2016 Samoan general election
4 March 2016
All 49 seats in the Legislative Assembly
(plus additional seats to meet quota of female MPs)
26 seats needed for a majority
Turnout69.64%
  First party Second party
 
Tautua
Leader Tuilaʻepa Saʻilele Malielegaoi Palusalue Faʻapo II
Party HRPP TSP
Last election 55.56%, 29 seats 24.71%, 13 seats
Seats won 35 2
Seat change Increase 6 Decrease 11
Popular vote 45,505 6,743
Percentage 56.92% 8.43%
Swing Increase 1.36 pp Decrease 16.28 pp
Prime Minister before election

Tuilaʻepa Saʻilele Malielegaoi
HRPP

 Subsequent Prime Minister

Tuilaʻepa Saʻilele Malielegaoi
HRPP

General elections were held in Samoa on 4 March 2016 to determine the composition of the 16th Parliament. Two parties contested the election, the ruling Human Rights Protection Party (HRPP), led by Prime Minister Tuilaʻepa Saʻilele Malielegaoi, which had been in government for most of the time since 1982 and the Tautua Samoa Party (TSP), led by Opposition Leader Palusalue Faʻapo II.

The election was held following the passage of electoral reforms, including the implementation of a parliamentary women's quota that requires the legislature to have at least five female members. Parliament also introduced electoral boundary changes in 2015, which saw the abolition of the six double-member constituencies and the individual voters' seats, the constituents of the latter included voters with partial or no Samoan ancestry and individuals not connected to a traditional village.

The HRPP won a landslide re-election, securing 35 seats; although several cabinet ministers lost their seats. The TSP suffered a significant loss and retained only two seats, down from 13 in the 2011 election, and the party's leader was among those unseated. Only four female candidates were successful, resulting in the appointment of an additional female member to fulfil the women's quota, which increased parliament's seat count to 50. Following the election, 12 independents joined the HRPP, which increased the party's seats to 47 and preserved the ruling party's dominance over Samoan politics. The TSP was joined by one independent, increasing the party's seat share to three. Because the TSP failed to win at least eight seats, it lost recognition as a parliamentary party, which left Samoa without an official opposition.

Background

The HRPP had dominated Samoan politics from when it first came into power in 1982 and had governed the country for most of the time since then.[1][2] The party's leader, Tuila‘epa Sa‘ilele Malielegaoi, had been prime minister since 1998.[3] During the 2011 general election, the HRPP won re-election, securing 29 seats. The newly founded opposition TSP secured 13 seats, and independents won the remaining seven. Following that election, all independents joined the HRPP,[4] while several individuals lost their seats due to electoral petitions. One of these MPs was TSP leader Vaʻai Papu Vailupe;[5] he was subsequently replaced as leader by deputy leader Palusalue Faʻapo II.[6]

TSP defections

Olo Fiti Vaai (then known as Levaopolo Talatonu Vaai)[7] resigned from the party in November 2015 to found a new opposition party. However, he announced that he would contest the 2016 election as an independent.[8]

In February 2016, the TSP's chief whip and founder, Lealailepule Rimoni Aiafi, defected to the HRPP, citing a request to do so by his constituents of Faleata West. Although Palusalue respected Lealailepule's decision, he was skeptical about the justification for the switch. Palusalue expressed, "he (Lealailepule) says it’s what his constituency wants, but we all understand that decisions on which political party you choose is not up to your constituency because you cannot call the whole Faleata West constituency to meet and decide this." Tuilaʻepa believed that Lealailepule's defection and his status as a founder of the TSP provided the opposition with a significant disadvantage.[9]

Electoral system

The 49 members of the legislative assembly were elected from 49 single-member constituencies. All seats were elected using first-past-the-post voting. Candidates were required to be at least 21 years of age, be a Matai and resident of the country for at least three years prior the nomination date. Civil servants and people with mental illness were ineligible to stand as candidates. People convicted for bribery or an electoral offense, and people given a prison sentence of more than two years (including the death sentence), were also ineligible.[10] Around 116,000 electors were registered for the election.[11] The Constitution Amendment Act 2013 ensures a minimum of 10 per cent of seats in parliament were reserved for women.[12]

Electoral reforms

In 2013 a constitutional amendment was passed in parliament, mandating that at least five members of the legislative assembly are women. If this quota were unfulfilled following an election, the amendment permits parliament to establish up to five additional seats that would be allocated to the unsuccessful female candidates with the highest quantity of votes.[13]

Parliament passed legislation in 2014 barring candidates from providing gifts to villages within their constituency until after an election in an attempt to stamp out undue influence and prevent excessive electoral petitions that follow. Parliamentary hopefuls had traditionally presented gifts to potential voters upon declaring their candidacy.[13]

Electoral boundary changes

The legislative assembly introduced constituency boundary changes in 2015. The six double-member constituencies were split into twelve constituencies, each represented by one member of parliament. The reform also abolished the two individual voters seats, that were for voters with partial or no Samoan ancestry or citizens that had no ties to any traditional village. The Urban East and Urban West constituencies replaced the individual seats, and consisted of voters in Apia residing on non-customary land or those not tied to a traditional village. Individuals living in Apia who did have ties to a traditional village outside the capital could choose to either enrol in their home constituency or one of the urban electorates so long as they had lived in Apia for at least six months. The creation of the urban electorates resulted from voters from traditional villages around Apia expressing discontent with urban settlers allegedly having an overbearing influence over the electoral outcome in their constituencies. The abolition of the double-member seats reduced an imbalance of representation to a certain extent, as voters in these electorates were permitted to cast two votes. During the redrawing process, a major priority was to ensure the boundaries remained organised around the traditional political districts, all of which were tied to matai titles, to prevent tensions from arising. Population distribution was less of a priority, and as a consequence, some constituencies remained disproportionately larger than others.[14]

Voters

Enrollment of eligible voters was compulsory; however, it was voluntary to cast a ballot.[15] Universal suffrage was introduced in 1990, permitting Samoan citizens over the age of 21 to vote in person. Voting registration usually closes six months before a general election and re-opens immediately after. Voters could elect to enrol in a constituency rather than the one where they reside by right of significant family ties or matai titles. As a result, the population of constituencies and the constituency's voter roll have not always correlated. Samoan citizens residing abroad were permitted to register,[16] but the government refused to entertain overseas voting. Therefore, voters abroad had to travel to Samoa to cast their ballots. This decision drew criticism from the opposition TSP, which demanded the government permit overseas voting. Prime minister Tuilaʻepa defended his government's decision and dismissed the opposition's pleas as a "foolish tactic" that would lead to the country "...being governed by overseas Samoans".[17]

Schedule

The election date was revealed in September 2015, and voter registration closed on 31 October of that year. The dissolution of parliament occurred on 29 January 2016, and the writ for the election was issued on 5 February. On the same day, the registration process for candidates opened and remained so until 18 February. The government declared 3 and 4 March to be a general election holiday. The return of writs occurred on 14 March.[18]

Date Event
31 October 2015 Registration for voters closes
29 January 2016 The 15th Parliament is dissolved
5 February 2016 O le Ao o le Malo issues Writ for the election
18 February 2016 Candidate nominations close
4 March 2016 Election day
14 March 2016 Writ for the election returned

Parties and candidates

A total of 171 candidates were nominated. Five were subsequently disqualified and two withdrew, which resulted in 164 candidates contesting the election.[19] There were 24 female candidates, up from nine in the 2011 election.[20] Two parties contested the election, the ruling HRPP led by Prime Minister Tuilaʻepa Saʻilele Malielegaoi and the TSP led by Opposition Leader Palusalue Fa‘apo II. The HRPP fielded 81 candidates; the TSP 22 and 61 contenders ran as independents. However, 48 of the independents were associated with the HRPP and one was aligned with the TSP. The high quantity of Independents affiliated with the HRPP was due to the ruling party's policy of prioritising its incumbent members of parliament. In addition to four constituencies where the sole candidate was an HRPP member, candidates in 14 other constituencies solely consisted of hopefuls that were either a member of the HRPP or an affiliate of the party. Therefore, the HRPP was guaranteed to secure 18 seats. Several independents were affiliated with the TSP, although the number of these candidates was undefined.[21]

Party Leader Candidates Founded 2011 seats
Human Rights Protection Party Tuilaʻepa Saʻilele Malielegaoi 81 1979
29 / 49
Tautua Samoa Party Palusalue Faʻapo II 22 2008
13 / 49
Independents — 63 —
7 / 49

Campaign

Party politics played a minor role in this election, as candidates in one-third of the constituencies solely consisted of either HRPP members or independent contestants affiliated with the party. Although both party leaders appeared in the media, presenting their party's platforms, many contenders chose to campaign primarily on their personal record.[21]

The HRPP released its manifesto in February 2016. The party promised to implement numerous developments, including an increase in employment, particularly amongst the youth, by bolstering apprenticeship and vocational training schemes to improve the rates of business establishment. Education was also a high priority for the party during the campaign. The HRPP pledged to extend the age of compulsory education from 14 to 17 years and to proceed with constructing schools throughout the country. The party also announced plans for healthcare development through a "Healthy Samoa" initiative. This plan included a boost in training health professionals, upgrading healthcare facilities and encouraging robust lifestyles via exercise throughout the country. Infrastructure development would continue under an additional term of the HRPP rule, including water sanitation, as would the party's efforts to combat climate change.[22] During the campaign, prime minister Tuilaʻepa attacked the TSP's proposals, describing them as "weak" and "lacking substance." He also claimed, "The biggest issue I see is that they are copying our ideas" and asserted that his government's plans were "solid" because they did not "…take guesses" when planning projects. Tuilaʻepa also questioned how the TSP would fund their initiatives.[23] Capital Radio Samoa predicted that the ruling party would win the elections.[11]

The TSP, which released its manifesto in January 2016, promised to raise the minimum wage from WS$2.30 to WS$3.00 per hour. Party leader Palusalue Faʻapo II argued that the HRPP government's 'boasting' about the country's WS$2 billion GDP 'did not reflect positively on the minimum wage'.[24] The Samoa First Union applauded the minimum wage increase proposal, with the union's coordinator describing it as a "win-win for Samoa".[25] The party also announced its intention to increase the retirement pension from WS$125 to WS$250 per month. Regarding the youth, the TSP pledged to introduce universal education, establish a branch of the National University of Samoa in Savaiʻi to serve students there and implement fees-free health care for children, including prescriptions without charge.[23][26] Palusalue announced that the TSP would finance these initiatives by reversing the government's "reckless spending" on "failed development projects". He said these actions had been the cause of an increase in Samoa's foreign debt of over one billion tālā. The TSP declined to raise taxes.[27] The party also vowed to abolish the three-year residency requirement that candidates must satisfy to be eligible to contest an election.[28] Palusalue stated, "We are committed to implement these measures so that everyone has an equal chance at having a good life. Our people in Samoa deserve this; we owe it to them to deliver."[27]

Conduct

Voting commenced at 8am (UTC+14:00), most polling stations closed at 15:00, while special voting booths remained open until 17:00.[29] A liquor ban was imposed with effect from the voting day and till 06:00 the next morning. No violence was reported during the voting.[30]

The Pacific Islands Forum and the Australian National University sent delegations to observe the electoral process.[15][31]

In previous elections, candidates would directly provide transport for voters seeking to travel to polling stations. However, the government banned this practice before the election to reduce undue influence. But this law proved problematic for voters residing in rural or remote areas, as public transport was not in service, as election day and the day prior were public holidays. Although some candidates hired taxis for voters, the lack of available transportation resulted in a lower turnout than in previous elections.[32]

Results

The provisional results showed the HRPP leading with 47 seats out of a maximum of 49.[33] In the official tally, the HRPP won re-election in a landslide with 35 seats, while the TSP only secured two seats.[34] Four HRPP candidates, including prime minister Tuilaʻepa and justice minister Fiamē Naomi Mata’afa, were elected unopposed.[35] TSP leader Palusalue Faʻapo II lost his seat, and the party's only successful candidates were deputy leader A'eau Peniamina and newcomer Ili Setefano Taʻateo. Because the TSP's seat total fell below the eight-member threshold, it lost recognition as a parliamentary party. Independents won the remaining 13 seats. Despite the ruling party's victory, several cabinet ministers lost re-election and half of the elected MPs were newcomers.[36][37][38] Four women MPs were elected and a fifth, the unsuccessful female candidate with the highest percentage of votes, was added to meet the quota requirements of 10% female MPs. Independent Fa'aulusau Rosa Duffy-Stowers, who placed second in the Gaga'ifomauga No. 3 constituency,[39][40] was selected increasing the parliament's strength to 50 members. The result ensured a continuation of the HRPP's dominance over Samoan politics.[36]

PartyVotes%Seats+/–
Human Rights Protection Party45,50556.9235+6
Tautua Samoa Party6,7438.432–11
Independents27,70434.6513+6
Total79,952100.0050+1
Valid votes79,95299.06
Invalid/blank votes7590.94
Total votes80,711100.00
Registered voters/turnout115,90169.64
Source: Government of Samoa, OEC, Election Passport

By constituency

Constituency Turnout Political party Candidate Votes  %
Vaimauga East 2,259 Independent Sulamanaia Tauiliili Tuivasa 997 44.1
HRPP Tuisugaletaua Sofara Aveau 891 39.4
Independent Tafaese Uili Lautua 371 16.4
Vaimauga West No. 1 2,198 HRPP Lenatai Victor Tamapua 1,150 52.3
Independent Lautimuia Uelese Vaʻai 898 40.9
Independent Patū Sola Siaosi Hunt 150 6.8
Vaimauga West No. 2 2,097 HRPP Faaolesa Katopau Ainuu 1,556 74.2
TSP Lefau Harry Schuster 482 23.0
Independent Tauamamanuvao Falani Mamea 59 2.8
Faleata East 2,364 HRPP Salausa John Ah Ching 756 32.0
HRPP Aulavemai Tafito Selesele 606 25.6
TSP Aveau Niko Palamo 548 23.2
HRPP Nuu Tapasu Leung Wai 454 19.2
Faleata West 3,327 HRPP Lealailepule Rimoni Aiafi 1,102 33.1
HRPP Ulu Bismarck Crawley 968 29.1
HRPP Ale Vena Ale 909 27.3
HRPP Moala Panoa Tavita 348 10.5
Sagaga-Le-Falefa 3,412 Independent Loau Keneti Sio 1,536 45.0
HRPP Tuisa Tulimasealii Tasi 1,087 31.9
Independent Tagaloatele Pasi Poloa 789 23.1
Sagaga-Le-Usoga 2,196 HRPP Seiuli Ueligitone Seiuli 1,062 48.4
Independent Maulolo Tavita Amosa 527 24.0
Independent Fata Meafou 341 15.5
Independent Togatalimā Faafouina Milford 266 12.1
A'ana Alofi No. 1 East 1,756 HRPP Tuitama Talalelei Tuitama 691 39.4
Independent Fesolai Tusiupu Tuigamala 549 31.3
Independent Fesolai Aleni Sofara 516 29.4
A'ana Alofi No. 1 West 1,170 HRPP Leaupepe Toleafoa Faafisi 570 48.7
Independent Aiono Tile Gafa 466 39.8
Independent Lolomatauma Eseta Mataituli 72 6.2
Independent Leaupepe Savelio Leaupepe 62 5.3
A'ana Alofi No. 2 1,478 TSP Ili Setefano Taʻateo 878 59.4
HRPP Tolofuaivalelei Falemoe Leiʻataua 600 40.6
A'ana Alofi No. 3 1,780 HRPP Afamasaga Rico Tupai 896 50.3
TSP Toeolesulusulu Cedric Schuster 768 43.2
HRPP Leituala Logona Vaafusuaga 116 6.5
Aiga-i-le-Tai 3,069 Independent Laki Mulipola Leiataua 1,467 47.8
HRPP Ifopo Matia Filisi 847 27.6
Independent Mulipola Taupau Oliva 654 21.3
Independent Tautaiolevao Tautala Asovale 101 3.3
Falelatai and Samatau 2,001 HRPP Taefu Lemi 889 44.4
Independent Anae Misa Pita II Anae 780 39.0
Independent Toomaga Taefu Salapu 332 16.6
Lefaga and Falese'ela 2,510 HRPP Toleafoa Ken Vaafusuaga Poutoa 945 37.7
HRPP Sua Tanielu Faiaoga 752 30.0
HRPP Lemalu Silivia Taupau 451 18.0
HRPP Masinalupe Tusipa Venu 231 9.2
HRPP Lemalu Nele Leilua 86 3.4
TSP Unasa Tauaipolu Iulia Petelo 45 1.8
Safata East 1,351 HRPP Nonu Lose Niumata 548 40.6
Independent Leota-Suatlele Manusegi 407 30.1
HRPP Nonu Lose Niumata 396 29.3
Safata West 2,404 Independent Leaana Ronnie Posini 1,020 42.4
TSP Palusalue Faʻapo II 709 29.5
HRPP Manualesagalala Mati Lemalu 675 28.1
Si'umu 1,568 Independent Faalogo Iosefa Sopi 778 49.7
HRPP Tuuu Anasii Leota 738 47.2
Independent Afoa Fetulima 49 3.1
Falealili East 1,205 HRPP Fuimaono Teo Samuelu 439 36.4
HRPP Maiava Viiga Fuimaono 355 29.5
TSP Fuimaono Aloalii Alex Wright 348 28.9
HRPP Tofuaiofoia Falefa Lima 37 3.1
HRPP Fuimaono Esera Rimoni 26 2.2
Falealili West 2,071 Independent Aumua Isaia Lameko 744 35.9
HRPP Tulsa Misi Tupuola 737 35.6
Independent Teo Uuvalu Mauga 323 15.6
HRPP Vaetuifeai Poe Elama 166 8.0
Independent Tuiloma Agaalii Liliva 101 4.9
Aleipata Itupa-I-Lalo 1,859 HRPP Tafua Maluelue Tafua 963 51.8
Independent Tuiavii Poloma Eteuati 540 29.1
Independent Faagasealii Sapoa Feagiai 182 9.8
Independent Vaimasanuu Zita Martel 93 5.0
TSP Letiu Tamatoa Penaia 81 4.4
Va'a-o-Fonoti 1,145 HRPP Tialavea Tionisio Hunt 573 50.0
Independent Leilua Tavas Leota 254 22.2
Independent Molioo Pio Leo 215 18.8
Independent Ofoia Vaipua Nomeneta 103 9.0
Anoama'a East 1,556 HRPP Alaiasa Sepulona Moananu 721 46.3
HRPP Alaiasa Malia Elisapeta 342 22.0
TSP Poloai Akapo 209 13.4
HRPP Manu L. Maugatai 157 10.1
Independent Tofae Alailima Ropeti 107 6.9
TSP Alaiasa Elena 20 1.3
Anoama'a West 1,919 HRPP Fonotoe Pierre Lauofo 1,169 60.9
Independent Leota-Leuluaialii Ituau Ale 412 21.5
Independent Tufeao Faatuai Pulepule 338 17.6
Fa'asalele'aga No. 1 East 1,503 HRPP Sili Epa Tuioti 549 36.1
Independent Pauli Ivan Joseph Williams 543 36.1
HRPP Leatigaga Tuasivi Samoa 411 27.4
Fa'asalele'aga No. 1 West 1,589 HRPP Gatoloaifaana Amataga Alesana-Gidlow 893 56.2
HRPP Magele Mauiliu Magele 625 39.3
TSP Talalafai Kapeli Vaiola 35 2.2
TSP Suafoa Faimata Fauena Sua 21 1.3
Independent Vaasilifiti Moelagi Jackson 15 0.9
Fa'asalele'aga No. 2 2,359 HRPP Pa’u Sefo Pa’u 823 34.9
HRPP Namulauulu Leota Sami 784 33.2
TSP Papali’i Li’o Taeu Masipau 752 31.9
Fa'asalele'aga No. 3 1,460 HRPP Tofa Lio Foleni 602 41.2
Independent Tea Toala Peato 516 35.3
HRPP Unasa Faapupula Metuli 257 17.6
HRPP Tooala Tulouna Lepou 85 5.8
Fa'asalele'aga No. 4 1,242 HRPP Peseta Vaifou Tevaga 678 54.6
Independent Vui Umamalu Sione 564 45.4
Gaga'emauga No. 1 1,969 HRPP Sala Fata Pinati 1,064 54.0
Independent Tuala Iosefo Ponifasio 855 43.4
TSP Sala Malautea Iose McCarty 50 2.5
Gaga'emauga No. 2 758 HRPP Fa’aso’otauloa Pati Taulapapa 216 28.5
HRPP Seuoti Sheryl Muagututia 183 24.1
HRPP Aufai Levaopolo Amuimuia 169 22.3
HRPP Semau Faamau Levi 163 21.5
HRPP Lofipo Faletolu Ula 27 3.6
Gaga'emauga No. 3 1,584 Independent Nafoitoa Talaimanu Keti 838 52.9
HRPP Faamoetauloa Ulaitino Faale Tumaalii 746 47.1
Gaga'ifoimauga No. 1 1,115 HRPP Faimalotoa Kika Stowers 632 56.7
Independent Lavea Natoealofa Ieti 483 43.3
Gaga'ifoimauga No. 2 1,308 HRPP So’oalo Umi Feo Mene 891 68.1
Independent Taulealeausumai Aumalaga Tiotio 209 16.0
TSP Manuta Lavamaile Uesile 208 15.9
Gaga'ifoimauga No. 3 1,096 HRPP La'aulialemalietoa Leuatea Polataivao 707 64.5
Independent Fa'aulusau Rosa Duffy-Stowers 389 35.5
Vaisigano No. 1 1,412 Independent Lopao'o Natanielu Mua 899 63.7
Independent Paiali'i Mao II Ropati 201 14.2
TSP Va'ai Papu Vailupe 193 13.7
Independent Amituanai Tautofi Roma 64 4.5
HRPP Tufuga Gafoaleata Faitua 55 3.9
Vaisigano No. 2 1,180 HRPP Tapulesatele Mauteni Esera 718 60.8
TSP Motuopua'a Uifagasa Aisoli 462 39.2
Falealupo 887 TSP A'eau Peniamina 372 41.9
HRPP Seumanutafa Akerei Salesa 329 37.1
HRPP Aeau Niulesa Mareko Lamositele 186 21.0
Alataua West 1,217 Independent Ali'imalemanu Alofa Tuuau 432 35.5
Independent Aiolupotea Ta'atiti Visekota 332 27.3
HRPP Lafaitele Patrick Leiataualesa 280 23.0
Independent Tuifaiga Loluama Yoshida Tuimaualuga 100 8.2
TSP Pei Iefata Reupena Tauili'ili 62 5.1
Independent Momoemausu Siaifa Uipa 11 0.9
Salega East 678 Independent Olo Fiti Vaai 305 45.0
HRPP Tupuai Suimai Tapuai 173 26.3
TSP Tapuai Toese Ah Sam 164 24.2
HRPP Tupuai Titi Fuli 31 4.6
Salega West 1,191 HRPP To'omata Aki Tuipea 730 61.3
TSP Afualo Wood Salele 461 38.7
Palauli East 1,841 Independent Tuifa'asisina Misa Lisati 972 52.8
HRPP Afoafouvale John Moors 664 36.1
Independent Fiso Evelini Fa'amoe 123 6.7
TSP Fiso Taranaki Mailei-Tamasese 82 4.5
Palauli West 1,957 Independent Afoa Amituanai Faleulu Mauli 710 36.3
Independent Leotamanusala Lene Leota 479 24.5
HRPP Agafili Patisela Eteuati Tolovaa 452 23.1
Independent Mulipola Opalani Ah Ching 316 16.2
Palauli-Le-Falefa 1,978 HRPP Faumuina Tiatia Liuga 762 38.5
Independent Leota Laki Lamositele-Sio 671 33.9
TSP Tiatia Mapesone Malo 545 27.6
Urban East 1,735 HRPP Tapunuu Niko Lee Hang 1,360 78.4
Independent Pulemagafa Mara Coffin Hunter 326 18.8
HRPP Namulauulu M. Nuualofa 49 2.8
Urban West 3,201 HRPP Faumuina Asi Pauli Wayne Fong 1,198 37.4
HRPP Maualaivao Pat Ah Him 1,096 34.2
HRPP Matafeo Falanaipupu Tanielu Aiafi 881 27.5
HRPP Matamua Fred Amoa 26 0.8
Sources: Psephos, OEC

Uncontested

The following candidates were elected unopposed:

Constituency Candidate Party
Aleipata Itupa-I-Luga Amituanai Fagaivalu Kenrick Samu HRPP
Lepā Tuilaʻepa Saʻilele Malielegaoi
Lotofaga Fiamē Naomi Mataʻafa
Satupa'itea Lautafi Fio Selafi Purcell
Source: Psephos

Aftermath

After the election, 12 of the 13 independents joined the HRPP.[34] The only independent who did not follow suit was Olo Fiti Vaai, who expressed that he was "saddened" by the TSP's overwhelming loss. He instead opted to rejoin the TSP, claiming to have rejected multiple offers to join the HRPP.[41] At the first convention of the 16th parliament, the HRPP caucus was 47 members strong, while the TSP had three members.[34]

Prime minister Tuilaʻepa thanked the citizens for "the overwhelming vote of confidence in our vision for [Samoa]".[36] He credited his party's landslide victory to its "ability to deliver on its promises." He also proclaimed that the most pressing issue to be dealt with by his government in its next term was climate change.[42] Tuilaʻepa denied claims that his government had evolved into a dictatorship and pointed to a speech he presented in Savaiʻi during the campaign season to HRPP candidates warning them not to seek election to the legislative assembly if they only intend to use their office for "personal gains". The prime minister also highlighted institutions such as the ministry of police and prisons, the ombudsman's office and the office of the auditor as mechanisms to prevent government corruption.[43] The HRPP celebrated its electoral triumph by holding a traditional ʻAva ceremony.[44] On 5 March, the HRPP elected long-serving cabinet minister Fiamē Naomi Mataʻafa deputy leader. She defeated fellow veteran HRPP member Faumuina Tiatia Liuga by a caucus vote of 21 to 19.[45]

Palusalue congratulated the prime minister and the HRPP but also expressed that the result surprised the TSP. He said, "The truth is I’m extremely disappointed. As a party, the result is not what we expected, and we are very sad...". The TSP leader said the absence of an official opposition did not bode well for Samoa and made the country a "one-party state".[46] Palusalue blamed the Tautua Samoa Party’s landslide loss on vote-buying. The former shadow minister of finance Afualo Wood Salele shared this sentiment, claiming that candidates offered bags of rice and other foods to voters.[47] The prime minister rejected the TSP's allegations, stating, "You see the first person that claims they did not do wrong is the very person that did wrong", and highlighted an amendment parliament passed before the election that imposed a strict ban on bribery. Tuila'epa claimed the TSP's downfall was due to negligence in leadership and an unfavourable campaign strategy.[48] MP Olo Fiti Vaai requested that the HRPP consider lowering the seat quota for parties to attain recognition in parliament;[47] members of the ruling party echoed this statement. Palusalue also criticised the policy and stated, "In any democracy, there has to be an opposition party. In my opinion, the number of members should be irrelevant. There must still be a recognised opposition party." With the absence of an official opposition, Tuilaʻepa instructed 19 HRPP caucus members who were not appointed associate ministers to play the role of the opposition along with the Tautua Samoa MPs.[46][49] Palusalue ceased to be the TSP leader following his defeat, and the party did not elect a successor.[50]

Prime minister Tuilaʻepa appointed seven new cabinet ministers. Although re-elected to parliament, deputy prime minister Fonotoe Pierre Lauofo was not reappointed to cabinet; he was previously fined for traffic offences in 2014. Fonotoe was replaced by Fiamē Naomi Mataʻafa, who became Samoa's first female deputy prime minister.[51][52]

The O le Ao o le Malo, Tui Ātua Tupua Tamasese Efi, officially opened the 16th parliamentary session on 18 March 2016.[53]

Notes

    See also

    References

    1. ↑ Hollingsworth, Julia (29 May 2021). "The incredible rise of Samoa's first female Prime Minister-elect, and the man still standing in her way". CNN. Archived from the original on 30 May 2021. Retrieved 18 November 2022.
    2. ↑ Lagi Keresoma (19 March 2021). "Human Rights Protection Party Upholds Preservation of Tradition". Talamua Online. Apia. Archived from the original on 27 May 2021. Retrieved 29 April 2023.
    3. ↑ Illmer, Andreas (18 May 2021). "The woman who unseated Samoa's prime minister of 20 years". BBC News. Archived from the original on 20 January 2022. Retrieved 15 June 2023.
    4. ↑ "Elections in 2011". IPU. Archived from the original on 3 May 2022. Retrieved 17 November 2022.
    5. ↑ "Tautua Samoa Party leader found guilty of bribery and treating". RNZ. 2 May 2011. Archived from the original on 11 April 2021. Retrieved 21 March 2022.
    6. ↑ "Tautua Samoa Caucus elect new leaders". RNZ. 19 May 2011. Archived from the original on 14 June 2021. Retrieved 21 March 2022.
    7. ↑ Mata'afa Keni Lesa (10 March 2016). "Different name, same man". Samoa Observer. Archived from the original on 8 November 2022. Retrieved 15 November 2022.
    8. ↑ "Samoa MP announces planned new party". RNZ. 10 November 2015. Archived from the original on 29 November 2020. Retrieved 15 November 2022.
    9. ↑ Lanuola Tusani Tupufia (15 February 2016). "Leaders at odds over Leala's switch". Samoa Observer. Archived from the original on 8 June 2022. Retrieved 8 June 2022.
    10. ↑ "Samoa (Fono) Electoral system". Inter-Parliamentary Union. Archived from the original on 16 June 2022. Retrieved 5 March 2016.
    11. 1 2 Timutimu, Ripeka (4 March 2016). "Easy victory predicted for Tuilaepa". Māori Television. Archived from the original on 29 July 2016. Retrieved 5 March 2016.
    12. ↑ "Constitution Amendment Act 2013" (PDF). International Labour Organization. Retrieved 5 March 2016.
    13. 1 2 Haley, Nicole; Ng Shiu, Roannie; Baker, Kerryn; Zubrinich, Kerry; Carter, Salā George (August 2017). 2016 Samoa General Election (PDF) (Report). Australian National University. p. 13. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 April 2019. Retrieved 12 November 2022.
    14. ↑ Haley, Nicole; Ng Shiu, Roannie; Baker, Kerryn; Zubrinich, Kerry; Carter, Salā George (August 2017). 2016 Samoa General Election (Report). Australian National University. pp. 19, 21.
    15. 1 2 Samoa National Elections 2016 (PDF) (Report). Pacific Islands Forum Secretariat. Archived (PDF) from the original on 21 June 2019. Retrieved 22 November 2022.
    16. ↑ Haley, Nicole; Ng Shiu, Roannie; Baker, Kerryn; Zubrinich, Kerry; Carter, Salā George (August 2017). 2016 Samoa General Election (Report). Australian National University. pp. 19, 22.
    17. ↑ Lanuola Tusani Tupufia (19 February 2016). "P.M. rejects foolish tactic". Samoa Observer. Archived from the original on 11 June 2022. Retrieved 11 June 2022.
    18. ↑ Haley, Nicole; Ng Shiu, Roannie; Baker, Kerryn; Zubrinich, Kerry; Carter, Salā George (August 2017). 2016 Samoa General Election (Report). Australian National University. pp. 19, 23.
    19. ↑ Haley, Nicole; Ng Shiu, Roannie; Baker, Kerryn; Zubrinich, Kerry; Carter, Salā George (August 2017). 2016 Samoa General Election (Report). Australian National University. p. 23.
    20. ↑ "Samoa women's participation in election encouraging". RNZ. 24 February 2016. Archived from the original on 3 December 2020. Retrieved 12 November 2022.
    21. 1 2 Haley, Nicole; Ng Shiu, Roannie; Baker, Kerryn; Zubrinich, Kerry; Carter, Salā George (August 2017). 2016 Samoa General Election (Report). Australian National University. pp. 33, 34.
    22. ↑ "H.R.P.P reveals its plans". Samoa Observer. 24 February 2016. Archived from the original on 9 June 2022. Retrieved 11 June 2022.
    23. 1 2 "P.M. counters Palu". Samoa Observer. 8 January 2016. Archived from the original on 9 June 2022. Retrieved 11 June 2022.
    24. ↑ Lanuola Tusani Tupufia (14 January 2016). "Minimum wage increase plan". Samoa Observer. Archived from the original on 11 June 2022. Retrieved 11 June 2022.
    25. ↑ Pai Mulitalo Ale (3 March 2016). "Tautua Samoa praised for minimum wage hike plan". Samoa Observer. Archived from the original on 11 June 2022. Retrieved 11 June 2022.
    26. ↑ Diedre Fanene (18 February 2016). "Medicare offers free prescription". Samoa Observer. Archived from the original on 11 June 2022. Retrieved 11 June 2022.
    27. 1 2 Mata'afa Keni Lesa (10 January 2016). "Millions being wasted - Palu". Samoa Observer. Archived from the original on 11 June 2022. Retrieved 11 June 2022.
    28. ↑ Lanuola Tusani Tupufia (25 February 2016). "Tautua to remove monotaga". Samoa Observer. Archived from the original on 11 June 2022. Retrieved 11 June 2022.
    29. ↑ Haley, Nicole; Ng Shiu, Roannie; Baker, Kerryn; Zubrinich, Kerry; Carter, Salā George (August 2017). 2016 Samoa General Election (Report). Australian National University. p. 45.
    30. ↑ "Voting underway in Samoa's general election". RNZ. 4 March 2016. Archived from the original on 20 November 2022. Retrieved 5 March 2016.
    31. ↑ Haley, Nicole; Ng Shiu, Roannie; Baker, Kerryn; Zubrinich, Kerry; Carter, Salā George (August 2017). 2016 Samoa General Election (PDF) (Report). Australian National University. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 April 2019. Retrieved 12 November 2022.
    32. ↑ Haley, Nicole; Ng Shiu, Roannie; Baker, Kerryn; Zubrinich, Kerry; Carter, Salā George (August 2017). 2016 Samoa General Election (Report). Australian National University. p. 43.
    33. ↑ "Samoa now 'one party state', Tuilaepa crushes Tautua opposition". Asia Pacific Report. 5 March 2016. Archived from the original on 6 March 2016. Retrieved 5 March 2016.
    34. 1 2 3 "Legislative Assembly (Fono)". IPU. Archived from the original on 1 September 2022. Retrieved 11 November 2022.
    35. ↑ "Samoa's ruling HRPP retains 4 seats ahead of the poll". RNZ. 25 February 2016. Archived from the original on 17 September 2022. Retrieved 19 September 2022.
    36. 1 2 3 "Samoan ruling party set for landslide victory in general elections". ABC Online. 5 March 2016. Archived from the original on 6 March 2016. Retrieved 5 March 2016.
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    38. ↑ Lesa, Mata'afa Keni (5 March 2016). "Congratulations to all the winners". Samoa Observer. Archived from the original on 29 August 2016. Retrieved 5 March 2016.
    39. ↑ "Fa'aulusau Rosa Duffy-Stowers secures 5th Parliamentary seat for women". Talamua On-line News. 11 March 2016. Archived from the original on 22 March 2016. Retrieved 16 March 2016.
    40. ↑ "Parliamentary Elections of 4 March 2016". Psephos. Archived from the original on 25 January 2022. Retrieved 11 November 2022.
    41. ↑ Tupufia, Lanuola Tusani (6 March 2016). "Count me in, Olo stands up for Tautua". Samoa Observer. Archived from the original on 9 August 2017. Retrieved 5 March 2016.
    42. ↑ "Samoa PM still excited by challenge of leading country". RNZ. 7 March 2016. Archived from the original on 19 June 2022. Retrieved 19 June 2022.
    43. ↑ Lanuola Tusani Tupufia (6 March 2016). "Dictatorship claim rejected". Samoa Observer. Archived from the original on 19 June 2022. Retrieved 19 June 2022.
    44. ↑ Ilia L. Likou (7 March 2016). "Political success marked by ava ceremony". Samoa Observer. Archived from the original on 19 June 2022. Retrieved 19 June 2022.
    45. ↑ Lanuola Tusani Tupufia (6 March 2016). "Fiame topples Faumuina, elected Deputy Leader". Samoa Observer. Archived from the original on 20 May 2021. Retrieved 27 July 2022.
    46. 1 2 Pai Mulitalo Ale (9 March 2016). "Money swayed elections, Palu breaks his silence". Samoa Observer. Archived from the original on 19 June 2022. Retrieved 19 June 2022.
    47. 1 2 "Tautua Samoa party finally talks after disastrous poll results". RNZ. 9 March 2016. Archived from the original on 16 November 2021. Retrieved 16 November 2021.
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    49. ↑ "Samoa Tautua and HRPP MPs to play role of opposition". RNZ. 19 March 2016. Archived from the original on 10 March 2022. Retrieved 16 November 2021.
    50. ↑ Lanuola Tusani Tupufia (17 March 2016). "Tautua leadership undecided". Samoa Observer. Archived from the original on 8 June 2022. Retrieved 12 December 2022.
    51. ↑ "Former Samoa deputy PM left out of cabinet". RNZ. 18 March 2021. Archived from the original on 16 November 2021. Retrieved 16 November 2021.
    52. ↑ "THE 12 DISCIPLES". Samoa Observer. 19 March 2016. Archived from the original on 16 November 2021. Retrieved 16 November 2021.
    53. ↑ "Sixteenth Parliament sworn-in, New Cabinet Announced". www.samoagovt.ws. 18 March 2016. Archived from the original on 26 January 2022. Retrieved 16 November 2021.
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