TNFRSF17
Available structures
PDBOrtholog search: PDBe RCSB
Identifiers
AliasesTNFRSF17, BCM, BCMA, CD269, TNFRSF13A, tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 17, TNF receptor superfamily member 17
External IDsOMIM: 109545 MGI: 1343050 HomoloGene: 920 GeneCards: TNFRSF17
Orthologs
SpeciesHumanMouse
Entrez

608

21935

Ensembl

ENSG00000048462

ENSMUSG00000022496

UniProt

Q02223

O88472

RefSeq (mRNA)

NM_001192

NM_011608

RefSeq (protein)

NP_001183

NP_035738

Location (UCSC)Chr 16: 11.97 – 11.97 MbChr 16: 11.13 – 11.14 Mb
PubMed search[3][4]
Wikidata
View/Edit HumanView/Edit Mouse

Serum B-cell maturation antigen (sBCMA) is the cleaved form of B-cell maturation antigen (BCMA), found at low levels in the serum of normal patients and generally elevated in patients with multiple myeloma (MM).[5] Changes in sBCMA levels have been found to correlate with a MM patient’s clinical status in response to treatment.[6][7]

Role in biology

BCMA is a member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor family, expressed on the cell surface of maturing plasma cells and is involved in supporting normal survival of long-lived plasma cells, production of antibodies, and class switching of immunoglobulins.[8][9] In MM, BCMA promotes the proliferation and survival of MM cells and is associated with the immunosuppression which is the hallmark of MM.[10] The BCMA molecule is the receptor for APRIL (a proliferation-inducing ligand) and BAFF (B-cell activating factor, also known as BLyS).[11][12] The binding of APRIL and BAFF to the membrane bound form of BCMA stimulates B-cell proliferation and antibody production.[12] The membrane bound BCMA can be cleaved by gamma secretase, resulting in sBCMA, and released into the blood.[13]

Clinical significance

Serum BCMA is found at low levels in the serum or plasma of normal patients and is generally elevated in patients with MM.  sBCMA levels have been found to correlate with the severity of myeloma disease and shown to be predictive of response to therapy.[6][7] Progression free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) in MM patients have also correlated with levels of sBCMA.  Changes in sBCMA also correlate with changes in disease status among MM patients. In addition to MM, sBCMA also appears to correlate with disease progression in monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS), smoldering myeloma (SMM) and in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL).[14][15]

As a biomarker

When BCMA is cleaved from the cell membrane of plasma cells by gamma secretase, a ubiquitous intramembranous protease enzyme, it is solubilized in the serum, where it can accumulate and bind to various targets including BAFF and APRIL. Patients with MM generally have higher levels of sBCMA.[13] Solubilized BCMA can sequester BAFF, preventing it from signaling B cells, resulting in reduced polyclonal antibody levels in patients with MM.[16] In multiple studies, sBCMA levels have been found to correlate with the severity of myeloma. Notably, sBCMA levels are predictive of response to therapy, PFS and OS. In addition, changes in sBCMA predict changes in clinical status more rapidly than conventional markers that are used to track MM patients. For this reason, the biomarker has been used in diagnostic evaluation of myeloma and other B-cell disorders.

In therapeutics

sBCMA can bind to anti-BCMA antibodies used as therapeutics in treating MM.  It has been shown that the high levels of BCMA present in the serum of MM patients can inhibit the effectiveness of BCMA-directed therapy.[17][18] For this reason, the gamma secretase enzyme has been the target of some recent drug therapies.  These drugs aim to inhibit the action of the gamma secretase enzyme, thus both increasing the density of BCMA on the MM cell while at the same time lowering the levels of sBCMA in the blood and allowing anti-BCMA antibodies to more effectively bind to the target cells.[19][20]

In diagnostics

sBCMA has been measured and evaluated using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) in numerous investigational studies of MM related B-cell diseases.[21] Although still investigational, sBCMA appears to be a novel biomarker to track MM such as M-protein and serum Free Light Chain (FLC). All three biomarkers are generally elevated on initial evaluation of MM, tend to increase as the severity of disease increases, and decrease as patients respond to therapy.[7]  

Because levels of the biomarkers appear to correlate with disease severity, they have been used in diagnostics as a way to monitor patients’ disease and evaluate response to therapy. Preliminary investigations have indicated that sBCMA, unlike M protein or FLC, is independent of the patient’s kidney function, and may offer an advantage to monitoring those patients.[7]

Additionally, sBCMA is expressed in non-secretory MM, a subset of MM in which patients do not express high enough levels of M protein or SFLC to be accurately followed using these two biomarkers.  These patientsgenerally need to undergo bone marrow biopsies frequently to evaluate their status.  The sBCMA biomarker may offer an alternative means to evaluate this subset of patients.[7]

Levels of sBCMA appear to progressively increase along the spectrum of plasma cell-related disorders.  Serum BCMA is increased in patients with active MM compared with healthy controls.[7][6] Levels of sBCMA were determined in 196 healthy subjects and showed a right-tailed distribution with a median value of 37.51 ng/mL with a standard deviation of 22.54 ng/mL (range 18.78 -180.39 ng/mL).[22] Among patients with MM, sBCMA levels correlated with the percentage of malignant cells,[6][7] giving rise to the concept that sBCMA may reflect a patient’s tumor burden.

Levels of sBCMA among patients with MM were elevated when compared with healthy controls (P<0.0001) and those with monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) (P=0.0157).[7][6] Furthermore, sBCMA levels were significantly higher among patients with smoldering multiple myeloma (SMM) and untreated active MM patients than healthy donors (P<0.0001).[7][15]

In a retrospective study of MGUS and SMM patients, the highest levels of sBCMA were observed among patients with SMM who progressed to MM, intermediate levels were seen in patients with MGUS who progressed to MM, and lowest baseline levels were found among patients with MGUS who did not progress to MM. The change in sBCMA over time was lowest in the non-progressing patients with MGUS.[15]

Sometimes, MM patients show undetectable levels of monoclonal immunoglobulin (M protein) in the serum or urine.[23] For this reason, these patients are generally monitored using bone marrow biopsies and PET CT scans.[23] It has been found, however, that sBCMA can be reliably measured in these patients, and correlates well with disease activity and changes in their PET scans and the percentage of bone marrow plasma cells during the course of disease.[7]

In response to treatment

sBCMA has been investigated among MM patients undergoing numerous treatment regiments. Changes in sBCMA levels were found to correlate with changes in an individual patient’s clinical status in response to treatment for MM.[7][6][24]

Additionally, sBCMA levels were significantly higher among patients with progressive disease than in patients with disease responsive to treatment (P=0.0038).[6] Interestingly, sBCMA levels correlated with response to treatment, independent of the type of treatment.

Among patients starting new treatment, changes in sBCMA levels from baseline to one week later (cycle 1 day 8) were found to predict PFS, with >25% increase or decrease in serum BCMA levels on cycle 1 day 8 indicating a much shorter or longer time on treatment, respectively.[25]

As predictor of progression free survival and overall survival

Serum BCMA levels have been reported to predict both PFS and overall survival (OS) in MM.[7][6][24][26][27]

In a study by Ghermezi et al., sBCMA levels were predictive of PFS and OS among patients with MM. PFS was significantly longer for patients with sBCMA levels below the median (326.4 ng/mL) versus those with levels above the median (median, 9.0 vs 3.6 months; P=0.0006). Similarly, OS was significantly longer among those with sBCMA levels below the median compared with those above (median, 155 vs 96 months; P =0.0108).[7]

MM patients with sBCMA levels above the median had significantly shorter survival compared with patients with levels below the median concentration (P=0.0014). Patients in the highest quartile showed a markedly shortened survival compared with the remainder of the patients (P=0.0003).[6]

In a prospective Phase 1 trial of sBCMA to predict clinical outcomes among patients with relapsed or refractory MM treated with lenalidomide, ruxolitinib and methylprednisolone, baseline sBCMA levels were found to be predictive of PFS. Specifically, patients with a baseline sBCMA level in the highest quartile (range, 414.7 – 1655.1 ng/mL) had a significantly shorter PFS than those in the lowest three quartiles (range, 10.3 – 318.2 ng/mL; median PFS: 1.12 vs. 6.64 months; P=0.006).[26] In the same prospective Phase 1 trial, changes in sBCMA during the first cycle study treatment accurately predicted patients later best response.[27] Notably, changes in sBCMA occurred more rapidly than changes in either M-protein or FLC.

Studies to further investigate the role of sBCMA in predicting OS and PFS are ongoing.

References

  1. 1 2 3 GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000048462 - Ensembl, May 2017
  2. 1 2 3 GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000022496 - Ensembl, May 2017
  3. ↑ "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
  4. ↑ "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
  5. ↑ Maglione PJ, Ko HM, Tokuyama M, Gyimesi G, Soof C, Li M, et al. (January 2020). "Serum B-Cell Maturation Antigen (BCMA) Levels Differentiate Primary Antibody Deficiencies". The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology: In Practice. 8 (1): 283–291.e1. doi:10.1016/j.jaip.2019.08.012. PMC 6980522. PMID 31430592.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Sanchez E, Li M, Kitto A, Li J, Wang CS, Kirk DT, et al. (September 2012). "Serum B-cell maturation antigen is elevated in multiple myeloma and correlates with disease status and survival". British Journal of Haematology. 158 (6): 727–38. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2141.2012.09241.x. PMID 22804669. S2CID 30678354.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Ghermezi M, Li M, Vardanyan S, Harutyunyan NM, Gottlieb J, Berenson A, et al. (April 2017). "Serum B-cell maturation antigen: a novel biomarker to predict outcomes for multiple myeloma patients". Haematologica. 102 (4): 785–795. doi:10.3324/haematol.2016.150896. PMC 5395119. PMID 28034989.
  8. ↑ Laabi Y, Gras MP, Brouet JC, Berger R, Larsen CJ, Tsapis A (April 1994). "The BCMA gene, preferentially expressed during B lymphoid maturation, is bidirectionally transcribed". Nucleic Acids Research. 22 (7): 1147–54. doi:10.1093/nar/22.7.1147. PMC 523635. PMID 8165126.
  9. ↑ Laâbi Y, Gras MP, Carbonnel F, Brouet JC, Berger R, Larsen CJ, Tsapis A (November 1992). "A new gene, BCM, on chromosome 16 is fused to the interleukin 2 gene by a t(4;16)(q26;p13) translocation in a malignant T cell lymphoma". The EMBO Journal. 11 (11): 3897–904. doi:10.1002/j.1460-2075.1992.tb05482.x. PMC 556899. PMID 1396583.
  10. ↑ Novak AJ, Darce JR, Arendt BK, Harder B, Henderson K, Kindsvogel W, et al. (January 2004). "Expression of BCMA, TACI, and BAFF-R in multiple myeloma: a mechanism for growth and survival". Blood. 103 (2): 689–94. doi:10.1182/blood-2003-06-2043. PMID 14512299. S2CID 19457714.
  11. ↑ Rennert P, Schneider P, Cachero TG, Thompson J, Trabach L, Hertig S, et al. (December 2000). "A soluble form of B cell maturation antigen, a receptor for the tumor necrosis factor family member APRIL, inhibits tumor cell growth". The Journal of Experimental Medicine. 192 (11): 1677–84. doi:10.1084/jem.192.11.1677. PMC 2193103. PMID 11104810.
  12. 1 2 Thompson JS, Schneider P, Kalled SL, Wang L, Lefevre EA, Cachero TG, et al. (July 2000). "BAFF binds to the tumor necrosis factor receptor-like molecule B cell maturation antigen and is important for maintaining the peripheral B cell population". The Journal of Experimental Medicine. 192 (1): 129–35. doi:10.1084/jem.192.1.129. PMC 1887706. PMID 10880534.
  13. 1 2 Laurent SA, Hoffmann FS, Kuhn PH, Cheng Q, Chu Y, Schmidt-Supprian M, et al. (June 2015). "γ-Secretase directly sheds the survival receptor BCMA from plasma cells". Nature Communications. 6 (1): 7333. Bibcode:2015NatCo...6.7333L. doi:10.1038/ncomms8333. PMC 4490565. PMID 26065893.
  14. ↑ Udd KA, Bujarski S, Wirtschafter E, Spektor TM, Ghermezi M, Rassenti LZ, et al. (October 2019). "Plasma B-Cell Maturation Antigen Levels are Elevated and Correlate with Disease Activity in Patients with Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia". Targeted Oncology. 14 (5): 551–561. doi:10.1007/s11523-019-00666-0. PMID 31473933. S2CID 79035751.
  15. 1 2 3 Dispenzieri A, Soof CM, Rajkumar SV, Gertz MA, Kumar S, Bujarski S, Kyle RA, Berenson JR (2019-05-20). "Serum BCMA levels to predict outcomes for patients with MGUS and smoldering multiple myeloma (SMM)". Journal of Clinical Oncology. 37 (15_suppl): 8020. doi:10.1200/JCO.2019.37.15_suppl.8020. S2CID 216625863.
  16. ↑ Sanchez E, Gillespie A, Tang G, Ferros M, Harutyunyan NM, Vardanyan S, et al. (July 2016). "Soluble B-Cell Maturation Antigen Mediates Tumor-Induced Immune Deficiency in Multiple Myeloma". Clinical Cancer Research. 22 (13): 3383–97. doi:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-15-2224. PMID 26960399.
  17. ↑ Chen H, Li M, Xu N, Ng N, Sanchez E, Soof CM, et al. (June 2019). "Serum B-cell maturation antigen (BCMA) reduces binding of anti-BCMA antibody to multiple myeloma cells". Leukemia Research. 81: 62–66. doi:10.1016/j.leukres.2019.04.008. PMID 31035033. S2CID 140325376.
  18. ↑ Shah N, Chari A, Scott E, Mezzi K, Usmani SZ (April 2020). "B-cell maturation antigen (BCMA) in multiple myeloma: rationale for targeting and current therapeutic approaches". Leukemia. 34 (4): 985–1005. doi:10.1038/s41375-020-0734-z. PMC 7214244. PMID 32055000.
  19. ↑ Chen F, Pisklakova A, Li M, Baz R, Sullivan DM, Nefedova Y (December 2011). "Gamma-secretase inhibitor enhances the cytotoxic effect of bortezomib in multiple myeloma". Cellular Oncology. 34 (6): 545–51. doi:10.1007/s13402-011-0060-6. PMC 3417352. PMID 21965140.
  20. ↑ Chen H, Li M, Sanchez E, Wang CS, Udd KA, Soof CM, et al. (2016-12-02). "Gene Expression of Gamma Secretase (GS) Complex-Related Proteins, the Enzyme That Sheds B-Cell Maturation Antigen (BCMA), Among Patients with Multiple Myeloma (MM) and Effects of the GS Inhibitor LSN424354 on Solubilized Bcma in MM and Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia". Blood. 128 (22): 5641. doi:10.1182/blood.V128.22.5641.5641.
  21. ↑ Sanchez E, Smith EJ, Yashar MA, Patil S, Li M, Porter AL, et al. (February 2018). "The Role of B-Cell Maturation Antigen in the Biology and Management of, and as a Potential Therapeutic Target in, Multiple Myeloma". Targeted Oncology. 13 (1): 39–47. doi:10.1007/s11523-017-0538-x. PMID 29230672. S2CID 3517086.
  22. ↑ Jew S, Bujarski S, Soof C, Chen H, Safaie T, Li M, et al. (April 2020). "Estimating a normal reference range for serum B-cell maturation antigen levels for multiple myeloma patients". British Journal of Haematology. 192 (6): 1064–1067. doi:10.1111/bjh.16673. PMID 32321191. S2CID 216083600.
  23. 1 2 Dupuis MM, Tuchman SA (2016-12-15). "Non-secretory multiple myeloma: from biology to clinical management". OncoTargets and Therapy. 9: 7583–7590. doi:10.2147/OTT.S122241. PMC 5171196. PMID 28008276.
  24. 1 2 Bujarski S, Udd K, Soof C, Spektor TM, Safaie T, Chen H, et al. (2019-11-13). "Baseline and Increases in Serum B-Cell Maturation Antigen Levels Rapidly Indicate Changes in Clinical Status Among Relapsed/Refractory Multiple Myeloma Patients Undergoing New Treatments". Blood. 134 (Supplement_1): 1786. doi:10.1182/blood-2019-132012.
  25. ↑ Bujarski S, Udd K, Soof C, Chen H, Spektor T, Safaie T, Li M, Sanchez E, Stern J, Wang C, Xu N (2019). "Changes in Serum B-Cell Maturation Antigen Levels Rapidly Predict Progression Free Survival among Multiple Myeloma Patients undergoing New Treatment". Clinical Lymphoma, Myeloma & Leukemia. 19 (10): e173–e174. doi:10.1016/j.clml.2019.09.290. S2CID 208450053.
  26. 1 2 Bujarski S, Soof C, Chen H, Li M, Sanchez E, Wang CS, Emamy-Sadr M, Swift RA, Rahbari KJ, Patil S, Spektor TM (2018-05-20). "Serum b-cell maturation antigen levels to predict progression free survival and responses among relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma patients treated on the phase I IRUX trial". Journal of Clinical Oncology. 36 (15_suppl): e24313. doi:10.1200/JCO.2018.36.15_suppl.e24313.
  27. 1 2 Bujarski S, Soof C, Li M, Wang CS, Sanchez E, Emamy-Sadr M, et al. (2018-11-29). "Baseline and Early Changes in Serum B-Cell Maturation Antigen Levels Predict Progression Free Survival and Response Status for Multiple Myeloma Patients in a Phase 1 Trial Evaluating Ruxolitinib, Lenalidomide and Methylprednisolone". Blood. 132 (Supplement 1): 1894. doi:10.1182/blood-2018-99-119190.
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