Swandip literature consists of folk songs, operas, poems, scriptures, letters, contracts, and court documents written over one thousand years in the Sawndip language. The Zhuang people produced this literature.[1] The works include both indigenous works and translations from Chinese, fact, fiction, religious, and secular materials. It gives insight into the life of the Zhuang and the people they have had contact with over two millennia. Only a small percentage has been published.

Characteristics

Sawndip literature is traditionally written in verse. Folk songs, or stories, are evolved over time. For example, Fwen Ciengzyeingz, meaning "Song to tell others", gives a philosophy of life, and of which Liáng Tíngwàng (梁庭望) observed (from the proper pronouns used), the song's origin was in the Sui-Tang Dynasties and with its final form was set almost a thousand years later in the latter part of the Ming Dynasty.[2]

The two main verse types are either 5 or 7 characters per line, and commonly 4 lines to a stanza. In some texts lines are resung several times in set combinations, although the lines are only written once. Waist rhyming is common. Older manuscripts for antiphonal songs only record the male lyrics, whereas modern versions may include both male and female lyrics.

Notable works

The Orphan Girl and the Rich Girl (Cinderella)

One fairy tale that has attracted much attention is "The orphan girl and the rich girl", an early version of Cinderella (Zhuang "Dahgyax Dahbengz" Dah - indicates female, gyax means orphan and bengz means rich) found in Zhuang opera scripts. Ye Xian, a 9th century Chinese translation of the Zhuang story was written in the Miscellaneous Morsels from Youyang[3] and the modern Sawndip versions are quite similar. Analysis suggests these versions took shape no later than the 10th century.[4]

Song about Tang Emperors

"Song about Tang Emperors" ("𠯘唐皇" Fwen Dangzvuengz), is about 5,000 lines long, and mainly about Li Dan the fifth and ninth emperor of Tang Dynasty born in 662. The content is similar to sections of the 18th century Chinese historical novel 《薛刚反唐》, hence it may be an adaptation. Some manuscript evidence suggests it was already in circulation in the 17th century.[5][6]

The house-building song

"The house-building song" has been sung for over a thousand years.[7] It has two parts. The first describes the construction of a traditional stilt house and the second part the customs to ward evil away from the new home.[8]

The Origin of the Bronze Drum

"The Origin of the Bronze Drum" tells of the origin of bronze drums that are like "stars" (such drums have a star in the middle of them), that they are as many as the stars of the sky and like stars can ward off evil spirits.[9]

References

  1. ↑ Liang, Tingwang (2007). 壮文论集 Anthology of Written Zhuang by 梁庭望. 中央民族大学出版社 Central Minorities University Press. pp. 153–158. ISBN 9787811084368.
  2. ↑ Liáng, Tíngwàng 梁庭望 (2005). 壮族伦理道德长诗传扬歌译注. pp. 5–81. 广西民族出版社
  3. ↑ 广西民间故事(二). pp. 7–8.
  4. ↑ 周作秋. 壮族文学发展史 （上册）. p. 416.
  5. ↑ 广西大百科全书 Encyclopedia of Guangxi. Vol. 5. p. 445. ISBN 9787500079729.
  6. ↑ 朱恒夫. 清代戏曲抄本叙录 A Catalogue of Qing Dynasty Opera Manuscripts.
  7. ↑ Liao Songs of Pingguo Zhuang Songs of March page 60 ISBN 978-7-5495-1097-9
  8. ↑ Liao Songs of Pingguo Zhuang Songs of March pages 56 ISBN 978-7-5495-1097-9
  9. ↑ 广西民间故事(二) pages 129-133
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