Scoliopus
Fetid adder's tongue
Scoliopus bigelovii
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Monocots
Order: Liliales
Family: Liliaceae
Subfamily: Streptopoideae
Genus: Scoliopus
Torr.
Species

Scoliopus bigelovii
Scoliopus hallii

Scoliopus, or fetid adderstongue,[1] is a genus of plant within the family Liliaceae consisting of two species, Scoliopus bigelovii and S. hallii. Both are found in deep shaded forests, primarily in the coastal counties of the western United States from central California to northern Oregon. The name "Scoliopus" derives from the Greek words skolios and pous, meaning curved foot, a reference to the shape of the pedicel.[2] Taxonomists believe that Scoliopus is closely related to Calochortus, Prosartes, Streptopus and Tricyrtis, which all have creeping rhizomes as well as styles that divide at the tip.[3]

Description

Scoliopus has two mottled leaves at its base and a long pedicel that, over time, bends and twists so that the fruit touches the ground. The flowers, which bloom in the late winter and early spring, are pale green or yellow when fresh, lined with narrow purple or dark brown veins, with wide, spreading sepals and narrower petals, three stamens, and a three-angled ovary.[4] The flower's nectaries induce insects to enter and crawl around, with pollen generally deposited on the insect's back.[5] Fungus gnats (Sciaridae and Mycetophilidae) are the principle pollinators of Scoliopus bigelovii.[6]

Botanist John Thomas Howell described S. bigelovii as thrusting "ill-scented flowers" from two tightly rolled leaves as soon as they sprout. By the time the leaves develop, "the first fruits are already well formed at the ends of elongate sprawling twisting pedicels."[7]

Species

Two characteristics separating the species are the shade of the flower and the regions where they grow. S. bigelovii flowers are greenish; S. hallii flowers are grayish-yellow. S. bigelovii grows in California from San Luis Obispo County to Humboldt County. S. hallii grows in Oregon, often along streams, on the western slopes of the Cascades and in the state's coastal mountains, ranging from near Oregon's southern border to Tillamook County.[4][8][9][10]

References

  1. ↑ USDA, NRCS (n.d.). "Scoliopus". The PLANTS Database (plants.usda.gov). Greensboro, North Carolina: National Plant Data Team. Retrieved 8 November 2015.
  2. ↑ Quattrocchi, Umberto (2000). CRC World Dictionary of Plant Names. CRC Press.
  3. ↑ Walter, S.; Judd; et al. (2008). Plant Systematics: a Phylogenetic Approach. Sinauer Associates.
  4. 1 2 Hickman, James C., ed. (1993). The Jepson Manual. University of California Press. p. 1203.
  5. ↑ Kubitzki, K., ed. (1998). The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants, Vol. 3. Springer.
  6. ↑ Michael Mesler, James D. Ackerman, Karen L. Lu. 1980. The Effectiveness of Fungus Gnats as Pollinators. American Journal of Botany, 67(4): 564-567.
  7. ↑ Howell, John Thomas; Frank Almeda; Wilma Follette; Catherine Best (2007). Marin Flora. California Academy of Sciences; California Native Plant Society. p. 184.
  8. ↑ Munz, Philip A.; David D. Keck (1959). A California Flora. University of California Press. pp. 1355.
  9. ↑ Hitchcock, C. Leo; Arthur Cronquist (1976) [1973]. Flora of the Pacific Northwest. University of Washington Press. p. 693.
  10. ↑ "Calflora taxon report: Scoliopus bigelovii". Retrieved 2008-08-02.
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