also been found in this area, such as Winideheim ("The Hill of the Wends"),[10] and Knetzburg (“Prince's Castle”).[11][12]

Prelude

According to Fredegar, Samo, a Frankish merchant, went to the Slavs in c. 623–624.[13] The dating has been questioned on the basis that the Wends would have most likely rebelled after the defeat of the Avars at the First Siege of Constantinople in 626.[13] The Avars first arrived in the Pannonian Basin and subdued the local Slavs in the 560s. Samo may have been one of the merchants who supplied arms to the Slavs for their regular revolts. Whether he became king during a revolt of 623–24 or during the one which inevitably followed the Avar defeat in 626, he definitely took advantage of the latter to solidify his position.[13] A string of victories over the Avars proved his ability to his subjects and secured his election as rex (king).[14] Samo went on to secure his throne by marriage into the major Wendish families, wedding at least twelve women and fathering twenty-two sons and fifteen daughters.[15]

In 630–631, Valuk, the "duke of the Wends" (Wallucus dux Winedorum) was mentioned.[16] These Wends referred to the Slavs of the Windic March, which according to some historians was the later March of Carinthia (Carantania) in present Slovenia and Austria. According to Jan Steinhubel, Valuk allowed Longobards to pass through his territory and attack Samo from south-west. Longobards were allies of Franks (Dagobert I) against Samo. If Valuk allowed Longobards to go through his territory, his principality could have not been part of Samo's empire.

History

The most famous event of Samo's career was his victory over the Frankish royal army under Dagobert I in 631 or 632. Provoked to action by a "violent quarrel in the Pannonian kingdom of the Avars or Huns", Dagobert led three armies against the Wends, the largest being his own Austrasian army.[13] The Franks were routed near Wogastisburg; the majority of the besieging armies were slaughtered, while the rest of the troops fled, leaving weapons and other equipment lying on the ground. In the aftermath of the Wendish victory, Samo invaded Frankish Thuringia several times and undertook looting raids there.[17] Dervan, the "duke of the Sorbs" (dux gente Surbiorum que ex genere Sclavinorum), initially subordinate to the Franks, joined the Slavic tribal union after Samo defeated Dagobert I.[18] The Sorbs lived to the east of the Saxon Saale. Dervan participated in the subsequent wars against the Franks, successfully fighting against Frankish Thuringia (631–634), until he was finally defeated by Radulf of Thuringia in 636.

In 641, the rebellious Radulf sought an alliance with Samo against his sovereign, Sigebert III.[13] Samo also maintained long-distance trade relationships.[15] On his death, however, his title was not inherited by his sons.[15] Ultimately, Samo can be credited with forging a Wendish identity by speaking on behalf of the community which recognised his authority.[19]

Aftermath

The history of the tribal union after Samo's death in 658 or 659 is largely unclear, though it is generally assumed that it ended. Archaeological findings show that the Avars returned to their previous territories (at least to southernmost modern Slovakia) and entered into a symbiosis with the Slavs, whereas territories to the north of the Avar Khaganate were purely Slav territories. The first specific thing that is known about the fate of these Slavs and Avars is the existence of Moravian and Nitravian principalities in the late 8th century, which attacked the Avars, and the defeat of the Avars by the Franks under Charlemagne in 799 or 802–03, after which the Avars soon ceased to exist.

Great Moravia is viewed as a continuation or successor state to Samo's Empire.[20] The polity has been called the first Slavic state.[4][5]

See also

Notes

  1. ^
    The Chronicle of Fredegar calls the polity "Kingdom of Samo" or "Samo's Kingdom" (regnum Samonem);[21] in 17th-century Latin works the polity was called "Samo's Slavic Kingdom" or "Samo's Kingdom of the Slavs" (Samonem Sclauorum Regem[22]).

References

  1. ↑ Schmauder, Michael; Schuster, Jan (2020). "Between the Rhine, the Danube and the Oder from the 5th to the End of the 7th century: a Sketch". The Migration Period between the Oder and the Vistula. Vol. 1. BRILL. p. 801. ISBN 9789004422421.
  2. ↑ Balcárek, Petr (2022). Byzantium in the Czech Lands (4th–16th centuries): Historical and Art Historical Perspectives. BRILL. p. 79. ISBN 9789004527799.
  3. ↑ Pohl, Walter (2018). The Avars: A Steppe Empire in Central Europe, 567–822. Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press. pp. 306–310. ISBN 978-1-5017-2940-9.
  4. 1 2 Maddalena Betti (24 October 2013). The Making of Christian Moravia (858-882): Papal Power and Political Reality. BRILL. pp. 18–. ISBN 978-90-04-26008-5.
  5. 1 2 Zdeněk Váňa (1983). The World of the Ancient Slavs. Wayne State University Press. p. 67. ISBN 9780814317488.
  6. ↑ Július Bartl (January 2002). Slovak History: Chronology & Lexicon. Bolchazy-Carducci Publishers. pp. 18–. ISBN 978-0-86516-444-4.
  7. ↑ J.B. Bury. The Cambridge Medieval History Series volumes 1-5. Plantagenet Publishing. pp. 712–. GGKEY:G636GD76LW7.
  8. ↑ Marsina 1997, p. 18
  9. ↑ Kunstmann H. Wo lag das Zentrum von Samos Reich? // Die Welt des Slawen. Halbjahresschrift fűr Slavistik. Bd. XXVI. H. 1 (N. F. V, 1). Műnchen, 1981. S. 67–101; Jakob H. Frűhslavische Keramikfunde in Ostfranken // Ibid. S. 154–169
  10. ↑ (German) Geschichte Frankenwinheims frankenwinheim.de
  11. ↑ (Russian) Валентин Васильевич Седов, СЛАВЯНЕ: Историко-археологическое исследование. М. 2002 // V.V. Sedov, The Slavs, Moscow, 2002
  12. ↑ Wolf-Armin Freiherr von Reitzenstein, Lexikon fränkischer Ortsnamen, C.H.Beck, 2013; Knetzgau (altsorbisch) p.122
  13. 1 2 3 4 5 Curta 2001, p. 109.
  14. ↑ Curta 2001, p. 330.
  15. 1 2 3 Curta 2001, p. 331.
  16. ↑ Radovi. Vol. 8–9. Institut. 1976. Ta sve što znamo o Samu i Slavenima u Samovu regnumu znamo jedino po Fredegaru kao primarnom povijesnom vrelu. Iznoseći neke detalje koji se datiraju sa 631. god. Fredegar spominje »marca Vinedorum«, Wallucus-dux Winedorum, ...
  17. ↑ Kronika tzv. Fredegara scholastika
  18. ↑ Curta 2001, pp. 109, 331.
  19. ↑ Curta 2001, p. 343.
  20. ↑ Scientific Society of Polish Archaeologists; Instytut Archeologii i Etnologii (Polska Akademia Nauk) (1997). Origins of Central Europe. Scientific Society of Polish Archaeologists. p. 42. ISBN 978-83-85463-56-6.
  21. ↑ Fredegar, IV, 68
    Etiam et Dervanus dux gente Surbiorum, que exgenere Sclavinorum erant et ad regnum Francorum iam olem aspecserant, se ad regnum Samonem cum suis tradedit
  22. ↑ Aimonus Floriacensis (1602). Libri quinque de gestis Francorum. A. & H. Drovart. p. 17.

Sources

Primary sources

Secondary sources

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