Shahbulag Castle
Şahbulaq qalası
Agdam District, Azerbaijan
Coordinates40°03′56″N 46°54′22″E / 40.0655°N 46.9061°E / 40.0655; 46.9061
TypeCastle
Site history
Built1752
Built byPanah Ali Khan
MaterialsLimestone and Dimension stone

Shahbulag Castle (Azerbaijani: Şahbulaq qalası, literally "Spring of the Shah") is an 18th-century fortress near Aghdam in Azerbaijan built by the Karabakh Khan Panah Ali.[1]

Name and Etymology

The castle was named Shahbulag ("Shah's spring") after a nearby spring bearing the same name located around the lower part of the Xaçınçay (Khachen) River.[2] Before the construction of the castle, the area around it was known as Tarnagyut, which, according to Armenian archaeologist Hamlet Petrosyan, is a corruption of Tigranakert, the ruined ancient city which lies nearby the castle.[3] Some historians still called the castle for "Tarnakut" or "Tarnavut", such as Abd al-Razzaq Beg Donboli (died 1827/28) and Abbasgulu Bakikhanov (died 1847).[4]

History

Following the assassination of the Iranian shah (king) Nader Shah (r. 1736–1747) in 1747, internal chaos erupted in Iran, particularly in the South Caucasus, where semi-autonomous khanates emerged as a result of the lack of a centralized government.[5] Amongst them was the Karabakh Khanate, established by Panah Ali Khan of the Javanshir tribe.[6] Before Panah Ali Khan had the Shahbulag castle constructed, he fought and defeated the inhabitants of the Melikdom of Khachen, as they were hostile towards him and lived near the area that Shahbulag would be constructed.[7] In 1752, the construction of the Shahbulag castle was complete at the base of a mountain in Tarnavut district.[8] Panah Ali Khan relocated everyone from the Bayat Castle to the Shahbulag, which brought him within close proximity of the highlands ruled by the five Armenian melikdoms.[9][8] Following the construction of the Panahabad fortress in Shusha, Panah Ali Khan relocated the notables, dignitaries, and tribal leaders there.[8]

In May 1805, Panah Ali Khan's son and successor Ibrahim Khalil Khan signed the Treaty of Kurekchay, which granted Russia full authority over Karabakh's external affairs in exchange for a yearly payment.[10] On July 6, an Iranian force defeated a Russian force at Shahbulag, subsequently taking control over the castle.[11]

Castle

The castle was called Shahbulag ("Shah's spring") honouring the nearby spring.[2] The complex which included mosques, houses, baths and a market was built in 1751–52.[12] During the construction, limestone and dimension stone were used. Only the castle itself and the mosque on its northwestern end survived. The castle has a rectangular architectural design, and its external walls are reinforced with circular and semicylinder towers. The walls and towers contain embrasures and merlons typical for defence structures. The castle walls are 7 metres (23 ft) high, and the towers are 8.5 metres (28 ft) high. The entrance to the castle is in the middle section of the eastern wall. During the reign of the khan, it was protected by two-story tower-like premises. The top floor was intended for the khan, with a stone staircase leading to it from the castle yard. The castle was built from half-hewn whole stones.[1]

Mosque

The mosque built during the construction of Shahbulag castle is on the northwestern part of the castle. It includes a small stone prayer hall with a square dome 5.1 metres (17 ft) on one side and a veranda with a facade of 5.1 by 2.5 metres (16.7 by 8.2 ft) that faces east. The veranda beams are based on quadrangular 8-edge pillars. The architecture of Shahbulag is thought to have influenced later architectural designs of buildings in the entire Karabakh region, and especially that of Shusha.[1]

Current state

Today, Shahbulag castle remains an important historic and cultural remnant of the Karabakh Khanate period.[13][14] The castle was renovated in early 1980s by Azerbaijan SSR. During the First Nagorno-Karabakh war, the castle and its surroundings were captured by Armenian forces following the Battle of Aghdam. When the castle was under Armenian control, a small museum was operated there, storing artifacts found during excavations at the adjacent archaeological site of Tigranakert.[15]

The castle and the Agdam District were returned to Azerbaijan on 20 November 2020 per the 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh ceasefire agreement following the 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh war. The artifacts from Tigranakert kept at Shahbulag were removed before the area was returned to Azerbaijani control.[16]

See also

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Shahbulag Castle.

References

  1. 1 2 3 "Karabakh Foundation - Agdam; Shahbulag Castle". Archived from the original on 26 July 2011. Retrieved 17 August 2010.
  2. 1 2 "Islamic Architectural Heritage Database - Shahbulag Castle ( Azerbaijan )". Archived from the original on 3 March 2010. Retrieved 17 August 2010.
  3. ↑ Petrosyan 2010, pp. 380–387.
  4. ↑ Bournoutian 1994, p. 63 (see note 139).
  5. ↑ Bournoutian 2016, pp. 107–108.
  6. ↑ Bournoutian 2021, pp. 261, 287.
  7. ↑ Bournoutian 1994, p. 56 (see also note 116).
  8. 1 2 3 Bournoutian 2021, p. 262.
  9. ↑ Bournoutian 1994, p. 63 (see also note 141).
  10. ↑ Davud 2021.
  11. ↑ Behrooz 2023, p. 70.
  12. ↑ "КАРАБАГ-НАМЕ by МИРЗА АДИГЕЗАЛЬ-БЕК". Retrieved 17 August 2010.
  13. ↑ "MIDDLE AGES GARABAGH MONUMENTS". Archived from the original on 6 July 2011. Retrieved 17 August 2010.
  14. ↑ "Агдам (Азербайджан)". Archived from the original on 9 March 2012. Retrieved 17 August 2010.
  15. ↑ "Artifacts of Tigranakert archeological museum moved to a secure place, head of excavations says". Retrieved 1 May 2022.
  16. ↑ Manenkov, Kostya (20 November 2020). "Azerbaijani leader hails handover of region ceded by Armenia". Associated Press. Retrieved 22 January 2021.

Sources

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