Shi Qiang pan
MaterialBronze
Height16.2 cm
Createdc. 908 BC
Discovered1976
Baoji, Shaanxi, China
Present locationBaoji, Shaanxi, China

The Shi Qiang pan (史墻盤; "Basin of Scribe Qiang"), also called the Qiang pan (墻盤), is an ancient Chinese bronze pan vessel (basin). Dated to the end of the 10th century BCE, it is inscribed with a text that has been described as "the first conscious attempt in China to write history."[1][2][3]

Low and round with two handles, the vessel is 16.2 cm tall, with a diameter of 47.3 cm. Its exterior is cast with a taotie design. It is regarded as a national treasure, and in 2002 it was listed as one of sixty-four cultural relics prohibited from leaving Chinese soil.[4] The basin is kept at the Baoji Bronze Ware Museum.

History

The Shi Qiang pan was cast sometime during the reign of King Gong of Zhou (r. 917/15 to 900 BCE[5]) for a member of the Wēi clan (𢼸,[6] modern 微), whose name was Qiáng (墻). Some time later it was buried along with over 100 other vessels belonging to the family, and only unearthed in 1976, in Fufeng County, Baoji, Shaanxi.[7]

Inscription

Rubbing of the Shi Qiang pan

The interior of the vessel is inscribed with 284 characters divided into eighteen lines.[8] The content praises the previous and current rulers of the Zhou state, extolling their virtues and deeds, and then recounts the history of the family of the caster, culminating with Scribe Qiang himself. This is in contrast to most inscriptions which detail only immediate events.[9]

The inscription recounts how King Wen of Zhou "joined the ten thousand states", King Wu of Zhou "campaigned through the four quarters", King Zhao of Zhou "tamed Chu and Jing". In all the inscription records the virtues and highlights of the first seven Zhou kings. Slightly before the midpoint of the passage, the inscription begins describing the caster's own family, beginning with how his high ancestor had been moved from a more eastern location to the Zhou homeland at the time of the conquest of Shang by Zhou. The account touches on such subjects as the appropriateness of Qiang's grandfather's sacrifices, as well as the agricultural success of Qiang's father.

The language of the inscription is difficult both graphically and lexically. Transcriptions are available, but most are incomplete due to font constraints. The fullest treatment can be found in Shirakawa's Complete Explanations of Bronze Inscriptions.[10] Edward Shaughnessy has translated the passage into English.[11]

The ritualistic intent of the inscription is demonstrated by positive spin on historical fact: the inscription claims King Zhao "tamed Chu and Jing", while in reality the campaign was defeated and the king killed, within living memory of the casting of the vessel.[12]

Notes

  1. ↑ Edward L. Shaughnessy, Sources of Zhou History, p 1
  2. ↑ Stephen Durrant, "The literary features of historical writing", p 495
  3. ↑ Falkenhausen disputes this characterisation, arguing that antecedents may have existed that have not survived, and that bronze inscriptions are foremost to be understood as fulfilling a ritual purpose. The text exults ancestors, royal and personal. Falkenhausen, "Issues in Western Zhou studies", p 168
  4. ↑ The Chinese Cultural Heritage Protection Web Site (in Chinese)
  5. ↑ Edward Shaughnessy, Cambridge History of Ancient China, p 25
  6. ↑ Some browsers may not display Qiang's clan name, Wēi. It is equivalent to the modern graph 微, without the left-hand determinant. See its Unihan database entry.
  7. ↑ Shaughnessy, Sources of Zhou History, 1
  8. ↑ Collected Shang and Zhou Bronze Inscriptions, p 181
  9. ↑ Durrant, "The literary features of historical writing", p 495
  10. ↑ Shirakawa, chapter 50, pp 335–66
  11. ↑ Shaughnessy, Sources of Zhou History, pp 3–4
  12. ↑ Kern, Martin (2009). "Bronze inscriptions, the Shijing and the Shangshu: the evolution of the ancestral sacrifice during the Western Zhou" (PDF). In Lagerwey, John; Kalinowski, Marc (eds.). Early Chinese Religion, Part One: Shang Through Han (1250 BC to 220 AD). Leiden: Brill. p. 153. ISBN 978-90-04-16835-0.

References

  • Shirakawa Shizuka (白川靜) (1962–84). "50". 金文通釋 [Complete Explanations of Bronze Inscriptions]. Vol. 6. Kobe: Hakutsuru bijutsukan. pp. 335–66.
  • Academy of Chinese Social Science Archaeology Research Institute, ed. (1994). 殷周金文集成 [Collected Shang and Zhou Bronze Inscriptions]. Vol. 16. Shanghai: Zhonghua Publishing. p. 181. ISBN 7-101-01234-5.
  • Academy of Chinese Social Science Archaeology Research Institute, ed. (2001). 殷周金文集成釋文 [Transcribed Texts of Collected Shang and Zhou Bronze Inscriptions]. Vol. 6. Hong Kong: Hong Kong Chinese Culture University Press. pp. 132–33. ISBN 962-996-041-9.
  • Shaughnessy, Edward L. (1991). Sources of Western Zhou History. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 1–4. ISBN 0-520-07028-3.
  • Shaughnessy, Edward L. (1999). "Calendar and Chronology". In Michael Loewe; Edward Shaughnessy (eds.). The Cambridge History of Ancient China. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 19–29. ISBN 9780521470308.
  • Durrant, Stephen (2001). "The literary features of historical writing". In Victor H. Mair (ed.). The Columbia History of Chinese Literature. New York: Columbia University Press. pp. 493–510. ISBN 9780231109840.
  • Falkenhausen, Lothar von (1993). "Issues in Western Zhou studies: a review article". Early China. Cambridge University Press. 18: 139–226. JSTOR 23351748.
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