Siganus virgatus
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Actinopterygii
Order: Perciformes
Family: Siganidae
Genus: Siganus
Species:
S. virgatus
Binomial name
Siganus virgatus
(Valenciennes, 1835)
Synonyms[2]
  • Amphacanthus virgatus Valenciennes, 1835
  • Teuthis virgata (Valenciennes, 1835)
  • Amphacanthus notostictus Richardson, 1843
  • Siganus notostictus (Richardson, 1843)
  • Teuthis notosticta (Richardson, 1843)

Siganus virgatus, the barhead spinefoot, doublebar rabbitfish or doublebar spinefoot is a species of marine ray-finned fish, a rabbitfish belonging to the family Siganidae. It is found in the Indo-Pacific region.

Taxonomy

Siganus virgatus was first formally described in 1835 as Amphacanthus virgatus by the French zoologist Achille Valenciennes with the type locality given as Java.[3] The specific name virgatus was not explained by Valenciennes but it means "striped", this is presumed to be a reference to the two oblique brown bands on the front part of the body and head of this fish.[4] Siganus virgatus is closely related to S. doliatus, with which it is apparently hybridized in the Indo-Malay region.[5]

Description

Siganus virgatus has a deep and laterally compressed body which has a depth which fits 1.8 to 2.3 times into its standard length. The dorsal profile of the head is bulging and the front nostril has a high flange, slightly higher and pointed to the rear. There is a recumbent spine to the front of the dorsal fin.[6] Like all rabbitfishes, the dorsal fin has 13 spines and 10 soft rays while the anal fin has 7 spines and 9 soft rays. The fin spines hold venom glands.[2] The caudal fin is emarginate in juveniles and slightly forked in adults.[6] This species attains a maximum total length of 30 cm (12 in), although 20 cm (7.9 in) is more typical.[2] The body of this species is pale with a silvery white belly. There are two wide diagonal dark bands on the head and the anterior part of body. The head and the front part of the body are marked with light bluish spots and lines. The caudal and dorsal fins are yellow and they normally have a yellow back and caudal peduncle.[7]

Distribution and habitat

Siganus virgatus is found in the Indo-Pacific region from southern India and Sri Lanka eastwards to West Papua and Western Australia, north to the Ryukyu Islands. An individual was collected off the Adriatic island of Cres, but it thought that this is the result of deliberate introduction or transportation in ships ballast.[1] In Australia they are found from the Ningaloo Reef and Kimberley region in Western Australia along the northern coast to the Wessell Islands of the Northern Territory.[7] They inhabit in tropical waters, associated with coastal coral reefs, in lagoons and outer reefs. They frequent rocky and hard coral areas with patches of sand. They are tolerant of turbid waters. Large juveniles and adults occur in pairs on slopes of reefs and estuaries. Small juveniles inhabit mangroves, moving to reefs in small groups, protected by coral reefs.[8] They are found at depths down to 12 m (39 ft).[1]

Biology

Siganus virgatus is oviparous and the eggs are fertilized externally, laying sticky eggs. Spawning occurs at dusk, in the hot months, coinciding with the lunar cycle, in the first quarter of the moon.[7] They possess a planktonic larval state, and develop a post-larval state, characteristic of the suborder Acanthuroidei, called acronurus, in which the individuals are transparent, and they remain in pelagic state during an extended period before establishing in the definitive habitat, and adopt then the shape and color of adults. They are mainly herbivores, in 84% of their nourishment.[2] They progress from feeding on phytoplankton and zooplankton, like larvae, to feeding on benthic macroalgae and small invertebrates.[9][2]

They are diurnal. At night they sleep in cracks, developing a specific coloration of camouflage, in brown tones, and turning off their lively colors, in an exercise of crypsis, that also develop when they are stressed.[10]

References

  1. 1 2 3 Carpenter, K.E.; Borsa, P.; Obota, C.; Smith-Vaniz, W.F. (2018). "Siganus virgatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T117007442A117008803. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T117007442A117008803.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2021). "Siganus virgatus" in FishBase. June 2021 version.
  3. ↑ Eschmeyer, William N.; Fricke, Ron & van der Laan, Richard (eds.). "Species in the genus Siganus". Catalog of Fishes. California Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 7 September 2021.
  4. ↑ Christopher Scharpf & Kenneth J. Lazara, eds. (12 January 2021). "Order Acanthuriformes (part 2): Families Ephippidae, Leiognathidae, Scatophagidae, Antigoniidae, Siganidae, Caproidae, Luvaridae, Zanclidae and Acanthuridae". The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database. Christopher Scharpf and Kenneth J. Lazara. Retrieved 7 September 2021.
  5. ↑ Randall, J.E.; G.R. Allen & R.C. Steene (1990). Fishes of the Great Barrier Reef and Coral Sea. University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu, Hawaii.
  6. 1 2 D.J. Woodland (2001). "Siganidae". In Carpenter, K.E. and Niem, V.H. (eds.). FAO species identification guide for fishery purposes. The living marine resources of the Western Central Pacific. Volume 6. Bony fishes part 4 (Labridae to Latimeriidae), estuarine crocodiles, sea turtles, sea snakes and marine mammal (PDF). FAO Rome. p. 3647. ISBN 92-5-104587-9.
  7. 1 2 3 Bray, D.J. (2018). "Siganus virgatus". Fishes of Australia. Museums Victoria. Retrieved 7 September 2021.
  8. ↑ Kuiter, R.H. and T. Tonozuka (2001). Pictorial guide to Indonesian reef fishes. Part 3. Jawfishes - Sunfishes, Opistognathidae - Molidae. Zoonetics, Australia. pp. 623–893.
  9. ↑ Woodland, D.J. (1990). "Revision of the fish family Siganidae with descriptions of two new species and comments on distribution and biology". Indo-Pacific Fish. 19.
  10. ↑ Baensch, H.A. and H. Debelius (1997). Atlas Marino (in Spanish) (3 ed.). Mergus Verlag GmbH P.O. Box 86, 49302, Melle, Germany.
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