Second Central American Civil War

Sketch of the Battle of El Espíritu Santo between Honduras and Nicaragua against El Salvador
Date1838–1840
Location
Central America
Result Separatist victory
Combatants

Unionists

Separatists

Commanders and leaders
Francisco Morazán
José Trinidad Cabañas
Indalecio Cordero		 Rafael Carrera
Francisco Ferrera
Bernardo Méndez

The Second Central American Civil War or the Second Central American Federal War was a military conflict in Central America between 1838 and 1840.

Background

General Carrera portrait celebrating the foundation of the Republic of Guatemala in 1847

Separation of Costa-Rica from the Federal Pact

A military coup brought to the Headquarters of Costa Rica, in May 1838, Mr. Braulio Carrillo, a character judged by some to be a good Head of State and by others to be a tyrant In reality, Carrillo maintained order in his country; but he established himself as the arbiter of the destinies of that town. The laws that he enacted tended to consolidate him, he suppressed freedom and persecuted anyone who hindered him. On June 25, 1838, an extraordinary Assembly declared him Supreme Head of the State.

Carrillo began by ordering deputies and senators to leave their positions in the Federal Congress and Senate, and had the State Assembly declare, on November 14 of the same year, Costa Rica in the fullness of its sovereignty. Costa Rica has since formed an independent nation.

Dissolution of the Federal Authorities

On May 18, 1838, the Federal Congress, meeting in San Salvador, authorized the States to organize themselves regardless of national laws, while the Fundamental Charter of the Republic was reformed, and as such, the Head of Honduras, Justo Herrera, who had been in command since 1837, called a Constituent Assembly, who declared, on October 12, 1838, the sovereignty and independence of the country.

In such circumstances, separated from the Federal Pact, Nicaragua first, Honduras later and Costa Rica last, it was not possible to hold elections for the renewal of the authorities of the Republic, whose constitutional period was about to end, so, when the February 2, 1839, without deputies to Congress, Magistrates to the Supreme Court and Chief of the Executive having been elected, the Republic remained headless and the Federal Pact was effectively dissolved.

Separation of Guatemala

The Assembly of Guatemala, meeting in January 1839, declared General Carlos Salazar Head of State, and Rivera Paz returned to the Government Council.

The conservative party, which openly conspired to throw Salazar out of power, received with pleasure the news that the Commander of Mita, Rafael Carrera, had revolted again in Mataquescuintla, against the constituted Government, (March 24) and that he was marching quickly over the city of Guatemala, which he managed to occupy after a short resistance, on the following April 13. Carrera placed Rivera Paz in leadership, and Salazar took the path of exile.

One of Rivera Paz's first acts was to declare that the State of Guatemala resumed its independence (Decree of April 17) forming the country into the departments of Guatemala, Sacatepéquez, Verapaz and Chiquimula, a decree that earned the approval of the Assembly. on the following June 14.

Conflict

Morazán in El Salvador was fighting on two fronts: against Guatemala and against Honduras. He invaded and occupied Guatemala again in 1838, but without being able to hold it, and thus, always victorious on the battlefield, he was unable to face the strength of his enemies leave a permanent work, nor avoid chaos.[1]

Not achieving his victorious day of 1838 nothing other than accentuate the differences between Guatemalans and Salvadorans.

While on the part of Honduras, General Francisco Ferrera, who became chief of the army of his country, invaded El Salvador with a contingent of 1,500 Hondurans and Nicaraguans, who were easily defeated by the Morazan troops, inferior in number, on April 5, 1839, in El Espíritu Santo, colonel dying in action Colombian Benítez, one of Morazán's most loyal collaborators.[2]

Ferrera requested new reinforcements from Nicaragua and organized "the peacekeeping army of Central America », with which he invaded El Salvador again, reaching Cojutepeque, but was defeated in San Pedro Perulapán by the federal army, under the command of Morazán, on September 25, 1839.[3]

The triumph of San Pedro was the last hope of the federals. Jose Trinidad Cabañas , second of Morazán and future president of Honduras, invaded his country and occupied Comayagua and Tegucigalpa , forcing the separatist authorities to withdraw to Olancho , but on January 31, 1840, he was defeated in the Llano del Potrero[4] and two months later the same Morazán was decisively defeated in Guatemala, which he invaded for the last time in a vain attempt to revive the dying Federation.[5]

The defeat of Morazán in Guatemala and that of Cabañas in Honduras marked the end of the Central American unity.

Consequences

Guatemala or United States of Central America
Federal Republic of Central America; with the exception of the Kingdom of Mosquitia, which was a British Protectorate until 1860.

Morazán returned to San Salvador, and although welcomed with respect, he was defeated and he considered it preferable to choose the path of ostracism, marching with a group of his supporters to settle in David, which was then part of the Republic of Colombia.

On February 1, 1841, El Salvador also declared itself separated from the federal pact, which was already a fact since the armistice of Saint Vincent with Honduras, on June 5, 1839, had established in its article 8.9 that "The Contracting States, they mutually guarantee their independence, sovereignty and freedom."

The dissolution of the Federation offered a unique opportunity for the ambitions of foreign powers to expand their domains at the expense of the dissolved nationality reduced to five divided and weak States.

On April 20, 1839, The United Kingdom occupied the island of Roatán, on the coast of Honduras, and Mexico occupied Soconusco, on the border with Guatemala, in 1842.

The greatest danger came from Great Britain, which saw the opportunity to recover the territory lost in the first national war sixty years before.

In a last attempt to reunite Central America, Francisco Morazán, invaded Costa Rica and was president of that nation until a rebellion broke out and he was executed

References

  1. ↑ C, José Antonio Villacorta Calderón Villacorta (1916). Curso de historia de la América Central para uso de los institutos y escuelas normales (in Spanish). Arenales hijos.
  2. ↑ Castellanos, Pedro Zamora (1925). Vida militar de Centro America (in Spanish). Tipografia nacional.
  3. ↑ Honduras, Sociedad de Geografía e Historia de (1909). Revista (in Spanish). Sociedad de Geografía e Historia de Honduras.
  4. ↑ Vera, Robustiano (1899). Apuntes para la historia de Honduras (in Spanish). Imp. de "El Correo,".
  5. ↑ "Historia de Guatemala: Segunda invasión de Morazán fracasa el 19 de marzo de 1840" (in Spanish). April 13, 2021. Retrieved November 16, 2023.
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