Siege of Laghouat
Part of the Pacification of Algeria

Taking of Laghouat by Jean-Adolphe Beaucé.
Date21 November–4 December 1852
Location
Laghouat, Algeria
33°48′00″N 2°53′00″E / 33.80000°N 2.88333°E / 33.80000; 2.88333
Result French victory
Belligerents
Second French Empire France Laghouat resistance
Commanders and leaders
Aimable Pélissier Unknown
Strength
6,000 4,500
Casualties and losses
Unknown 2,500-3,000
Siege of Laghouat is located in Algeria
Siege of Laghouat
Siege of Laghouat
Location within Algeria

The siege of Laghouat was an episode of the French Pacification of Algeria. General Aimable Pélissier commanding an army of 6,000, besieged the city of Laghouat from November 21st until December 4, 1852 when the city capitulated. The brutal treatment of the inhabitants was part of the scorched earth tactic of the French army and one of the first instances of recorded use of chemical weapon on civilians.[1]

The storming of Laghouat[2][3][4][5] turned quickly into several days of massacres to punish the population that was treated as combating enemies. The battle also witness the several deaths on the French side including that of general Bouscaren, that added to the fervor of the French soldiers to want to take revenge on the population setting an example for other towns and cities throughout the south of Algeria. About two thirds (2,500 to 3,000 out of a total of 4,500 inhabitants remaining in the besieged city) including women and children were massacred.[6][7][8]

The massacre left a deep trauma in the Laghouati population that endure today.[5][4] The year of the "Khalya" Arabic for emptiness is commonly known to the inhabitants of Laghouat as the year, when the city was emptied of its population. It is also commonly known as the year of Hessian sacks, referring to the way the captured surviving men and boys were put alive in the hessian sacks and thrown into dug up trenches. Many reports of the battle were written by army chiefs and soldiers as well as visitors of the city after the massacre that reported the morbid atmosphere of the city following the siege.

Surviving women were so afraid for their young sons of being collected by the French forces that they came up with a ruse to hide them. They dressed them as girls and put an earring on one ear. The tradition of protecting young boys from evil with an earring has survived until today.

The level of brutality of the massacre of Laghouat was both a show of force as well as part of the long scorched earth tactic of the three French generals that took the fortified city. By ordering the massacre of the population, the French were eyeing all the remaining Saharian territories beyond Laghouat. During the battle of Laghouat several tribes and other city republics and fortresses delivered help to try to stop the advance of the French, namely Ghardaïa (and therefore the whole of the Mozabite confederation), Metlili, and Ouargla. The nobles of the latter cities, after witnessing or hearing of the atrocities committed in Laghouat, quickly sought a peaceful agreement to surrender their cities or sign treaties keeping their autonomy within the protection of France.

A few months after Laghouat, on April, 29th 1853, general Randon, the French governor of Algeria, signed a treaty of protectorate with the nobles of the cities of M'zab, known in France as the capitulation of the Mzab.[9]

References

  1. ↑ LQA, Rédaction (2022-12-05). "LA FRANCE COMMIT LE 1ER MASSACRE A L'ARME CHIMIQUE DE L'HISTOIRE, EN ALGERIE". Le Quotidien d'Algérie (in French). Retrieved 2022-12-11.
  2. ↑ "La conquête coloniale de l'Algérie par les Français - Rebellyon.info". rebellyon.info (in French). Retrieved 24 November 2017.
  3. ↑ Pein, Théodore (1871). Lettres familières sur l'Algérie : un petit royaume arabe. Paris: C. Tanera. pp. 363–370.
  4. 1 2 Dzland Mourad (2013-11-30), Documentaire :Le Génocide De Laghouat 1852 Mourad AGGOUNE, retrieved 2017-11-23
  5. 1 2 Al Jazeera Documentary الجزيرة الوثائقية (2017-11-05), أوجاع الذاكرة - الجزائر, retrieved 2017-11-23
  6. ↑ "LES VÉRITÉS QUI DÉRANGENT : LA TRAGÉDIE DE LAGHOUAT EN 1852". www.historia.fr (in French). Retrieved 2022-12-11.
  7. ↑ "Mostéfa Khiati. Médecin-chercheur : «Il est indispensable de créer des bulles d'histoire»". El watan. Retrieved 2022-12-11.
  8. ↑ LQA, Rédaction (2022-12-05). "LA FRANCE COMMIT LE 1ER MASSACRE A L'ARME CHIMIQUE DE L'HISTOIRE, EN ALGERIE". Le Quotidien d'Algérie (in French). Retrieved 2022-12-11.
  9. ↑ Rouard de Card, Edgard (1906). Traités de la France avec les pays de l'Afrique du Nord : Algérie, Tunisie, Tripolitaine, Maroc. Paris: A. Pédone. pp. 9, 95, 420. m'zab.
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