| Dwarf spiders Temporal range: | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Drapetisca alteranda | |
Scientific classification  | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Subphylum: | Chelicerata |
| Class: | Arachnida |
| Order: | Araneae |
| Infraorder: | Araneomorphae |
| Superfamily: | Araneoidea |
| Family: | Linyphiidae Blackwall, 1859 |
| Subfamilies | |
|
Dubiaraneinae | |
| Diversity | |
| 624 genera, 4724 species | |
 | |
Linyphiidae, spiders commonly known as sheet weavers (from the shape of their webs), or money spiders (in the United Kingdom, Ireland, Australia, New Zealand, and in Portugal, from the superstition that if such a spider is seen running on one, it has come to spin the person new clothes, meaning financial good fortune) is a family of very small spiders comprising 4706 described species in 620 genera worldwide.[2] This makes Linyphiidae the second largest family of spiders after the Salticidae. The family is poorly understood due to their small body size and wide distribution; new genera and species are still being discovered throughout the world. The newest such genus is Himalafurca from Nepal, formally described in April 2021 by Tanasevitch.[2] Since it is so difficult to identify such tiny spiders, there are regular changes in taxonomy as species are combined or divided.
Money spiders are known for drifting through the air via a technique termed “ballooning”.[3]
Within the agriculture industry, money spiders are regarded as biological control agents against pest species like aphids and springtails.[4][5]
Description
In Linyphiidae, the clypeus is normally over twice as high as the diameter of the anterior median eyes. The chelicerae have lateral stridulating ridges and lack lateral condyles.[6]
The legs are long and thin, and bear macrosetae. The abdomen is usually oval or elongated.[7]
Distribution
Spiders of this family occur nearly worldwide. In Norway many species have been found walking on snow at temperatures of down to −7 °C.
While these spiders are light enough to utilize ballooning for travel,[8] they are limited by the physics of an often turbulent atmosphere and microclimate.[9] For this reason ballooning spiders have little control over where they land,[10] leading to a high mortality rate for the practice and its predominant usage by spiderlings and juveniles. The travel of money spiders by ballooning likely contributes to their vast distribution and speciation.
Predators and prey
- Among birds, goldcrests are known to prey on money spiders.[11]
- Money spiders are known to prey on aphids, springtails, flies, and other spiders.
Taxonomy
The Pimoidae are the sister group to the Linyphiidae.[1]
There are six subfamilies, of which Linyphiinae (the sheetweb spiders), Erigoninae (the dwarf spiders), and Micronetinae, contain the majority of described species.
Many species have been described in monotypic genera, especially in the Erigoninae, which probably reflects the scientific techniques traditionally used in this family.[1] Common genera include Neriene, Lepthyphantes, Erigone, Eperigone, Bathyphantes, Troglohyphantes, Tennesseellum and many others. These are among the most abundant spiders in the temperate regions, although many are also found in the tropics. The generally larger bodied members of the subfamily Linyphiinae are commonly found in classic "bowl and doily" webs or filmy domes. The usually tiny members of the Erigoninae are builders of tiny sheet webs. These tiny spiders (usually 3 mm or less) commonly balloon even as adults and may be very numerous in a given area on one day, only to disappear the next.
Males in the subfamily Erigoninae typically have modified cephalothoraxes. These modifications are diagnostic for a given taxon, being genus or species-specific. These come in an impressive array of forms including, but not limited to, grooves, tubercles, projections, bumps, lobes, and spines. Occasionally, the projections may be decorated with tufts of hair or even bear eyes.
The following are select examples of species in which males possess rather remarkable modifications. Walckenaeria acuminata has its eyes placed on a tall, thin spire whose height exceeds the length of the cephalothorax. Grammonota gigas has a transverse row of four longitudinal lobes behind the eyes. Gnathonargus unicorn has a long, slender, upward-pointing clypeal projection resembling a unicorn horn. Hypselistes florens has a cephalic lobe shaped like an hourglass when viewed from the front. Perregrinus deformis has a short, downcurved clypeal projection resembling a human nose. Praestigia kulczynskii has its anterior median eyes placed ventrally at the end of a long, thick projection issuing from the clypeus. The genera Coreorgonal and Spirembolus have their cephalic regions deeply divided into two pronounced lobes. Eskovia exarmata has a cephalothorax shaped like a trapezoid when viewed laterally. Horcotes quadricristatus has a single, sharp tooth sticking up between the anterior and posterior eyes.[12][13]
Similarly, the pedipalps of males range from simple to complex in their design, with some possessing striking features and arrangements of palpal sclerites that are unique for a given genus and/or species.
A few spiders in this family include:
- Bowl and doily spider, Frontinella pyramitela
- Filmy dome spider, Neriene radiata
- Blacktailed red sheetweaver, Florinda coccinea
- Orsonwelles, a genus of giant Hawaiian Linyphids containing the largest Linyphiid, O. malus.
- Erigone atra, a dwarf spider
Genera
As of May 2021, the World Spider Catalog accepts the following genera:[2]
- Abacoproeces Simon, 1884 — Austria, Russia
- Aberdaria Holm, 1962 — Kenya
- Abiskoa Saaristo & Tanasevitch, 2000 — Poland, Russia, China
- Acanoides Sun, Marusik & Tu, 2014 — China
- Acanthoneta Eskov & Marusik, 1992 — North America, Asia
- Acartauchenius Simon, 1884 — Asia, Africa, Europe
- Acorigone Wunderlich, 2008 — Azores
- Acroterius Irfan, Bashir & Peng, 2021 — China
- Adelonetria Millidge, 1991 — Chile
- Afribactrus Wunderlich, 1995 — South Africa
- Afromynoglenes Merrett & Russell-Smith, 1996 — Ethiopia
- Afroneta Holm, 1968 — Africa
- Agnyphantes Hull, 1932 — Canada, Russia, China
- Agyneta Hull, 1911 — South America, Asia, Africa, Europe, North America, Bermuda, Panama, Australia
- Agyphantes Saaristo & Marusik, 2004 — Russia
- Ainerigone Eskov, 1993 — Russia, Japan
- Algarveneta Wunderlich, 2021 — Portugal
- Alioranus Simon, 1926 — Asia, Greece
- Allomengea Strand, 1912 — Asia, Canada
- Allotiso Tanasevitch, 1990 — Turkey, Georgia
- Anacornia Chamberlin & Ivie, 1933 — United States
- Anguliphantes Saaristo & Tanasevitch, 1996 — Asia, Romania
- Anibontes Chamberlin, 1924 — United States
- Annapolis Millidge, 1984 — United States
- Anodoration Millidge, 1991 — Brazil, Argentina
- Anthrobia Tellkampf, 1844 — United States
- Antrohyphantes Dumitrescu, 1971 — Bulgaria
- Aperturina Tanasevitch, 2014 — Thailand, Malaysia
- Aphileta Hull, 1920 — Kazakhstan, United States, Russia
- Apobrata Miller, 2004 — Philippines
- Aprifrontalia Oi, 1960 — Asia
- Arachosinella Denis, 1958 — Asia
- Araeoncus Simon, 1884 — Europe, Asia, Africa, New Zealand
- Archaraeoncus Tanasevitch, 1987 — Asia, Europe
- Arcterigone Eskov & Marusik, 1994 — Russia, Canada
- Arcuphantes Chamberlin & Ivie, 1943 — North America, Asia
- Ascetophantes Tanasevitch & Saaristo, 2006 — Nepal
- Asemostera Simon, 1898 — Central America, South America
- Asiafroneta Tanasevitch, 2020 — Borneo
- Asiagone Tanasevitch, 2014 — Thailand, China, Laos
- Asiceratinops Eskov, 1992 — Russia
- Asiophantes Eskov, 1993 — Russia
- Asperthorax Oi, 1960 — Russia, Japan, China
- Asthenargellus Caporiacco, 1949 — Kenya
- Asthenargoides Eskov, 1993 — Russia
- Asthenargus Simon & Fage, 1922 — Africa, Europe, Asia
- Atypena Simon, 1894 — Asia
- Australolinyphia Wunderlich, 1976 — Australia
- Australophantes Tanasevitch, 2012 — Indonesia, Australia
- Bactrogyna Millidge, 1991 — Chile
- Baryphyma Simon, 1884 — Europe, Asia
- Baryphymula Eskov, 1992 — Japan
- Bathylinyphia Eskov, 1992 — Asia
- Bathyphantes Menge, 1866 — North America, Asia, Africa, Europe, Argentina, Oceania
- Batueta Locket, 1982 — Asia
- Bifurcia Saaristo, Tu & Li, 2006 — China, Russia
- Birgerius Saaristo, 1973 — France, Spain
- Bisetifer Tanasevitch, 1987 — Ukraine, Russia
- Bishopiana Eskov, 1988 — Russia
- Blestia Millidge, 1993 — United States
- Bolephthyphantes Strand, 1901 — Greenland, Russia, Kazakhstan
- Bolyphantes C. L. Koch, 1837 — Asia, Europe
- Bordea Bosmans, 1995 — Portugal, Spain, France
- Brachycerasphora Denis, 1962 — Africa, Asia
- Bursellia Holm, 1962 — Africa
- Caenonetria Millidge & Russell-Smith, 1992 — Indonesia
- Callitrichia Fage, 1936 — Africa, Asia
- Callosa Zhao & Li, 2017 — China
- Camafroneta Frick & Scharff, 2018 — Cameroon
- Cameroneta Bosmans & Jocqué, 1983 — Cameroon
- Canariellanum Wunderlich, 1987 — Canary Is.
- Canariphantes Wunderlich, 1992 — Africa, Israel, Europe
- Capsulia Saaristo, Tu & Li, 2006 — China
- Caracladus Simon, 1884 — Europe, Asia
- Carorita Duffey & Merrett, 1963 — Russia, China
- Cassafroneta Blest, 1979 — New Zealand
- Catacercus Millidge, 1985 — Chile
- Catonetria Millidge & Ashmole, 1994 — Ascension Is.
- Caucasopisthes Tanasevitch, 1990 — Caucasus
- Cautinella Millidge, 1985 — Chile
- Caviphantes Oi, 1960 — Romania, Asia, United States
- Centromerita Dahl, 1912 — United States, Canada
- Centromerus Dahl, 1886 — Europe, Asia, Africa, North America
- Centrophantes Miller & Polenec, 1975 — Slovenia, Austria
- Ceraticelus Simon, 1884 — North America, Europe, Russia, Cuba
- Ceratinella Emerton, 1882 — North America, Asia, Europe, Australia
- Ceratinops Banks, 1905 — United States, Canada
- Ceratinopsidis Bishop & Crosby, 1930 — United States
- Ceratinopsis Emerton, 1882 — Africa, North America, Asia, Guatemala, Cuba
- Ceratocyba Holm, 1962 — Kenya
- Cheniseo Bishop & Crosby, 1935 — United States, Canada
- Chenisides Denis, 1962 — Congo, Kenya
- Cherserigone Denis, 1954 — Algeria
- Chiangmaia Millidge, 1995 — Thailand
- Chthiononetes Millidge, 1993 — Australia
- Cinetata Wunderlich, 1995 — Georgia
- Cirrosus Zhao & Li, 2014 — China
- Claviphantes Tanasevitch & Saaristo, 2006 — Nepal
- Cnephalocotes Simon, 1884 — Canada, Russia, France
- Collinsia O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1913 — Asia, North America, Europe
- Coloncus Chamberlin, 1949 — United States, Canada
- Comorella Jocqué, 1985 — Comoros
- Concavocephalus Eskov, 1989 — Russia
- Conglin Zhao & Li, 2014 — China
- Connithorax Eskov, 1993 — Russia
- Coreorgonal Bishop & Crosby, 1935 — United States, Canada
- Cornicephalus Saaristo & Wunderlich, 1995 — China
- Cornitibia Lin, Lopardo & Uhl, 2022 - Nepal
- Cresmatoneta Simon, 1929 — Asia
- Crispiphantes Tanasevitch, 1992 — China, Korea, Russia
- Crosbyarachne Charitonov, 1937 — Turkey, Europe
- Crosbylonia Eskov, 1988 — Russia
- Cryptolinyphia Millidge, 1991 — Colombia
- Ctenophysis Millidge, 1985 — Chile
- Curtimeticus Zhao & Li, 2014 — China
- Cyphonetria Millidge, 1995 — Thailand
- Dactylopisthes Simon, 1884 — Europe, Asia, North America
- Dactylopisthoides Eskov, 1990 — Russia
- Decipiphantes Saaristo & Tanasevitch, 1996 — Belarus, Asia
- Deelemania Jocqué & Bosmans, 1983 — Africa
- Dendronetria Millidge & Russell-Smith, 1992 — Indonesia
- Denisiphantes Tu, Li & Rollard, 2005 — China
- Diastanillus Simon, 1926 — France, Austria, Norway
- Dicornua Oi, 1960 — Japan
- Dicymbium Menge, 1868 — North America, Asia
- Didectoprocnemis Denis, 1950 — Europe, Africa
- Diechomma Millidge, 1991 — Colombia
- Diplocentria Hull, 1911 — Asia, Sweden, North America
- Diplocephaloides Oi, 1960 — Korea, Japan, China
- Diplocephalus Bertkau, 1883 — Africa, Europe, North America, Asia
- Diploplecta Millidge, 1988 — New Zealand
- Diplostyla Emerton, 1882 — Turkey, Russia
- Diplothyron Millidge, 1991 — Venezuela
- Disembolus Chamberlin & Ivie, 1933 — United States, Canada
- Dismodicus Simon, 1884 — Russia, North America, Europe
- Doenitzius Oi, 1960 — Asia
- Dolabritor Millidge, 1991 — Colombia
- Donacochara Simon, 1884 — Angola
- Drapetisca Menge, 1866 — United States, New Zealand, Asia
- Drepanotylus Holm, 1945 — Asia, Bulgaria
- Dresconella Denis, 1950 — France
- Dubiaranea Mello-Leitão, 1943 — South America, Indonesia
- Dumoga Millidge & Russell-Smith, 1992 — Indonesia
- Dunedinia Millidge, 1988 — New Zealand, Australia
- Eborilaira Eskov, 1989 — Russia
- Eldonnia Tanasevitch, 2008 — Russia, Korea, Japan
- Emenista Simon, 1894 — India
- Emertongone Lin, Lopardo & Uhl, 2022 - USA
- Enguterothrix Denis, 1962 — Congo, Asia
- Entelecara Simon, 1884 — North America, Asia, Europe, Algeria
- Eordea Simon, 1899 — Indonesia
- Epibellowia Tanasevitch, 1996 — Russia, Japan
- Epiceraticelus Crosby & Bishop, 1931 — United States
- Epigyphantes Saaristo & Tanasevitch, 2004 — Russia
- Epigytholus Tanasevitch, 1996 — Russia, Mongolia
- Episolder Tanasevitch, 1996 — Russia
- Epiwubana Millidge, 1991 — Chile
- Eridantes Crosby & Bishop, 1933 — United States, Mexico, Canada
- Erigokhabarum Tanasevitch, 2022 - Russia (Far East)
- Erigomicronus Tanasevitch, 2018 — Japan, Russia, China
- Erigone Audouin, 1826 — North America, Europe, South America, Panama, Asia, Africa, Caribbean, Oceania
- Erigonella Dahl, 1901 — Canada, Asia, France
- Erigonoploides Eskov, 1989 — Russia
- Erigonoplus Simon, 1884 — Europe, Asia, Morocco
- Erigonops Scharff, 1990 — South Africa
- Erigophantes Wunderlich, 1995 — Indonesia
- Eskovia Marusik & Saaristo, 1999 — Russia, Canada, Mongolia
- Eskovina Kocak & Kemal, 2006 — Russia, China, Korea
- Esophyllas Prentice & Redak, 2012 — United States
- Estrandia Blauvelt, 1936 — Russia, China, Japan
- Eulaira Chamberlin & Ivie, 1933 — United States, Mexico
- Eurymorion Millidge, 1993 — Brazil, Bolivia
- Evansia O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1900 — Europe (Japan?)
- Exechopsis Millidge, 1991 — South America
- Exocora Millidge, 1991 — Brazil, Venezuela, Bolivia
- Fageiella Kratochvíl, 1934 — Serbia, Montenegro
- Falklandoglenes Usher, 1983 — Falkland Is.
- Fissiscapus Millidge, 1991 — Ecuador, Colombia
- Fistulaphantes Tanasevitch & Saaristo, 2006 — Nepal
- Flagelliphantes Saaristo & Tanasevitch, 1996 — Russia
- Floricomus Crosby & Bishop, 1925 — United States, Canada
- Florinda O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1896 — United States, Mexico
- Floronia Simon, 1887 — Ecuador, Asia
- Formiphantes Saaristo & Tanasevitch, 1996 — Europe
- Frederickus Paquin, Dupérré, Buckle & Crawford, 2008 — United States, Canada
- Frontella Kulczyński, 1908 — Russia
- Frontinella F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1902 — North America, China, El Salvador
- Frontinellina van Helsdingen, 1969 — Asia, South Africa
- Frontiphantes Wunderlich, 1987 — Madeira
- Fusciphantes Oi, 1960 — Japan
- Gibbafroneta Merrett, 2004 — Congo
- Gibothorax Eskov, 1989 — Russia
- Gigapassus Miller, 2007 — Argentina
- Gladiata Zhao & Li, 2014 — China
- Glebala Zhao & Li, 2014 — China
- Glomerosus Zhao & Li, 2014 — China
- Glyphesis Simon, 1926 — Asia, North America, Europe
- Gnathonargus Bishop & Crosby, 1935 — United States
- Gnathonarium Karsch, 1881 — Asia, North America
- Gnathonaroides Bishop & Crosby, 1938 — United States, Canada
- Gonatium Menge, 1868 — Asia, Europe, North America, Africa
- Gonatoraphis Millidge, 1991 — Colombia
- Goneatara Bishop & Crosby, 1935 — United States
- Gongylidiellum Simon, 1884 — Africa, Asia, Romania, United States, Argentina
- Gongylidioides Oi, 1960 — Asia
- Gongylidium Menge, 1868 — Asia, Italy
- Grammonota Emerton, 1882 — North America, Colombia, Central America, Caribbean
- Graphomoa Chamberlin, 1924 — United States
- Gravipalpus Millidge, 1991 — Brazil, Peru, Argentina
- Habreuresis Millidge, 1991 — Chile
- Halorates Hull, 1911 — Kazakhstan, Pakistan
- Haplinis Simon, 1894 — New Zealand, Australia
- Haplomaro Miller, 1970 — Angola
- Helophora Menge, 1866 — Russia, China, United States
- Helsdingenia Saaristo & Tanasevitch, 2003 — Asia, Africa
- Herbiphantes Tanasevitch, 1992 — Russia, Korea, Japan
- Heterolinyphia Wunderlich, 1973 — Bhutan, Nepal
- Heterotrichoncus Wunderlich, 1970 — Europe, Russia
- Hilaira Simon, 1884 — Asia, North America, Europe
- Himalafurca Tanasevitch, 2021 — Nepal
- Himalaphantes Tanasevitch, 1992 — Asia
- Holma Locket, 1974 — Angola
- Holmelgonia Jocqué & Scharff, 2007 — Africa
- Holminaria Eskov, 1991 — Russia, Mongolia, China
- Horcotes Crosby & Bishop, 1933 — United States, Russia, Canada
- Houshenzinus Tanasevitch, 2006 — China
- Hubertella Platnick, 1989 — Nepal
- Hybauchenidium Holm, 1973 — Russia, North America, Europe
- Hybocoptus Simon, 1884 — Algeria, Morocco, France
- Hylyphantes Simon, 1884 — Asia
- Hyperafroneta Blest, 1979 — New Zealand
- Hypomma Dahl, 1886 — Asia, Macedonia, Equatorial Guinea, United States
- Hypselistes Simon, 1894 — Asia, North America
- Hypselocara Millidge, 1991 — Venezuela
- Hypsocephalus Millidge, 1978 — France, Switzerland, Italy
- Ibadana Locket & Russell-Smith, 1980 — Nigeria, Cameroon
- Iberoneta Deeleman-Reinhold, 1984 — Spain
- Icariella Brignoli, 1979 — Greece
- Idionella Banks, 1893 — United States, Mexico
- Improphantes Saaristo & Tanasevitch, 1996 — Asia, Africa, Europe
- Incestophantes Tanasevitch, 1992 — Asia, Europe, North America
- Indophantes Saaristo & Tanasevitch, 2003 — Asia
- Intecymbium Miller, 2007 — Chile, Argentina
- Ipa Saaristo, 2007 — Asia, Europe
- Ipaoides Tanasevitch, 2008 — China
- Islandiana Braendegaard, 1932 — North America, Russia, Europe
- Ivielum Eskov, 1988 — Russia, Mongolia, Canada
- Jacksonella Millidge, 1951 — Cyprus, Greece, Korea
- Jalapyphantes Gertsch & Davis, 1946 — Mexico, Ecuador
- Janetschekia Schenkel, 1939 — Europe
- Javagone Tanasevitch, 2020 — Java
- Javanaria Tanasevitch, 2020 — Java
- Javanyphia Tanasevitch, 2020 — Java
- Jilinus Lin, Lopardo & Uhl, 2022 - Russia (Far East), China, Korea
- Johorea Locket, 1982 — Malaysia
- Juanfernandezia Koçak & Kemal, 2008 — Chile
- Kaestneria Wiehle, 1956 — Asia, North America
- Kagurargus Ono, 2007 — Japan
- Kalimagone Tanasevitch, 2017 — Malaysia
- Karita Tanasevitch, 2007 — Europe, Russia
- Kenocymbium Millidge & Russell-Smith, 1992 — Malaysia, Indonesia, Thailand
- Ketambea Millidge & Russell-Smith, 1992 — Asia
- Kikimora Eskov, 1988 — Finland, Russia
- Knischatiria Wunderlich, 1976 — Australia, Indonesia, Malaysia
- Koinothrix Jocqué, 1981 — Cape Verde Is.
- Kolymocyba Eskov, 1989 — Russia
- Kratochviliella Miller, 1938 — Europe
- Labicymbium Millidge, 1991 — South America
- Labulla Simon, 1884 — Europe, Russia
- Labullinyphia van Helsdingen, 1985 — Sri Lanka
- Labullula Strand, 1913 — Cameroon, Angola, Comoros
- Laetesia Simon, 1908 — Oceania, Thailand
- Lamellasia Tanasevitch, 2014 — Thailand
- Laminacauda Millidge, 1985 — South America, Panama
- Laminafroneta Merrett, 2004 — Africa
- Laogone Tanasevitch, 2014 — China, Laos
- Laperousea Dalmas, 1917 — Australia, New Zealand
- Lasiargus Kulczyński, 1894 — Asia
- Lepthyphantes Menge, 1866 — Asia, Africa, Europe, North America, Chile
- Leptorhoptrum Kulczyński, 1894 — Russia, Japan
- Leptothrix Menge, 1869 — Europe
- Lessertia Smith, 1908 — Spain, Africa, Canada, New Zealand
- Lessertinella Denis, 1947 — Europe
- Lidia Saaristo & Marusik, 2004 — Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan
- Limoneta Bosmans & Jocqué, 1983 — Cameroon, Kenya, South Africa
- Linyphantes Chamberlin & Ivie, 1942 — United States, Canada, Mexico
- Linyphia Latreille, 1804 — North America, Asia, South America, Central America, Africa, Europe, Oceania
- Locketidium Jocqué, 1981 — Malawi, Kenya, Tanzania
- Locketiella Millidge & Russell-Smith, 1992 — Indonesia
- Locketina Kocak & Kemal, 2006 — Indonesia, Malaysia
- Lomaita Bryant, 1948 — Dominican Republic
- Lophomma Menge, 1868 — United States, Russia
- Lotusiphantes Chen & Yin, 2001 — China
- Lucrinus O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1904 — South Africa
- Lygarina Simon, 1894 — South America
- Machadocara Miller, 1970 — Congo, Zambia
- Macrargus Dahl, 1886 — Europe, Asia
- Maculoncus Wunderlich, 1995 — Taiwan, Greece, Israel
- Malkinola Miller, 2007 — Chile
- Mansuphantes Saaristo & Tanasevitch, 1996 — Europe, Asia
- Maorineta Millidge, 1988 — New Zealand, Indonesia
- Maro O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1906 — North America, Asia
- Martensinus Wunderlich, 1973 — Nepal
- Masikia Millidge, 1984 — Russia, United States, Canada
- Maso Simon, 1884 — United States, Portugal, Algeria, Asia
- Masoncus Chamberlin, 1949 — United States, Canada
- Masonetta Chamberlin & Ivie, 1939 — United States
- Mecopisthes Simon, 1926 — Europe, Africa, Asia
- Mecynargoides Eskov, 1988 — Russia, Mongolia
- Mecynargus Kulczyński, 1894 — Asia, North America, Europe
- Mecynidis Simon, 1894 — Africa
- Megafroneta Blest, 1979 — New Zealand
- Megalepthyphantes Wunderlich, 1994 — Africa, Asia, Greece
- Mermessus O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1899 — North America, Caribbean, Central America, South America, Asia, South Africa, New Zealand
- Mesasigone Tanasevitch, 1989 — Asia
- Metafroneta Blest, 1979 — New Zealand
- Metaleptyphantes Locket, 1968 — Africa, Indonesia
- Metamynoglenes Blest, 1979 — New Zealand
- Metapanamomops Millidge, 1977 — Germany, Ukraine
- Metopobactrus Simon, 1884 — Europe, North America, Asia
- Micrargus Dahl, 1886 — North America, Europe, Asia, Uganda
- Microbathyphantes van Helsdingen, 1985 — Asia, Africa
- Microctenonyx Dahl, 1886 — Italy, Africa, United States, Oceania
- Microcyba Holm, 1962 — Africa
- Microlinyphia Gerhardt, 1928 — Africa, North America, Asia
- Microneta Menge, 1869 — Sweden, South America, North America, Papua New Guinea, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Asia
- Microplanus Millidge, 1991 — Colombia, Panama
- Midia Saaristo & Wunderlich, 1995 — Europe
- Miftengris Eskov, 1993 — Russia
- Millidgea Locket, 1968 — Angola
- Millidgella Kammerer, 2006 — Chile, Argentina
- Minicia Thorell, 1875 — Asia, Europe, Algeria
- Minyriolus Simon, 1884 — Argentina, Italy
- Mioxena Simon, 1926 — Congo, Kenya, Angola
- Mitrager van Helsdingen, 1985 — Indonesia
- Moebelia Dahl, 1886 — Germany, China
- Moebelotinus Wunderlich, 1995 — Russia, Mongolia
- Molestia Tu, Saaristo & Li, 2006
- Monocephalus Smith, 1906 — Europe
- Monocerellus Tanasevitch, 1983 — Russia
- Montilaira Chamberlin, 1921 — United States
- Moreiraxena Miller, 1970 — Angola
- Moyosi Miller, 2007 — Guyana, Brazil, Argentina
- Mughiphantes Saaristo & Tanasevitch, 1999 — Asia, Europe
- Murphydium Jocqué, 1996 — Kenya, Somalia
- Mycula Schikora, 1994 — Germany, Austria, Italy
- Myrmecomelix Millidge, 1993 — Peru, Ecuador
- Mythoplastoides Crosby & Bishop, 1933 — United States
- Napometa Benoit, 1977 — St. Helena
- Nasoona Locket, 1982 — Asia, Venezuela
- Nasoonaria Wunderlich & Song, 1995 — Asia
- Nematogmus Simon, 1884 — Asia
- Nenilinium Eskov, 1988 — Russia, Mongolia
- Nentwigia Millidge, 1995 — Thailand, Indonesia
- Neocautinella Baert, 1990 — Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia
- Neodietrichia Özdikmen, 2008 — United States, Canada
- Neoeburnella Koçak, 1986 — Côte d'Ivoire
- Neomaso Forster, 1970 — Chile, Argentina, Brazil
- Neonesiotes Millidge, 1991 — Seychelles, Fiji, Samoa
- Neriene Blackwall, 1833 — Asia, Africa, North America, Europe
- Neserigone Eskov, 1992 — Russia, Japan
- Nesioneta Millidge, 1991 — Asia, Seychelles, Fiji
- Nihonella Ballarin & Yamasaki, 2021 — Japan
- Nippononeta Eskov, 1992 — Asia
- Nipponotusukuru Saito & Ono, 2001 — Japan
- Nispa Eskov, 1993 — Russia, Japan
- Notholepthyphantes Millidge, 1985 — Chile
- Nothophantes Merrett & Stevens, 1995 — Britain
- Notiogyne Tanasevitch, 2007 — Russia
- Notiohyphantes Millidge, 1985 — Mexico, South America
- Notiomaso Banks, 1914 — Chile, Argentina
- Notioscopus Simon, 1884 — South Africa, Asia
- Notolinga Lavery & Dupérré, 2019 — Argentina & Falkland Is.
- Novafroneta Blest, 1979 — New Zealand
- Novafrontina Millidge, 1991 — South America, Mexico
- Novalaetesia Millidge, 1988 — New Zealand
- Nusoncus Wunderlich, 2008 — Europe
- Oaphantes Chamberlin & Ivie, 1943 — United States
- Obrimona Strand, 1934 — Sri Lanka
- Obscuriphantes Saaristo & Tanasevitch, 2000 — Europe, Asia
- Oculocornia Oliger, 1985 — Russia
- Oedothorax Bertkau, 1883 — Europe, North America, Asia, Argentina, Africa
- Oia Wunderlich, 1973 — Asia
- Oilinyphia Ono & Saito, 1989 — China, Thailand, Japan
- Okhotigone Eskov, 1993 — Russia, China, Japan
- Onychembolus Millidge, 1985 — Chile, Argentina
- Ophrynia Jocqué, 1981 — Tanzania, Malawi, Cameroon
- Oreocyba Holm, 1962 — Kenya, Uganda
- Oreoneta Kulczyński, 1894 — Asia, North America, Europe
- Oreonetides Strand, 1901 — Asia, North America, Europe
- Oreophantes Eskov, 1984 — United States, Canada
- Orfeo Miller, 2007 — Brazil
- Origanates Crosby & Bishop, 1933 — United States
- Orsonwelles Hormiga, 2002 — Hawaii
- Oryphantes Hull, 1932 — North America, Asia
- Ostearius Hull, 1911 — South Africa, China, New Zealand
- Ouedia Bosmans & Abrous, 1992 — Europe, Algeria
- Pachydelphus Jocqué & Bosmans, 1983 — Gabon, Sierra Leone, Côte d'Ivoire
- Pacifiphantes Eskov & Marusik, 1994 — North America, Asia
- Pahangone Tanasevitch, 2018 — Malaysia
- Paikiniana Eskov, 1992 — Korea, China, Japan
- Palaeohyphantes Millidge, 1984 — Australia
- Palliduphantes Saaristo & Tanasevitch, 2001 — Europe, Asia, Africa
- Panamomops Simon, 1884 — Europe, Asia
- Paracornicularia Crosby & Bishop, 1931 — United States
- Paracymboides Tanasevitch, 2011 — India
- Paraeboria Eskov, 1990 — Russia
- Parafroneta Blest, 1979 — New Zealand
- Paraglyphesis Eskov, 1991 — Russia
- Paragongylidiellum Wunderlich, 1973 — India, Nepal
- Paraletes Millidge, 1991 — Peru, Brazil
- Parameioneta Locket, 1982 — Asia
- Parapelecopsis Wunderlich, 1992 — Portugal, Georgia
- Parasisis Eskov, 1984 — Asia
- Paratapinocyba Saito, 1986 — Japan
- Paratmeticus Marusik & Koponen, 2010 — Russia, Japan
- Parawubanoides Eskov & Marusik, 1992 — Russia, Mongolia
- Parbatthorax Tanasevitch, 2019 — Nepal
- Parhypomma Eskov, 1992 — Japan
- Paro Berland, 1942 — Austral Is.
- Parvunaria Tanasevitch, 2018 — Myanmar
- Patagoneta Millidge, 1985 — Chile
- Pecado Hormiga & Scharff, 2005 — Spain, Morocco, Algeria
- Pelecopsidis Bishop & Crosby, 1935 — United States
- Pelecopsis Simon, 1864 — Africa, Europe, North America, Asia
- Peponocranium Simon, 1884 — Asia, Europe
- Perlongipalpus Eskov & Marusik, 1991 — Russia, Mongolia
- Perregrinus Tanasevitch, 1992 — Asia, Canada
- Perro Tanasevitch, 1992 — Russia, Canada
- Phanetta Keyserling, 1886 — United States
- Phlattothrata Crosby & Bishop, 1933 — United States, Russia
- Phyllarachne Millidge & Russell-Smith, 1992 — Indonesia
- Piesocalus Simon, 1894 — Indonesia
- Piniphantes Saaristo & Tanasevitch, 1996 — Europe, Asia
- Pityohyphantes Simon, 1929 — North America, Asia
- Plaesianillus Simon, 1926 — France
- Platyspira Song & Li, 2009 — China
- Plectembolus Millidge & Russell-Smith, 1992 — Philippines, Malaysia, Indonesia
- Plesiophantes Heimer, 1981 — Russia, Georgia, Turkey
- Plicatiductus Millidge & Russell-Smith, 1992 — Indonesia
- Pocadicnemis Simon, 1884 — North America, Europe, Asia
- Pocobletus Simon, 1894 — Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Costa Rica, Venezuela
- Poecilafroneta Blest, 1979 — New Zealand
- Poeciloneta Kulczyński, 1894 — Asia, North America
- Porrhomma Simon, 1884 — Asia, North America, Europe
- Praestigia Millidge, 1954 — Canada, Europe, Asia
- Primerigonina Wunderlich, 1995 — Panama
- Prinerigone Millidge, 1988 — Africa, Asia
- Priperia Simon, 1904 — Hawaii
- Procerocymbium Eskov, 1989 — Russia, Canada
- Proelauna Jocqué, 1981 — Angola, Tanzania, Malawi
- Proislandiana Tanasevitch, 1985 — Russia
- Promynoglenes Blest, 1979 — New Zealand
- Pronasoona Millidge, 1995 — Thailand, Malaysia
- Prosoponoides Millidge & Russell-Smith, 1992 — Asia
- Protoerigone Blest, 1979 — New Zealand
- Pseudafroneta Blest, 1979 — New Zealand
- Pseudocarorita Wunderlich, 1980 — Central Europe
- Pseudocyba Tanasevitch, 1984 — Russia, Kazakhstan
- Pseudohilaira Eskov, 1990 — Russia
- Pseudomaro Denis, 1966 — Europe
- Pseudomaso Locket & Russell-Smith, 1980 — Nigeria
- Pseudomicrargus Eskov, 1992 — Japan
- Pseudomicrocentria Miller, 1970 — South Africa, Malaysia
- Pseudoporrhomma Eskov, 1993 — Russia
- Pseudotyphistes Brignoli, 1972 — South America
- Pseudowubana Eskov & Marusik, 1992 — Russia, Mongolia
- Psilocymbium Millidge, 1991 — South America
- Racata Millidge, 1995 — Indonesia, Thailand
- Rhabdogyna Millidge, 1985 — Chile
- Ringina Tambs-Lyche, 1954 — Crozet Is.
- Russocampus Tanasevitch, 2004 — Russia
- Ryojius Saito & Ono, 2001 — Korea, Japan, China
- Saaristoa Millidge, 1978 — Japan, United States
- Sachaliphantes Saaristo & Tanasevitch, 2004 — Asia
- Saitonia Eskov, 1992 — China, Japan, Korea
- Saloca Simon, 1926 — Turkey, Nepal, Russia
- Satilatlas Keyserling, 1886 — United States, Canada, Russia
- Sauron Eskov, 1995 — Russia, Kazakhstan
- Savignia Blackwall, 1833 — Asia, United States, Australia, Europe, Comoros
- Savigniorrhipis Wunderlich, 1992 — Azores
- Scandichrestus Wunderlich, 1995 — Sweden, Finland, Russia
- Sciastes Bishop & Crosby, 1938 — Europe, Russia, North America
- Scirites Bishop & Crosby, 1938 — United States, Canada
- Scironis Bishop & Crosby, 1938 — United States
- Scolecura Millidge, 1991 — Brazil, Colombia, Argentina
- Scolopembolus Bishop & Crosby, 1938 — United States
- Scotargus Simon, 1913 — Algeria, Russia
- Scotinotylus Simon, 1884 — Asia, North America, Europe
- Scutpelecopsis Marusik & Gnelitsa, 2009 — Asia, Romania
- Scylaceus Bishop & Crosby, 1938 — United States, Canada
- Scyletria Bishop & Crosby, 1938 — United States, Canada
- Selenyphantes Gertsch & Davis, 1946 — Mexico, Guatemala
- Semljicola Strand, 1906 — Asia, Europe, North America
- Sengletus Tanasevitch, 2008 — Egypt, Israel, Iran
- Shaanxinus Tanasevitch, 2006 — China
- Shanus Tanasevitch, 2006 — China
- Sibirocyba Eskov & Marusik, 1994 — Russia
- Silometopoides Eskov, 1990 — Asia, North America, Greenland
- Silometopus Simon, 1926 — Europe, Asia
- Simplicistilus Locket, 1968 — West & Central Africa
- Singatrichona Tanasevitch, 2019 — Singapore
- Sinolinyphia Wunderlich & Li, 1995
- Sinopimoa Li & Wunderlich, 2008 — China
- Sintula Simon, 1884 — Asia, Europe, Africa
- Sisicottus Bishop & Crosby, 1938 — United States, Canada, Russia
- Sisicus Bishop & Crosby, 1938 — Russia, United States, Canada
- Sisis Bishop & Crosby, 1938 — United States, Canada
- Sisyrbe Bishop & Crosby, 1938 — United States
- Sitalcas Bishop & Crosby, 1938 — United States
- Smerasia Zhao & Li, 2014 — China
- Smermisia Simon, 1894 — South America, Costa Rica
- Smodix Bishop & Crosby, 1938 — United States, Canada
- Solenysa Simon, 1894 — Asia
- Soucron Crosby & Bishop, 1936 — United States, Canada
- Souessa Crosby & Bishop, 1936 — United States
- Souessoula Crosby & Bishop, 1936 — United States
- Sougambus Crosby & Bishop, 1936 — United States, Canada
- Souidas Crosby & Bishop, 1936 — United States
- Soulgas Crosby & Bishop, 1936 — United States
- Spanioplanus Millidge, 1991 — Venezuela, Peru
- Sphecozone O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1871 — South America, United States, Trinidad
- Spiralophantes Tanasevitch & Saaristo, 2006 — Nepal
- Spirembolus Chamberlin, 1920 — United States, Canada, Mexico
- Stemonyphantes Menge, 1866 — Asia, Ukraine, North America
- Sthelota Simon, 1894 — Panama, Guatemala
- Stictonanus Millidge, 1991 — Chile
- Strandella Oi, 1960 — Asia
- Strongyliceps Fage, 1936 — Kenya, Uganda
- Styloctetor Simon, 1884 — Europe, North America, Asia
- Subbekasha Millidge, 1984 — Canada
- Syedra Simon, 1884 — Europe, Asia, Congo
- Symmigma Crosby & Bishop, 1933 — United States
- Tachygyna Chamberlin & Ivie, 1939 — United States, Canada
- Taibainus Tanasevitch, 2006 — China
- Taibaishanus Tanasevitch, 2006 — China
- Tallusia Lehtinen & Saaristo, 1972 — Asia, Greece
- Tanasevitchia Marusik & Saaristo, 1999 — Russia
- Tapinocyba Simon, 1884 — Europe, Algeria, North America, Asia
- Tapinocyboides Wiehle, 1960 — India
- Tapinopa Westring, 1851 — United States, Europe, Asia
- Tapinotorquis Dupérré & Paquin, 2007 — United States, Canada
- Taranucnus Simon, 1884 — Europe, Asia, United States
- Tarsiphantes Strand, 1905 — Russia, Canada, Greenland
- Tchatkalophantes Tanasevitch, 2001 — Asia
- Tegulinus Tanasevitch, 2017 — Indonesia
- Tennesseellum Petrunkevitch, 1925 — United States
- Tenuiphantes Saaristo & Tanasevitch, 1996 — Asia, Europe, Africa, North America, South America, New Zealand
- Ternatus Sun, Li & Tu, 2012
- Tessamoro Eskov, 1993 — Russia
- Thainetes Millidge, 1995 — Thailand
- Thaiphantes Millidge, 1995 — Thailand
- Thaleria Tanasevitch, 1984 — Russia, United States
- Thapsagus Simon, 1894 — Madagascar
- Thaumatoncus Simon, 1884 — Europe, Algeria, Israel
- Theoa Saaristo, 1995 — Asia, Seychelles
- Theoneta Eskov & Marusik, 1991 — Russia
- Theonina Simon, 1929 — Russia, Algeria
- Thyreobaeus Simon, 1889 — Madagascar
- Thyreosthenius Simon, 1884 — Russia
- Tibiaster Tanasevitch, 1987 — Kazakhstan
- Tibioploides Eskov & Marusik, 1991 — Asia, Estonia
- Tibioplus Chamberlin & Ivie, 1947 — Asia, United States
- Tiso Simon, 1884 — Canada, Greenland, Asia
- Tmeticodes Ono, 2010 — Japan
- Tmeticus Menge, 1868 — Asia, North America
- Tojinium Saito & Ono, 2001 — Japan
- Toltecaria Miller, 2007 — Mexico
- Tomohyphantes Millidge, 1995 — Indonesia
- Toschia Caporiacco, 1949 — Africa
- Totua Keyserling, 1891 — Brazil
- Trachyneta Holm, 1968 — Congo, Malawi
- Traematosisis Bishop & Crosby, 1938 — United States
- Trematocephalus Dahl, 1886 — Asia, France
- Trichobactrus Wunderlich, 1995 — Mongolia
- Trichoncoides Denis, 1950 — France, Asia
- Trichoncus Simon, 1884 — Europe, Africa, Asia
- Trichoncyboides Wunderlich, 2008 — Switzerland, Germany, Austria
- Trichopterna Kulczyński, 1894 — Asia, Europe, Africa
- Trichopternoides Wunderlich, 2008 — Europe
- Triplogyna Millidge, 1991 — Brazil, Argentina, Colombia
- Troglohyphantes Joseph, 1881 — Europe, Algeria, Asia
- Troxochrota Kulczyński, 1894 — Russia
- Troxochrus Simon, 1884 — Europe, Asia, Angola
- Tubercithorax Eskov, 1988 — Russia
- Tunagyna Chamberlin & Ivie, 1933 — Russia, Canada, United States
- Turbinellina Millidge, 1993 — Chile, Argentina
- Turinyphia van Helsdingen, 1982 — China, Korea, Japan
- Tusukuru Eskov, 1993 — United States, Russia
- Tutaibo Chamberlin, 1916 — North America, South America, Guatemala
- Tybaertiella Jocqué, 1979 — Côte d'Ivoire, Nigeria, Ethiopia
- Typhistes Simon, 1894 — Sri Lanka, Ethiopia, South Africa
- Typhlonyphia Kratochvíl, 1936 — Croatia
- Typhochrestinus Eskov, 1990 — Russia
- Typhochrestoides Eskov, 1990 — Russia
- Typhochrestus Simon, 1884 — Europe, Africa, Asia, North America
- Uahuka Berland, 1935 — Marquesas Is.
- Uapou Berland, 1935 — Marquesas Is.
- Ulugurella Jocqué & Scharff, 1986 — Tanzania
- Ummeliata Strand, 1942 — Asia
- Uralophantes Esyunin, 1992 — Ukraine, Russia
- Ussurigone Eskov, 1993 — Russia
- Uusitaloia Marusik, Koponen & Danilov, 2001 — Russia
- Vagiphantes Saaristo & Tanasevitch, 2004 — Central Asia
- Venia Seyfulina & Jocqué, 2009 — Kenya
- Vermontia Millidge, 1984 — United States, Canada, Russia
- Vesicapalpus Millidge, 1991 — Brazil, Argentina
- Vietnagone Tanasevitch, 2019 — China, Vietnam
- Viktorium Eskov, 1988 — Russia
- Vittatus Zhao & Li, 2014 — China
- Wabasso Millidge, 1984 — Russia, North America, Greenland
- Walckenaeria Blackwall, 1833 — Europe, Asia, Africa, North America, Central America, Colombia, Cuba
- Walckenaerianus Wunderlich, 1995 — Asia, Bulgaria
- Wiehlea Braun, 1959 — Western Europe
- Wiehlenarius Eskov, 1990 — Russia, Europe
- Wubana Chamberlin, 1919 — United States
- Wubanoides Eskov, 1986 — Russia, Japan, Mongolia
- Xim Ibarra-Núñez, Chamé-Vázquez & Maya-Morales, 2021 — Mexico
- Yakutopus Eskov, 1990 — Russia
- Yuelushannus Irfan et al., 2020 — China
- Zerogone Eskov & Marusik, 1994 — Russia
- Zhezhoulinyphia Irfan, Zhou & Peng, 2019 — China
- Zilephus Simon, 1902 — Argentina
- Zornella Jackson, 1932 — North America, Asia
- Zygottus Chamberlin, 1949 — United States
Gallery
Bowl and doily spider, Frontinella pyramitela
Blacktailed red sheetweaver, Florinda coccinoa
Florinda coccinoa eyes
Sheet weaver's web in morning dew
Sheet weaver's web
See also
References
- 1 2 3 Hormiga, G. (1998). "The spider genus Napometa (Araneae, Araneoidea, Linyphiidae)" (PDF). Journal of Arachnology. 26: 125–132.
- 1 2 3 "Family: Linyphiidae Blackwall, 1859". World Spider Catalog. Natural History Museum Bern. Retrieved 2019-04-22.
- ↑ jordancuff (2019-05-16). "Rolling in money spiders". Biocoenosis. Retrieved 2021-10-12.
- ↑ Sunderland, K. D.; Fraser, A. M.; Dixon, A. F. G. (1986). "Field and Laboratory Studies on Money Spiders (Linyphiidae) as Predators of Cereal Aphids". Journal of Applied Ecology. 23 (2): 433–447. doi:10.2307/2404027. ISSN 0021-8901. JSTOR 2404027.
- ↑ Harwood, James D.; Obrycki, John J. (2005-09-01). "Web-Construction Behavior of Linyphiid Spiders (Araneae, Linyphiidae): Competition and Co-Existence Within a Generalist Predator Guild". Journal of Insect Behavior. 18 (5): 593–607. doi:10.1007/s10905-005-7013-8. ISSN 1572-8889. S2CID 30576829.
- ↑ "araneae - Key to families". araneae.nmbe.ch. Retrieved 2023-04-18.
- ↑ "Family Linyphiidae - Sheetweb and Dwarf Spiders". bugguide.net. Retrieved 2023-04-18.
- ↑ Suter, Robert B. (1992). "Ballooning: Data from Spiders in Freefall Indicate the Importance of Posture". The Journal of Arachnology. 20 (2): 107–113. ISSN 0161-8202. JSTOR 3705774.
- ↑ Suter, Robert B. (1999). "An Aerial Lottery: The Physics of Ballooning in a Chaotic Atmosphere". The Journal of Arachnology. 27 (1): 281–293. ISSN 0161-8202. JSTOR 3705999.
- ↑ "Invasion of the ballooning money spiders". BBC News. 2021-10-18. Retrieved 2021-12-08.
- ↑ RSPB Birds magazine, Winter 2004
- ↑ Spiders of North America: an identification manual. s.l.: American Arachn. Soc. 2005. ISBN 0977143902.
- ↑ Paquin, Pierre; Duperre, Nadine (2003). Guide d'identification des Araignees (Araneae) du Quebec. Association des entomologistes amateurs du Québec. p. 251.
- Bosselaers, J & Henderickx, H. (2002) A new Savignia from Cretan caves (Araneae: Linyphiidae). Zootaxa 109:1-8 PDF
- Hågvar, S. & Aakra, K. 2006. Spiders active on snow in Southern Norway. Norw. J. Entomol. 53, 71-82.
External links
Wikispecies has information related to Linyphiidae.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Linyphiidae.
- Frontinella pyramitela web (photo)
- ToL on Linyphiidae
- Spiders rebuild webs en masse after floods in Wagga Wagga Australian Geographic News report
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