Shauneille Perry
Born
Shauneille Gantt Perry[1]

(1929-07-26)July 26, 1929
Chicago, Illinois, U.S.
DiedJune 9, 2022(2022-06-09) (aged 92)
New Rochelle, New York, U.S.
EducationHoward University (BFA)
Art Institute of Chicago (MFA)
London Academy of Music and Dramatic Art
Occupation(s)Theatre director, playwright, actor
Years active1950s–2022
Spouse
​
​
(m. 1957; died 2021)​

Shauneille Gantt Perry Ryder (July 26, 1929 – June 9, 2022) was an American stage director and playwright. She was one of the first African-American women to direct off-Broadway.

Biography

Shauneille Perry was born on July 26, 1929, in Chicago, Illinois, to a prominent African-American family. She is the only child of Graham T. Perry (1894–1960), one of the first African-American assistant attorneys-general for the State of Illinois and his wife, the former (Laura) Pearl Gantt (1903–1957), one of the first African-American court reporters in Chicago, who studied business at Morris Brown College.[1][2] She is the niece by marriage of real-estate broker and political activist Carl Augustus Hansberry, who married her father's sister, Nannie Louise Perry, and the first cousin of playwright Lorraine Hansberry, their daughter. She is also the niece by marriage of Carl Hansberry's brother, Africanist scholar William Leo Hansberry.[3][4][5] She later said, "Lorraine and I sat at the table a lot with people visiting our parents, like Sidney Williams, who headed the Chicago Urban League, who used to talk about Africa and wear dashikis long before it happened in the sixties. We used to read about and see Mary McLeod Bethune. And I was trying to think of some of those people who inspired me - Edith Sampson, one of the first black lady lawyers in Chicago."[2]

Perry was raised on the west side of Chicago, where she graduated from Marshall High School.[6] "I wanted to be a journalist. I used to read about Margaret Bourke-White and Claire Booth Luce and those kinds of women. ... I knew I wanted to go to a black college. ... At that time, it was Howard, Fisk, or Tallageda. ... I went to Howard, to take journalism, and when I got there, Margaret Just Butcher said, "My dear, we don't have journalism here." ... one thing led to another and I found my way to the little theatre at Howard. And when I met [faculty members] Anne Cooke [Reid], Owen Dodson, and James Butcher, I felt comfortable and enjoyed being in plays. The future was sealed, I guess."[2] While at Howard University (1946-1950) she was a member of the Howard Players, under the direction of Prof. Owen Dodson, along with fellow students Roxie Roker and Zaida Coles (Edley).[7] At Howard she overlapped with Toni Morrison.[8] She also acted at Clark Atlanta University and Lincoln University (Missouri) under Thomas Desiré Pawley, III, as part of the HBCU's Summer Theatre Program.[3][2] In 1949, she was one of the twenty-one Howard Players and three faculty who toured Norway, Sweden, Denmark, and Germany that fall with fifty-nine alternating performances of Mamba's Daughters, the stage adaptation by Dorothy Heyward and DuBose Heyward of DuBose Heyward's book, and Henrik Ibsen's The Wild Duck. They were seen off on the SS Stavangerfjord (1918) by Howard University Trustee Eleanor Roosevelt.[9] The tour was a great success. On the opening night in Denmark of Mamba's Daughters, they received fifteen curtain calls: "Shauneille Perry especially was relieved because she had been shocked by being spit on as she was going onstage! Cookie [Anne Cooke] had failed to warn us that the Danes spit on the costumes of the actors for good luck."[10] She played Lisa, the granddaughter who returns from New York to Virginia all dressed up, and Dodson had failed to get her a costume dress for the tour. She eventually had to buy one herself in Oslo.[10]

Shauneille Perry in 1950.

In 1950, she received a BA in drama from Howard. She continued her studies at the Goodman School of Drama at the Art Institute of Chicago (now at DePaul University) (1950-1952), where she received an MFA in directing in 1952 with a production and thesis of the play Death of a Salesman by Arthur Miller. In 1952-1953 she was an Instructor and Director in English and Theatre at North Carolina A&T State University in Greensboro, N.C. "My first job was teaching at AT&T College in Greensboro, where I put on a play and was immediately told by the chaplain I couldn't do that because it had bad language, etc. So I spent a year at AT&T."[2] In 1953-1954 she was an Instructor and Department Chair of Theatre at Dillard University.

In 1954-1955 she was a Fulbright Scholar in London, studying classical theatre at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art before quickly transferring to the London Academy of Music and Dramatic Art after she and other foreign students experienced racial harassment.[11][12] She later commented about her time in London that she was "always doing Cleopatra".[13] She went to New York to start work in theater in New York, but returned to Chicago to care for her mother.[2] From 1956 to 1958 she was an Adjunct Director at the Goodman School of Drama.[3] During this time she was also a writer for the Women's Page of The Chicago Defender (national edition), and the Daily Defender (daily edition). "I got a job at The Chicago Defender, writing, right back full circle. They put me on the women's page, where I didn't want to be, writing about weddings, peau de soie and all of that. They wouldn't let me do hard news; chauvinism reared its ugly head and they said, "You can not go out there." But I said, "I'm going to do it." So I started writing feature stories on people and on theatre. Ethel L. Payne, whom I admired, was there, and she said, "Why don't you hand these things in?" So I did."[2]

In 1957, Perry married architect Donald Ryder in Chicago.[14] Ryder later partnered with J. Max Bond Jr. to form the architectural firm Bond Ryder & Associates.

Several months after her marriage, she received national exposure as the second-place winner in the 1958 Picturama Contest, an essay competition sponsored by Ebony Magazine. She took advantage of the prize with her husband, which was a $4,000, three-week tour of Paris in 1959.[15] While she was in Paris, she met Richard Wright (author).[13] By the end of the decade, both of her parents had passed away. The couple relocated to New York City, where it did not take long for her to establish herself as an actress.[16]

Shauneille Perry at the Fieldston School in 1966

In the late 1950s and early 1960s, she acted in various productions on the New York City stage including The Goose (1959), Dark of the Moon (1960) (directed by Vinnette Carroll, where she played alongside James Earl Jones and Harold Scott (director)[17]), Talent '60 (1960), Ondine (1961), Clandestine on the Morning Line (1961) and The Octoroon (1961).[12] Her work as Lilly Ruth, a pregnant girl in the short-lived off-Broadway production of Clandestine on the Morning Line, received particular notice: "It is a young actress named Shauneille Perry... who is the surprise of the evening. She plays the pregnant girl with such quiet, innocent strength and apparent unawareness of the character's pathos that we almost forget it, too. The girl is indeed pathetic, but she is so much else besides. It is a lovely performance."[18][19][20] In 1961-1962 she was also a lecturer in speech at Hunter College. From 1962 to 1968 she was a teacher in Speech and Drama at the Fieldston School.[3]

Despite her success as a performer, Perry became disenchanted with acting and turned her focus toward writing, directing, and raising a family. "Got tired of acting," she once said, "it was too slow; too much business."[3] "And so I began directing at the Negro Ensemble Company, and I directed at almost every black theatre company - Afro-American Total [Theatre], Roger Furman New Heritage Theatre Group, Billie Holiday [Theatre], all of them during that period."[2]

After Vinnette Carroll, Perry became one of the first African-American women to direct on the New York stage. One of her early directorial efforts was the Off-Off-Broadway production of Mau Mau Room, written by J. E. Franklin, as part of the Negro Ensemble Company Workshop Festival,[21] at St. Mark's Playhouse in 1969.[11] According to Franklin, the cast included Richard Roundtree.[22] In 1971, Perry staged three different productions. Two of them were Rosalie Pritchett, by Barbara and Carlton Molette,[23][24] and The Sty of the Blind Pig, by Phillip Hayes Dean,[25] both by the Negro Ensemble Company Workshop at St. Mark's Playhouse. Her production of Rosalie Pritchett used "300 slides on four different rear-projection screens."[26] She also directed the stage production by the New Federal Theatre (founded by Woodie King Jr.) of J. E. Franklin's play, Black Girl, at St. Augustine's Church (Manhattan) on Henry Street.[27] Perry's "direction of Black Girl included a simple and intimate set that emphasized the importance of religion with the lives of the Southern black women. While the original television version of the play omitted the religious aspects of the play (including Billie Jean at prayer), Perry's production featured a prominent photo of Christ in the home. ... Perry's attention to detail and grasp of character garnered the respect and admiration of Franklin, as well as theater critics. Perry, however, hoped that the success of Black Girl and the play's important theme of self-determination would have a more far-reaching effect. "I hope this makes people aware of what Black actresses can do. They can do more than 'Carmen Jones', 'Anna Lucas', and the like," says Perry."[11] The play received standing ovations and played to full houses, and the critics gave it rave reviews.[28][11] The production was then moved to the Theatre de Lys, where it played from June 16, 1971, to June 16, 1972.[29][1][30] This was the first major stage production of a play written by J. E. Franklin.[31] The play then toured Baltimore, Washington, D.C., Chicago, and Detroit. It was made into a film, Black Girl (1972 film), in 1972, directed by Ossie Davis, with a screenplay by J. E. Franklin.

Later she recalled, "I remember Black Girl in the sixties, by J. E. Franklin. We did it in a gymnasium at night. ... And it was an extension of all of the other stuff that I'd done – Louise Stubbs, Arthur French, Minnie Gentry. ... Black Girl began that process of shows moving off Off-Broadway or to Off-Broadway.; that was kind of the beginning of things beginning in workshop."[2]

Perry was reunited with Franklin in 1974 when she directed the musical Prodigal Sister, with book by Franklin, music by Micki Grant, and lyrics by both Franklin and Grant, first at the New Federal Theatre's Henry Street Playhouse in July 1974,[32] and then at Theatre de Lys in November 1974, where it was warmly reviewed by Clive Barnes.[33]

In addition to directing, Perry has written several plays including the book of the children's musical Mio, which she staged as a workshop production at the New Federal Theatre in the fall of 1971.[12] It was later staged (with a different director) at the Henry Street Settlement in New York City in 1978.[34] Other plays she either wrote or co-wrote include Last Night, Night Before (1971), Daddy Goodness (1979), and Things of the Heart: Marian Anderson's Story (1981).[12]

Perry also wrote Sounds of the City, a 15-minute daily soap opera that aired on the Mutual Black Network in the mid-1970s.[12]

From 1968 to 1970, she was a lecturer in the SEEK program at City College of New York. Between 1970 and 1980, she taught at Borough of Manhattan Community College, in the Department of African-American Studies, first as an Assistant Professor (1970-1974) and then as an Adjunct Assistant Professor (1974-1980). From 1980 to 1984, she taught as an Adjunct Assistant Professor at Queens College.[3] From 1984 to 1985, she was Creative Director at the United Negro College Fund.

In 1986, she was hired as Director of Theatre at Lehman College. She continued to teach as associate professor of theatre at Lehman until she retired in 2001.[1] A celebration of her life organized by her family and including family, friends, and former students was held in the Lovinger Theatre at Lehman College on August 21, 2022.[35]

Personal

Perry and her cousin Lorraine Hansberry were born less than a year apart and were very close. One summer when they were little girls, Lorraine's mother took them to Columbia, Tennessee where she and Perry's father had grown up. Along the way, her aunt pointed out the Kentucky hills where her father (Shauneille's and Lorraine's grandfather) George Perry had hidden after he escaped from slavery.[36]

Years later, Shauneille was there when Lorraine had cancer and supported her. Hansberry named her as substitute executor of her estate after her ex-husband, Robert Barron Nemiroff.[37]

Lenny Kravitz, son of Roxie Roker, considered Perry as an aunt, writing in his memoir that "there was the brilliant Aunt Shauneille. Shauneille Perry and Mom had attended Howard together ... Aunt Shauneille had a love and understanding of the arts that launched her to become one of the voices of her generation. She became a prominent director, writer, and actor, and her home at 444 Central Park West became a cultural mecca, the unofficial headquarters of the Black Arts Movement. On any given day, I'd be sitting in the corner of Aunt Shauneille's living room while Nikki Giovanni read her poetry aloud or ensembles rehearsed plays. ... Aunt Shauneille's enormous living room housed a tall avocado tree, floor-to-ceiling bookcases, paintings, and gorgeous African masks that mesmerized me. ... Writer Toni Morrison was another close friend. She had gone to college with Mom and Aunt Shauneille, where they were part of the theater group the Howard Players."[8]

She died on June 9, 2022, in New Rochelle, New York, at the age of 92.[1]

Selected credits

Theatre

Directing

Year Production Theatre(s) Notes
2006 The Taking of Miss Janie[38] Harry De Jur Playhouse / Abrons Arts Center
1995 The Tropical Breeze Hotel Ubu Repertory Theatre, New York City Written by Maryse Condé (Pension les Alizés (1988)); translation by Barbara Brewster Lewis and Catherine Temerson (1994)
1998 In Dahomey[39] New Federal Theatre Also writer
1993 In Bed with the Blues: The Adventure of Fishy Waters[39] New Federal Theatre Written by Guy Davis
Looking Back[39] New Federal Theatre Written by Micki Grant
1990 The Balm Yard[39] New Federal Theatre Written by Don Kinch
1986 Williams & Walker[39][40] American Place Theatre Written by Vincent Smith
1981 Keyboard[39] New Federal Theatre Written by Matt Robinson
Love[39] New Federal Theatre Written by Carolyn Rodgers
Who Loves the Dancer[39] New Federal Theatre Written by Rob Penny
1979 Trouble in Mind[39][41] New Federal Theatre Written by Alice Childress. Part of A Black Retrospective with four other plays.
1978 African Interlude[39] New Federal Theatre Written by Martie Evans-Charles
1977 Relationships[42] E.S.T. Theater A program of two one-act plays by Philip Hayes Dean
1976 Showdown[39] New Federal Theatre Written by Don Evans
1974 The Prodigal Sister[39][43] Theatre de Lys Musical written by J. E. Franklin and Micki Grant, based on Franklin's play, Prodigal Daughter
1972 Jamimma[39] New Federal Theatre Written by Martie Evans-Charles
1971 The Sty of the Blind Pig[44][21] St. Mark's Playhouse/Negro Ensemble Company Written by Phillip Hayes Dean
Black Girl[29][39] Theatre de Lys/New Federal Theatre (after St. Augustine's Church) Written by J. E. Franklin
Rosalee Pritchett[23][45][21] St. Mark's Playhouse/Negro Ensemble Company Written by Barbara Molette and Carlton Molette
1969 Mau Mau Room[21][11] St. Mark's Playhouse/Negro Ensemble Company Written by J. E. Franklin

Writing

Year Production Theatre(s) Notes
1981 Things of the Heart: Marian Anderson's Story[12][39] New Federal Theatre Directed by Denise Hamilton. Part of the Ethnic Heritage Series.
1979 Aunt Willie Pays a Call[46] Henry Street Settlement
1978 Mio[34] Henry Street Settlement Book of musical.
1976 Clinton: An Urban Fairytale[12] New Heritage Repertory Theatre
1971 Mio[12] New Federal Theatre Also directed.

Acting

Year Production Role Theatre(s) Notes
1961 Octoroon Grace Phoenix Theatre
Clandestine on the Morning Line[18][19][20] Lilly Ruth Actors Playhouse
Ondine Lenox Hill Playhouse
1960 Talent '60
Dark of the Moon Lenox Hill Playhouse
1959 The Goose Sullivan Street Playhouse

Television

Writing

Year Production Network Notes
2001 The Old Settler PBS Adaptation of the play by John Henry Redwood. Part of the series PBS Hollywood Presents
1978 Watch Your Mouth![47] PBS One episode

Motion Pictures

Acting

Year Title Role Distributor Notes
1981 Death of a Prophet
1978 Black Theatre: The Making of a Movement Herself California Newsreel Documentary
1976 The Long Night Howard Mahler Films
1971 Desperate Characters Woman Doctor ITC Films Credited as Shauneille Ryder

Awards and recognition

  • 1974: AUDELCO Award, Best Director[12]
  • 1985: AUDELCO Award, Best Director[12]
  • 2019: Lloyd Richards Director's Award, National Black Theater Festival[48]

Perry is also the recipient of a Broadcast Media Award, a Fulbright scholarship, a New York State Council of the Arts Young Audiences Play Commission and a Black Rose of Excellence from Encore Magazine.[12]

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 Sandomir, Richard (June 15, 2022). "Shauneille Perry Ryder, Pioneering Theater Director, Dies at 92". New York Times. Retrieved 17 June 2022.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Turner, Beth (1990). "Interview of Beth Turner, Glenda Dickerson, and Shauneille Perry". Artist and Influence. 9: 146–161. Retrieved 9 July 2022.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 King, Woodie (2003). The Impact of Race: Theatre and Culture. New York: Applause Theatre & Cinema Books. pp. 145–146. ISBN 1-55783-579-9.
  4. ↑ "Fifteenth Census of the United States (1930) [database on-line], Chicago (28th Ward), Cook County, Illinois, Enumeration District: 16-1085, Page: 6A, Lines: 16-19, household of Golden H. Drain". United States: The Generations Network. 1930-04-04. Retrieved 2009-11-27.
  5. ↑ "Cook County, Illinois Birth Index, 1916-1935 [database on-line]". Chicago, Illinois: The Generations Network. Retrieved 2009-11-27.
  6. ↑ "7 west district high schools to give diplomas". Chicago Tribune. 27 January 1946. p. 148.
  7. ↑ "Howard University Department of Theatre Arts". Fine Arts Walk of Fame. Retrieved 1 July 2022.
  8. 1 2 Kravitz, Lenny (October 6, 2020). Let Love Rule. Sphere (Little, Brown Company). p. 260. ISBN 978-0751582123. Retrieved 1 July 2022.
  9. ↑ Ruble, Blair (July 16, 2020). "1949: Howard University players' first in the nation Scandinavian tour earned standing ovations". DC Metro Theater Scene. Retrieved 9 July 2022.
  10. 1 2 Hatch, James (1993). Sorrow Is the Only Faithful One: The Life of Owen Dodson (1st ed.). University of Illinois Press. p. 157. ISBN 9780252019777. Retrieved 9 July 2022.
  11. 1 2 3 4 5 Forsgren, La Donna (April 15, 2018). In Search of Our Warrior Mothers: Women Dramatists of the Black Arts Movement (1st ed.). Evanston, IL: Northwestern University Press. p. 216. ISBN 978-0810136939. Retrieved 18 June 2022.
  12. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Peterson, Bernard L. Jr., ed. (1988). Contemporary Black American Playwrights and Their Plays: A Biographical Directory and Dramatic Index. New York, Westport, Connecticut & London: Greenwood Press. pp. 379–380. ISBN 0-313-25190-8.
  13. 1 2 Hunter, Charlayne (July 13, 1971). "2 Black Women Combine Lives and Talent in Play". The New York Times. Retrieved 18 June 2022.
  14. ↑ "Cook County, Illinois Marriage Index, 1930-1960 [database on-line]". Chicago, Illinois: The Generations Network. Retrieved 2009-11-27.
  15. ↑ ""Picturama Winner Returns: Arriving in Chicago by TWA jet after $4,000, three-week tour of Paris"". Vol. 16, no. 10. Johnson Publishing Company. Jet. July 2, 1959. Retrieved 17 June 2022.
  16. ↑ Johnson, John H., ed. (November 26, 1959). "New York beat". Jet. Vol. 17, no. 5. Chicago, Illinois. p. 62.
  17. ↑ McClinton, Calvin (1999). "Vinnette Carroll: African American Director and Playwright", in Black Lives: Essays in African American Biography, ed. James L. Conyers. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 131747578X. Retrieved 10 July 2022.
  18. 1 2 Oliver, Edith (1961). "Clandestine on the Morning Line". The New Yorker. Vol. 37. New York City: F-R Pub. Corp. pp. 120–121.
  19. 1 2 Fuller, Hoyt W.; Doris E. Saunders (March 1962). "Perspectives". Negro Digest. Chicago, Illinois. 11 (5): 50.
  20. 1 2 Gelb, Arthur (31 October 1961). "Clandestine on the morning line opens". New York Times. New York, New York. p. 28. Retrieved 13 September 2021. Shauneille Perry is subdued and pretty as the girl and Ed Cambridge plays the middle-aged brother with modesty and restraint.
  21. 1 2 3 4 "Negro Ensemble Company Records" (PDF). New York Public Library / Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture. Retrieved 20 June 2022.
  22. ↑ Forsgren, La Donna L. (Fall 2014). ""The Black Arts Movement (1965-1976) An Interview with Playwright J.e. Franklin". Callaloo. 37 (5): 1151. doi:10.1353/cal.2014.0211. JSTOR 24265197. S2CID 162396774. Retrieved 18 June 2022.
  23. 1 2 "Rosalee Pritchett". doollee.com The Playwrights Database. Retrieved 18 June 2022.
  24. ↑ Leiter, Samuel (27 November 2020). ""Perry's Mission" and "Rosalie Pritchett"". Theatre's Leiter Side. Retrieved 9 July 2022.
  25. ↑ Barnes, Clive (Nov 24, 1971). "Theater: 'The Sty of the Blind Pig'". The New York Times. Retrieved 18 June 2022.
  26. ↑ Castro-Borrego, Silvia (2018). "The Plays of Carlton and Barbara Molette: The Transformative Power of African-American Theater" in Deferred Dreams, Defiant Struggles: Critical Perspectives on Blackness, Belonging, and Civil Rights, eds. Gondola Graml, Patricia Williams Lessen, and Violet Showers Johnson. Liverpool University Press. p. 102. ISBN 9781786948205. Retrieved 10 July 2022.
  27. ↑ "J E Franklin". doollee.com The Playwrights Database. Retrieved 18 June 2022.
  28. ↑ Lester, Elenore (July 11, 1971). "Growing Up Black and Female". The New York Times. Retrieved 18 June 2022.
  29. 1 2 "Black Girl". New York City: Lortel Archives:Internet off-Broadway Database. Archived from the original on 2007-10-12. Retrieved 2009-11-27.
  30. ↑ "Shauneille Perry". New Federal Theatre. Retrieved 17 June 2022.
  31. ↑ Johnson, John H., ed. (April 1973). "Black women 'star' behind scenes in New York drama". Ebony. Vol. 28, no. 6. Chicago, Illinois. p. 111.
  32. ↑ Gusset, Mel (July 16, 1974). "Stage: 'Prodigal Sister'". The New York Times. Retrieved 18 June 2022.
  33. ↑ Barnes, Clive (Nov 26, 1974). "Stage: An Engaging 'Prodigal Sister'". The New York Times. Retrieved 18 June 2022.
  34. 1 2 Guernsey, Otis L. Jr., ed. (1979). The Best Plays of 1978-1979. New York & Toronto: Dodd, Mead & Company. p. 468. ISBN 0-396-07723-4.
  35. ↑ CUNY-Lehman College. "Celebrate the Life". Lehman College Events Calendar. CUNY-Lehman College. Retrieved 28 August 2022.
  36. ↑ Scheader, Catherine (1998). Lorraine Hansberry: Playwright and Voice of Justice (First Library ed.). Springfield, New Jersey: Enslow Publishers. p. 24. ISBN 9780894909450.
  37. ↑ Johnson, John H., ed. (February 18, 1965). "Divorced white husband gets most of Hansberry's rich estate". Jet. Vol. 27, no. 19. Chicago, Illinois. pp. 27–29.
  38. ↑ "The Taking of Miss Janie". New York City: Lortel Archives:Internet off-Broadway Database. Retrieved 2009-11-27.
  39. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 King, Woodie (2003). The Impact of Race: Theatre and Culture. New York: Applause Theatre & Cinema Books. pp. 249–256. ISBN 1-55783-579-9.
  40. ↑ "Williams & Walker". New York City: Lortel Archives:Internet off-Broadway Database. Retrieved 2009-11-27.
  41. ↑ Guernsey, Otis L. Jr., ed. (1979). The Best Plays of 1978-1979. New York & Toronto: Dodd, Mead & Company. p. 456. ISBN 0-396-07723-4.
  42. ↑ Gilbert, Ruth, ed. (May 2, 1977). "In and around town". New York Magazine. Vol. 10, no. 18. p. 21.
  43. ↑ "The Prodigal Sister". New York City: Lortel Archives:Internet off-Broadway Database. Retrieved 2009-11-27.
  44. ↑ "The Sty of the Blind Pig". New York City: Lortel Archives:Internet off-Broadway Database. Retrieved 2009-11-27.
  45. ↑ "Rosalee Pritchett". New York City: Lortel Archives:Internet off-Broadway Database. Archived from the original on 2012-09-05. Retrieved 2009-11-27.
  46. ↑ Gilbert, Ruth, ed. (December 10, 1979). "In and around town". New York Magazine. Vol. 12, no. 48. p. 23.
  47. ↑ Fraser, C. Gerald (25 March 1978). "Watch Your Mouth! on WNET explains English to teen-agers" (PDF). New York Times. p. 29. Retrieved 13 September 2021. Norma Darden, Michael Griffin, Shauneille Perry and Chiz Schultz -- the only white writer in the group -- each wrote one episode.
  48. ↑ Toomer, Jeanette. "Family Celebrated At Fifth National Black Theatre Fest". Backstage. Retrieved 10 July 2022.
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