Copernicus programme
Program overview
Country European Union
OrganizationEuropean Commission
PurposeEarth monitoring
StatusOngoing
Programme history
Cost€5,421 billion (2021-2027)

Copernicus is the Earth observation component of the European Union Space Programme, managed by the European Commission and implemented in partnership with the EU Member States, the European Space Agency (ESA), the European Organisation for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites (EUMETSAT), the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF), the Joint Research Centre (JRC), the European Environment Agency (EEA), the European Maritime Safety Agency (EMSA), Frontex, SatCen and Mercator Océan.[1]

The programme aims at achieving a global, continuous, autonomous, high quality, wide range Earth observation capacity. Providing accurate, timely and easily accessible information to, among other things, improve the management of the environment, understand and mitigate the effects of climate change, and ensure civil security.

Since 2021, Copernicus is a component of the EU Space Programme, which aims to bolster the EU Space policy in the fields of Earth Observation, Satellite Navigation, Connectivity, Space Research and Innovation and supports investments in critical infrastructure and disruptive technologies.

Program definition

The objective for Copernicus is to use vast amount of global data from satellites and from ground-based, airborne and seaborne measurement systems to produce timely and quality information, services and knowledge, and to provide autonomous and independent access to information in the domains of environment and security on a global level in order to help service providers, public authorities and other international organizations improve the quality of life for the citizens of Europe. In other words, it pulls together all the information obtained by the Copernicus environmental satellites, air and ground stations and sensors to provide a comprehensive picture of the "health" of Earth.[2]

One of the benefits of the Copernicus programme is that the data and information produced in the framework of Copernicus are made available free-of-charge [3] to all its users and the public, thus allowing downstream services to be developed.

The services offered by Copernicus cover six main interacting themes: atmosphere, marine, land, climate, emergency and security.[4]

Copernicus builds upon three components:

  • The space component (observation satellites and associated ground segment with missions observing land, atmospheric and oceanographic parameters). This comprises two types of satellite missions, ESA's five families of dedicated Sentinel (space missions) and missions from other space agencies, called Contributing Missions;[5]
  • In-situ measurements (ground-based and airborne data-gathering networks providing information on oceans, continental surface and atmosphere);
  • Services developed and managed by Copernicus and offered to its users and public in general.

It was named after the scientist and observer Nicolaus Copernicus. Copernicus' theory of the heliocentric universe made a pioneering contribution to modern science.[6]

Its costs during 1998 to 2020 are estimated at €6.7 billion with around €4.3 billion spent in the period 2014 to 2020 and shared between the EU (67%) and ESA (33%) with benefits of the data to the EU economy estimated at €30 billion through 2030.[7] ESA as a main partner has performed much of the design and oversees and co-funds the development of Sentinel missions 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 with each Sentinel mission consisting of at least 2 satellites and some, such as Sentinel 1, consisting of 4 satellites.[8] They will also provide the instruments for Meteosat Third Generation and MetOp-SG weather satellites of EUMETSAT where ESA and EUMETSAT will also coordinate the delivery of data from upwards of 30 satellites that form the contributing satellite missions to Copernicus.[9]

Italy and the Mediterranean, image captured by Copernicus Sentinel-3A on 28 September 2016.

History

The Copernicus programme was established by the Regulation (EU) No 377/2014 [3] in 2014, building on the previous EU's Earth monitoring initiative GMES (established by Regulation (EU) No 911/2010 [10]).

Over a few decades, European and national institutions have made substantial R&D efforts in the field of Earth observation. These efforts have resulted in tremendous achievements but the services and products developed during this period had limitations that were inherent to R&D activities (e.g. lack of service continuity on the long-term). The idea for a global and continuous European Earth observation system was developed under the name of Global Monitoring for Environment and Security (GMES) which was later re-branded into Copernicus after the EU became directly involved in financing and development. It follows and greatly expands on the work of the previous €2.3 billion European Envisat programme which operated from 2002 to 2012.[11]

Copernicus moved from R&D to operational services following a phased approach. Pre-operational services (Fast Track Services and Pilot Services) were phased in between 2008 and 2010. Copernicus initial operations began in 2011. Copernicus became fully operational in 2014.[12]

Chronology

  • 19 May 1998: institutions involved in the development of space activities in Europe give birth to GMES through a declaration known as "The Baveno Manifesto". At that time, GMES stands for "Global Monitoring for Environmental Security".
  • Year 1999: the name is changed to "Global Monitoring for Environment and Security" (GMES), thus illustrating that the management of the environment also has security implications.
  • 2001: at the occasion of the Gothenburg Summit, the Heads of State and Government request that "the Community contribute to establishing by 2008 a European capacity for Global Monitoring for Environment and Security".
  • October 2002: the nature and scope of the "Security" component of GMES are defined as addressing prevention of and response to crises related to natural and technological risk, humanitarian aid and international cooperation, monitoring of compliance with international treaties for conflict prevention, humanitarian and rescue tasks, peacekeeping tasks and surveillance of EU borders.
  • February 2004: the Commission Communication "GMES: Establishing a GMES capacity by 2008" introduces an Action Plan aimed at establishing a working GMES capacity by 2008. In 2004, a Framework Agreement is also signed between EC and ESA, thus providing the basis for a space component of GMES.
  • May 2005: the Commission Communication "GMES: From Concept to Reality" establishes priorities for the roll-out of GMES services in 2008, the initial focus being on land monitoring, marine monitoring and emergency response services, also known as Fast Track Services (FTS). Later services, also known as Pilot Services, are expected to address atmosphere monitoring, security and climate change.
  • June 2006: the EC establishes the GMES Bureau, with the primary objective of ensuring the delivery of the priority services by 2008. Other objectives of the GMES Bureau are to address the issues of the GMES governance structure and the long-term financial sustainability of the system.
  • May 2007: adoption of the European Space Policy Communication, recognising GMES as a major flagship of the Space Policy.
  • September 2008: official launch of the three FTS services and two Pilot services in their pre-operational version at the occasion of the GMES Forum held in Lille, France.
  • November 2008: the Commission Communication "GMES: We care for a Safer Planet" establishes a basis for further discussions on the financing, operational infrastructure and effective management of GMES.
  • May 2009: the Commission Proposal for a Regulation on "the European Earth Observation Programme (GMES) and its initial operations (2011-2013)" proposes a legal basis for the GMES programme and EC funding of its initial operations.
  • November 2010: the regulation on "the European Earth Observation Programme (GMES) and its initial operations (2011-2013)" entered into force.
  • June 2011: the Commission presents its proposal for the next multiannual financial framework (MFF) corresponding to the period 2014-2020 (Communication "A Budget for Europe 2020"). In this document, the Commission proposes to foresee the funding of the GMES programme outside the multiannual financial framework after 2014.
  • November 2011: The Commission Communication on the "European Earth monitoring programme (GMES) and its operations (from 2014 onwards)" presents the commission's proposals for the future funding, governance and operations of the GMES programme for the period 2014–2020. In particular, the Commission proposes to opt for the creation of a specific GMES fund, similar to the model chosen for the European Development Fund, with financial contributions from all Member States, based on their gross national income (GNI).
  • April 2012: The Emergency Management Service – Mapping ("EMS-Mapping") is declared the first fully operational service within the GMES Initial Operations.[13]
  • December 2012: the Commission announces the name change to Copernicus.
  • October 2014: ESA and European Commission have established a budget for Copernicus Programme covering years 2014-2020 within Multiannual Financial Framework. Budget provided a total of €4.3 billion, including €3.15 billion for ESA to cover operations of the satellite network and construction of the remaining satellites.[14][15]
  • November 2020: launch of Sentinel-6 Michael Freilich to enable the provision of high-precision and timely observations of the topography of the global ocean
  • January 2021: the regulation (EU) 2021/696 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 28 April 2021 establishing the Union Space Programme entered into force establishing a budget of €5,421 billion under the Multiannual Financial Framework (MFF) corresponding to the period 2021-2027.

Earth Observation missions

Sentinel missions

ESA is currently developing seven missions under the Sentinel programme (Sentinel 1, 2, 3, 4, 5P, 5, 6). The Sentinel missions include radar and super-spectral imaging for land, ocean and atmospheric monitoring. Each Sentinel mission is based on a constellation of two satellites to fulfill and revisit the coverage requirements for each mission, providing robust datasets for all Copernicus services.

The Sentinel missions will have the following objectives:

In preparation for the second-generation of Copernicus (Copernicus 2.0), six High Priority Candidate "expansion" missions are currently being studied by ESA to address EU Policy and gaps in Copernicus user needs, and to increase the current capabilities of the Copernicus Space Component:

  • Sentinel-7: Anthropogenic CO2 emissions monitoring (CO2M)[32]
  • Sentinel-8: High Spatio-temporal resolution Land Surface Temperature (LSTM) [33]
  • Sentinel-9: Copernicus Polar Ice and Snow Topography Altimeter (CRISTAL) [32]
  • Sentinel-10: Copernicus Hyperspectral Imaging Mission for the Environment (CHIME) [32]
  • Sentinel-11: Copernicus Imaging Microwave Radiometer (CIMR) [32]
  • Sentinel-12: Radar Observing System for Europe - L-band SAR (ROSE-L), scheduled for launch no earlier than 2028 [32][34]

Contributing missions

Before the Sentinel missions provide data to Copernicus, numerous existing or planned space missions provide or will provide data useful to the provision of Copernicus services. These missions are often referred to as "GMES Contributing Missions (GCMs)":

  • ERS: the European Remote Sensing Satellite ERS-1 (1991–2000) was ESA's first Earth observation satellite. ERS-2 (1995–2011) provided data related to ocean surface temperature, winds at sea and atmospheric ozone.
  • Envisat (2002-2012): launched in 2002, ESA's Envisat was the largest civilian Earth Observation spacecraft ever built. It carried sophisticated optical and radar instruments among which the Advanced Synthetic Aperture Radar (ASAR) and the Medium Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MERIS). Envisat provided continuous observation and monitoring of the Earth's land, atmosphere, oceans and ice caps. After losing contact with the satellite on 8 April 2012, ESA formally announced the end of Envisat's mission on 9 May 2012.[35]
  • Earth Explorers: ESA's Earth Explorers are smaller research missions dedicated to specific aspects of our Earth environment. Earth Explorer missions focus on research of the atmosphere, biosphere, hydrosphere, cryosphere and the Earth's interior with the overall emphasis on learning more about the interactions between these components and the impact that human activity is having on natural Earth processes. The following two of the nine missions selected for implementation currently (as of 2020) contribute to Copernicus:
    • SMOS (Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity), launched on 2 November 2009.
    • CryoSat-2 (the measurement of the thickness of floating ice), launched on 8 April 2010.
  • MSG: the Meteosat Second Generation is a joint project between ESA and EUMETSAT.
  • MetOp: MetOp is Europe's first polar-orbiting satellite dedicated to operational meteorology. MetOp is a series of three satellites launched sequentially over 12 years from October 2006 to November 2018. The series provides data for both operational meteorology and climate studies.
  • French SPOT: SPOT (Satellite Pour l'Observation de la Terre) consists of a series of earth observation satellites providing high-resolution images of the Earth. SPOT-4 and SPOT-5 include sensors called VEGETATION able to monitor continental ecosystems.
  • German TerraSAR-X: TerraSAR-X is an Earth observation satellite providing high quality topographic information. TerraSAR-X data has a wide range of applications (e.g. land use / land cover mapping, topographic mapping, forest monitoring, emergency response monitoring, and environmental monitoring).
  • Italian COSMO-SkyMed: the COnstellation of small Satellites for the Mediterranean basin Observation is an Earth observation satellite system that consists of (in the 1st generation) four satellites equipped with Synthetic-aperture radar (SAR) sensors. Applications include seismic hazard analysis, environmental disaster monitoring and agricultural mapping. As of 2020, a second-generation of COSMO-SkyMed satellites (called Cosmo-Skymed 2nd generation) is under development.
  • UK and international DMC: the Disaster Monitoring Constellation (DMC) is a constellation of remote-sensing satellites. There have been eight satellites in the DMC-program; 3 are currently (as of 2020) active. The constellation provides emergency Earth imaging for disaster relief under the International Charter for Space and Major Disasters.
  • French-American OSTM/Jason-2 (2008-2019): the OSTM/JASON-2 satellite provided precise measurements of ocean surface topography, surface wind speed, and wave height; as this type of measurement is a crucial requirement for the Copernicus Marine Services, the European Commission has included this type of mission in its latest communication on the future Copernicus Space Component as Sentinel-6.
  • French Pléiades: the Pléiades constellation consists of two satellites providing very high-resolution images of the Earth.
  • Planet Labs, a commercial satellite imagery provider whose goal is to image the entirety of the planet daily to monitor changes and pinpoint trends.
  • OroraTech, a Germany-based commercial earth observation provider focussed on wildfire situational awareness, is delivering its FOREST-2 thermal-infrared data (MWIR, 2x LWIR).[36]


Data provided by non-European satellite missions (e.g. Landsat, GOSAT, Radarsat-2) can also be used by Copernicus.

In-Situ Coordination

GMES In-Situ Coordination (GISC) was a FP7 funded initiative, lasted for three years (January 2010 – December 2012) and was coordinated by the European Environment Agency (EEA).

In situ data are all data from sources other than Earth observation satellites. Consequently, all ground-based, air-borne, and ship/buoy-based observations and measurements that are needed to implement and operate the Copernicus services are part of the in-situ component. In-situ data are indispensable; they are assimilated into forecasting models, provide calibration and validation of space-based information, and contribute to analysis or filling gaps not available from space sources.

GISC was undertaken with reference to other initiatives, such as INSPIRE (Infrastructure for Spatial Information in the European Community) and SEIS (Shared Environmental Information System) as well as existing coordination and data exchange networks. The coordinated access to data retains the capacity to link directly data providers and the service providers because it is based on the principles of SEIS and INSPIRE. The implementation of INSPIRE is embedded in the synergies and meta-data standards that were used in GISC. Data and information aims to be managed as close as possible to its source in order to achieve a distributed system, by involving countries and existing capacities that maintain and operate the required observation infrastructure.

Services component

Copernicus services are dedicated to the monitoring and forecasting of the Earth's subsystems. They contribute directly to the monitoring of climate change. Copernicus services also address emergency management (e.g. in case of natural disaster, technological accidents or humanitarian crises) and security-related issues (e.g. maritime surveillance, border control).

Copernicus services address six main thematic areas:

The development of the pre-operational version of the services has been realised by a series of projects launched by the European Commission and partly funded through the EU's 7th Framework Programme (FP7). These projects were geoland2 (land), MyOcean (marine), SAFER (emergency response), MACC and its successor MACC II (atmosphere) and G-MOSAIC (security). Most of these projects also contributed to the monitoring of Climate Change.

  • geoland2 started on 1 September 2008. The project covered a wide range of domains such as land use, land cover change, soil sealing, water quality and availability, spatial planning, forest management, carbon storage and global food security.
  • MyOcean started on 1 January 2009. It covered themes such as maritime security, oil spill prevention, marine resource management, climate change, seasonal forecast, coastal activities, ice survey and water pollution.
  • SAFER started on 1 January 2009. The project addressed three main domains: civil protection, humanitarian aid and Security crises management.
  • MACC started on 1 June 2009. The project continued and refined the products developed in the projects GEMS and PROMOTE. A second phase (MACC II) lasted until July 2014 allowing the now operational Copernicus atmospheric monitoring service (CAMS, see above).
  • GMOSAIC started on 1 January 2009. Together with the LIMES project Wayback Machine (co-funded by the European Commission under FP6), GMOSAIC specifically dealt with the Security domain of Copernicus addressing topics such as Support to Intelligence and Early Warning and Support to Crisis Management Operations.

Copernicus Service Limitations

Severe flooding in Emilia-Romagna, Italy in May 2023 posed significant challenges for the use of the European Union's Copernicus program in providing timely and effective disaster relief. While Copernicus aims to provide geospatial data to support disaster management, several factors limited its effectiveness during this flooding event:

  • The Copernicus Sentinel-1B satellite, which can provide synthetic aperture radar imagery for flood mapping, suffered an onboard instrument fault just days before the flooding began, leaving only Sentinel-1A operational. This reduced revisit frequency over the affected area to every 3-4 days, meaning significant flood movement could occur before new imagery was acquired.
  • Other optical and radar satellites in the Copernicus constellation have longer revisit intervals of up to 5 days, not providing imagery quickly enough for an evolving flood situation. With only 1-2 satellites per family, constellation coverage and responsiveness was limited.
  • While the 10 meter resolution imagery from Sentinel-2 was useful for broader flood mapping, higher resolution commercial satellite data had to be purchased for more detailed damage assessment. Copernicus did not have adequate high-resolution optical assets.
  • Data processing and analysis was still a bottleneck, as the Italian authorities struggled to rapidly translate raw satellite data into usable flood maps, at times relying on non-governmental initiatives like the International Charter 'Space and Major Disasters' to provide map products.[37]

With damage in the billions of euros, the failures and gaps highlighted in Copernicus during this major flood event raise concerns about its capacity to cost-effectively support disaster response across Europe. While satellite technology has progressed enormously, challenges around operating limited satellite constellations, data timeliness, and translating data into usable information remain. Ultimately, lives and property were lost that may have been spared with a more responsive emergency observation system.

Interaction

"The information provided by the Copernicus services can be used by end-users for a wide range of applications in a variety of areas. These include urban area management, sustainable development and nature protection, regional and local planning, agriculture, forestry and fisheries, health, civil protection, infrastructure, transport and mobility, as well as tourism".[4]

Copernicus is the European Union's contribution to the Global Earth Observation System of Systems (GEOSS) thus delivering geospatial information globally.

Some Copernicus services make use of OpenStreetMap data in their maps production.[38]

Other relevant initiatives

Other initiatives will also facilitate the development and functioning of Copernicus services:

  • INSPIRE: this initiative aims at building a European spatial data infrastructure beyond national boundaries.
  • Urban Atlas: Compiled from thousands of satellite photographs, the Urban Atlas provides detailed and cost-effective digital mapping, ensuring that city planners have the most up-to-date and accurate data available on land use and land cover. The Urban Atlas will enable urban planners to better assess risks and opportunities, ranging from the threat of flooding and the impact of climate change, to identifying new infrastructure and public transport needs. All cities in the EU will be covered by the Urban Atlas by 2011.
  • SEIS: The Shared Environmental Information System (SEIS) is a collaborative initiative of the European Commission and the European Environment Agency (EEA) to establish together with the Member States an integrated and shared EU-wide environmental information system.
  • Heterogeneous Missions Accessibility, the European Space Agency initiative for interoperability of Earth observation satellite payload data ground segments.

Copernicus is one of three related initiatives that are the subject of the GIGAS (GEOSS, INSPIRE and GMES an Action in Support) harmonization and analysis project [39] under the auspices of the EU 7th Framework Programme.[40]

Third country participation

In addition to the 27 Member States of the European Union, the Copernicus programme allows for the participation at various scope for third country participation. This participation is conducted through agreements with the European Union. One has to distinguish those countries that contribute to the budget and those that agree on exchanging data with the program. Many international partner countries get special access to Sentinel data in exchange for sharing in-situ data from their country. These states are:

2014–2020 budget contributing countries

Data exchange

Discussions ongoing with: Argentina, Thailand, Indonesia, Vietnam, China (part of Space Dialogue)

2021–2027 budget contributing countries

Enlargement

See also

References

  1. ↑ "About Copernicus | Copernicus". www.copernicus.eu. Retrieved 20 January 2023.
  2. ↑ "What is Copernicus?". Copernicus.eu. Archived from the original on 3 November 2018. Retrieved 11 October 2018.
  3. 1 2 "Regulation (EU) No 377/2014 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 3 April 2014 establishing the Copernicus programme and repealing Regulation (EU) No 911/2010". European Union. 3 April 2014. Retrieved 11 October 2018.
  4. 1 2 "Copernicus In Brief". Copernicus.eu. Archived from the original on 15 August 2018. Retrieved 11 October 2018.
  5. ↑ "ESA, Copernicus, Overview". ESA. 28 October 2014. Retrieved 26 April 2016.
  6. ↑ "About Copernicus | Copernicus". www.copernicus.eu. Retrieved 13 January 2021.
  7. ↑ "ESA, Earth observation: first Copernicus satellite Sentinel 1A". European Commission. 3 April 2014. Retrieved 26 April 2016.
  8. ↑ "Earth-Observation Satellite and Einstein-Challenging Physics Experiment Launch Into Space". Space.com. 26 April 2016. Retrieved 26 April 2016.
  9. ↑ "Earth Observation Satellites". Copernicus.eu. 3 April 2014. Retrieved 26 April 2016.
  10. ↑ "Regulation (EU) No 911/2010 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 22 September 2010 on the European Earth monitoring programme (GMES) and its initial operations (2011 to 2013)". European Union. 22 September 2010. Retrieved 11 October 2018.
  11. ↑ "European Space Agency Envisat Program". ESA. Retrieved 30 December 2022.
  12. ↑ "Industry view of the future of the Copernicus programme: key issues to address" (PDF). European Association of Remote Sensing Companies. November 2019. Retrieved 30 December 2022.
  13. ↑ "Interim Evaluation of the European Earth Monitoring Programme (GMES) and its initial Operations (2011-2013) - Final Report" (PDF). Copernicus.eu. January 2013. Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 April 2015. Retrieved 11 October 2018.
  14. ↑ "Copernicus operations secured until 2021". ESA. 28 October 2014. Retrieved 1 August 2015.
  15. ↑ "ESA, European Commission Finalize Copernicus Budget". Satellite Today. 28 October 2014. Retrieved 1 August 2015.
  16. ↑ "Copernicus: Sentinel-1". www.eoportal.org. Retrieved 28 December 2022.
  17. ↑ "Arianespace boosts Sentinel-1A Earth observation satellite into orbit" (Press release). 3 April 2014. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  18. ↑ "Copernicus: Sentinel-2". www.eoportal.org. Retrieved 28 December 2022.
  19. ↑ "Earth Observation Satellite Sentinel-2A Ready to Launch". European Space Agency. SpaceRef. 9 June 2016. Retrieved 10 June 2015.
  20. ↑ "Copernicus: Sentinel-3". www.eoportal.org. Retrieved 28 December 2022.
  21. ↑ "Sentinel-3 stacks up". ESA. 24 April 2014. Retrieved 17 August 2014.
  22. ↑ "Sentinel-3A on its way". esa.int.
  23. ↑ "Copernicus: Sentinel-4". www.eoportal.org. Retrieved 28 December 2022.
  24. ↑ "Meteosat Series – Future Satellites". EUMETSAT. 21 November 2022. Retrieved 21 November 2022.
  25. 1 2 "Copernicus". April 2014. Retrieved 5 May 2014.
  26. ↑ "Copernicus: Sentinel-5P". www.eoportal.org. Retrieved 28 December 2022.
  27. ↑ "ESA Sentinels-4, -5 and -5P". Retrieved 23 February 2015.
  28. ↑ "Copernicus: Sentinel-5". www.eoportal.org. Retrieved 28 December 2022.
  29. ↑ "Copernicus: Sentinel-6 Michael Freilich". www.eoportal.org. Retrieved 28 December 2022.
  30. ↑ Clark, Stephen (29 November 2020). "Photos: Falcon 9 launches and lands at Vandenberg Air Force Base". Spaceflight Now.
  31. ↑ Dodson, Gerelle (20 December 2022). "NASA Awards Launch Services Contract for Sentinel-6B Mission". NASA. Retrieved 20 December 2022.
  32. 1 2 3 4 5 "Thales Alenia Space proposals for the Copernicus project selected by European Space Agency" (Press release). Thales Group. 2 July 2020. Retrieved 5 July 2020.
  33. ↑ Gerhards, Max; Schlerf, Martin; Mallick, Kaniska; Udelhoven, Thomas (24 May 2019). "Challenges and Future Perspectives of Multi-/Hyperspectral Thermal Infrared Remote Sensing for Crop Water-Stress Detection: A Review". Remote Sensing. 11 (10): 1240. Bibcode:2019RemS...11.1240G. doi:10.3390/rs11101240. Retrieved 5 July 2020.
  34. ↑ "Oppdraget over for radarsatellitten Sentinel-1B" [Mission over for the Sentinel-1B radar satellite]. Norwegian Space Agency (in Norwegian). 12 August 2022. Retrieved 14 September 2022.
  35. ↑ "ESA declares end of mission for Envisat". ESA. 9 May 2012.
  36. ↑ OroraTech Signs contract to deliver data to the EU SpaceWatch Global. 20 June 2023, retrieved 25 June 2023
  37. ↑ Redazione (23 May 2023). "Le aree alluvionate della provincia ravennate viste dai satelliti. L'azienda ravennate Studiomapp rende disponibili le mappe aggiornate". RavennaNotizie.
  38. ↑ Copernicus EMS (25 August 2016). "@OpenStreetMapIt @Ale_Zena_IT Indeed, last OSM shapefile used in our maps production is from 11am today. Thank you for your precious help".
  39. ↑ GIGAS Methodology for comparative analysis of information and data management systems, OGC 10-028r1, A. Biancalana, P.G. Marchetti, P. Smits, 2010
  40. ↑ "The GIGAS Project". thegigasforum.eu. Archived from the original on 14 August 2009. Retrieved 5 August 2009.
  41. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 "Copernicus international data exchange agreements". 12 June 2018. Retrieved 12 October 2021.
  42. ↑ "UK to rejoin EU Horizon research programme". 6 September 2023. Retrieved 6 October 2023.
  • Rheticus. "10 years of GMES: A chronicle". Window on GMES. BOSS4GMES.
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