Demographics of Poland
Population pyramid of Poland in 2021
Population37,940,000 (2022 est.)
Growth rate-0.26% (2022 est.)
Birth rate8.7 births/1,000 population
Death rate13.6 deaths/1,000 population
Life expectancy78.76 years
 • male75.02 years
 • female82.73 years
Fertility rate1.26 children
Infant mortality rate4.16 deaths/1,000 live births
Net migration rate-0.33 migrant(s)/1,000 population
Nationality
NationalityPole
Major ethnicPolish - 98.6%
Language
OfficialPolish

The demographics of Poland constitute all demographic features of the population of Poland including population density, ethnicity, education level, the health of the populace, economic status, religious affiliations, and other aspects of the population.

According to the 2021 census by the Polish Central Statistical Office (GUS), as of March 31, 2021, Poland had an official population of 38,036,118,[1] a decrease of 0.9% since the 2011 census, and a usually resident population of 37,019,327,[2] a 2.7% decrease since the 2011 census. The difference between official and usually resident population comes from two different methodologies used by GUS for population counts.[3] In addition, Poland is home to a large number of foreigners, most of whom are not counted towards the official population of the country. As of the 2021 census, there were 1,433,779 of them in Poland.[4]

Poland's population has been growing quickly after World War II, during which the country lost millions of citizens. Population passed 38 million in the late 1980s and has since then stagnated within the 38.0-38.6 million range until the 2020s where the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic, the baby boom generation starting to die out and a baby boost started to overlap.

59.8% of the Polish population lives in urban areas, a number which is continuously declining due to suburbanization. In 2018, the average life expectancy was 77.9 years; 74.1 for men and 82 for women. Population distribution is uneven, with densely populated south, moderately populated center and south-east and scarcely populated north.

Ethnically, Poland used to be one of the most multi-ethnic countries in Europe before World War II. It hosted the largest Jewish community in Europe, with Warsaw being the largest concentration of Jews in the world besides New York City. In the eastern parts of the country, Ukrainians and Belarusians often outnumbered Poles, while in the west there were large German communities. After the war, Poland became an ethnically homogeneous country. However, in the last decade Poland witnessed a mass-scale migration to the country, mostly from the neighboring Ukraine and Belarus and increasingly from Central and Southern Asia.

In connection with the Russian invasion of Ukraine on 24 February 2022, as part of the Russian-Ukrainian war, by 2 August 2022, more than 10.4 million Ukrainian refugees left the territory of Ukraine, moving to the countries closest to the west of Ukraine, of which more than 5.1 million people fled to neighboring Poland initially.[5] As of September 2023, 958,120 Ukrainian refugees continue to reside in Poland.[6] They are also not counted towards official or usually resident population.

History

For many centuries, until the end of World War II in 1945, the population of Poland included many significant ethnic minorities.

[7]

1945-1989

The population of Poland decreased from more than 35 million in 1939 to less than 24 million in 1946. Of that, around 6 million were killed during the Holocaust, Porajmos, and German and Soviet occupations, while the remaining decline can be mostly attributed to altered borders and associated population expulsions of Germans and Ukrainians and resettlement of Poles. As a result, Poland became one of the most ethnically homogeneous areas in Europe.

Poland's population has been rising consistently in the 1945-1989 period, to 37.96 million in 1989. This growth has been fully fueled by positive natural change (more births than deaths), as net international migration was negative for Poland every year between 1966 and 1989, even despite the socialist government's restrictions on leaving the country for any reason. 578,405 people emigrated from Poland between 1966 and 1989,[8] with the main destination countries being Germany (388,137) and United States (50,453).

1990-now

Since 1990, Poland's population stagnated at 38.0-38.6 million, with the median age rising due to low birth rates. Official population statistics are a point of debate in Poland,[9] though, with many academics criticizing the Polish Central Statistical Office (GUS) for failing to adapt to successfully capture internal and international migration in particular.[10][3] Already the 2002 census revealed Poland had 402,000 residents less than expected,[11] and subsequent censuses reflected neither the mass emigration of Poles after Poland's admission to the European Union in 2004, nor the mass immigration to Poland since 2014.[12]

Population

Population of Poland 500–2023
Total fertility rate varies significantly by county in Poland. In 2021, Kashubia and Nowy Sącz regions had the highest fertility rate, along with metropolitan areas of Warsaw and Poznań. The lowest, sub-1 fertility was recorded in the Sudetes.

Demographic statistics according to the World Population Review in 2019.[13]

  • One birth every 2 minutes
  • One death every 1 minutes
  • Net loss of one person every 7 minutes
  • One net migrant every 53 minutes

Fertility

TFR of Poland overtime to 2016

The total fertility rate is the number of children born per woman. It is based on fairly good data for the entire period. Sources: Our World In Data and Gapminder Foundation.[14]

Years18001801180218031804180518061807180818091810[14]
Total Fertility Rate in Poland6.286.266.256.236.226.26.196.176.166.146.12
Years1811181218131814181518161817181818191820[14]
Total Fertility Rate in Poland6.116.096.086.066.056.036.036.166.36.03
Years1821182218231824182518261827182818291830[14]
Total Fertility Rate in Poland6.36.035.765.496.836.166.36.226.146.06
Years1831183218331834183518361837183818391840[14]
Total Fertility Rate in Poland5.985.96.436.835.96.36.576.036.436.57
Years1841184218431844184518461847184818491850[14]
Total Fertility Rate in Poland6.166.436.36.035.365.495.094.825.495.63
Years1851185218531854185518561857185818591860[14]
Total Fertility Rate in Poland5.635.495.635.364.825.365.766.36.576.57
Years1861186218631864186518661867186818691870[14]
Total Fertility Rate in Poland6.436.976.576.25.835.465.095.635.636.16
Years1871187218731874187518761877187818791880[14]
Total Fertility Rate in Poland5.765.495.765.765.495.495.235.235.365.23
Years1881188218831884188518861887188818891890[14]
Total Fertility Rate in Poland5.095.235.235.095.365.365.365.495.765.63
Years1891189218931894189518961897189818991900[14]
Total Fertility Rate in Poland5.635.365.635.95.95.765.635.495.495.49
Years1901190219031904190519061907190819091910[14]
Total Fertility Rate in Poland5.365.365.095.094.965.095.094.964.964.82
Years1911191219131914191519161917191819191920[14]
Total Fertility Rate in Poland4.694.564.694.823.893.623.223.224.424.69
Birth rate
Birth and death rates of Poland in 1950-2008
9.3 births/1,000 population (2018 est.) Country comparison to the world: 202nd
Total fertility rate
1.36 children born/woman (2018 est.) Country comparison to the world: 214th
Mother's mean age at first birth
27.4 years (2014 est.)

Life expectancy

Life expectancy at birth in Poland
Period Life expectancy in Years
1950–1955 61.4
1955–1960 65.9
1960–1965 68.3
1965–1970 69.8
1970–1975 70.3
1975–1980 70.4
1980–1985 70.7
1985–1990 70.7
1990–1995 71.2
1995–2000 72.7
2000–2005 74.6
2005–2010 75.6
2010–2015 77.0
2015–2020 77.6

Source: UN World Population Prospects

Population pyramid of Poland from 1950 to 2020

Age structure

0-14 years: 14.8% (male 2,924,077 /female 2,762,634)
15-24 years: 10.34% (male 2,040,043 /female 1,932,009)
25-54 years: 43.44% (male 8,431,045 /female 8,260,124)
55-64 years: 13.95% (male 2,538,566 /female 2,819,544)
65 years and over: 17.47% (male 2,663,364 /female 4,049,281) (2018 est.)
Median age
total: 41.1 years. Country comparison to the world: 44th
male: 39.4 years
female: 42.8 years (2018 est.)

Vital statistics

Vital statistics from 1921 to 1938

[15][16][17]

Year [18] Average population Live births Deaths Natural change Crude birth rate (per 1000) Crude death rate (per 1000) Natural change (per 1000) Total fertility rates[fn 1][14]
1921 27,224,000 890,400568,300322,100 32.7 20.911.84.40
1922 27,846,000 983,100554,600482,500 35.319.915.44.73
1923 28,480,000 1,014,700493,800520,900 35.617.318.34.82
1924 29,007,000 1,000,100519,200480,900 34.517.916.64.69
1925 29,475,000 1,036,600492,200544,400 35.216.718.54.74
1926 29,906,000 989,100532,700456,400 33.117.815.34.44
1927 30,302,000 958,733525,633433,100 31.617.314.34.23
1928 30,693,000 990,993504,207486,786 32.316.415.94.29
1929 31,084,000 994,101518,929475,172 32.016.715.34.26
1930 31,490,000 1,022,811488,417534,394 32.515.517.04.33
1931 31,935,000 964,573493,703470,870 30.215.514.74.05
1932 32,394,000 934,663486,548448,115 28.915.013.83.87
1933 32,823,000 868,675466,210402,465 26.514.212.33.55
1934 33,223,000 881,615479,684401,931 26.514.412.13.56
1935 33,616,000 876,667470,998405,669 26.114.012.13.50
1936 34,020,000 892,320482,633409,687 26.214.212.03.51
1937 34,441,000 856,064481,594374,470 24.914.010.93.34
1938 34,849,000 849,873479,602370,271 24.413.810.63.26
Years1939194019411942194319441945[14]
Total Fertility Rate in Poland3.233.213.183.163.133.113.08

After World War II

[19] [20] [21] [22] [23] [24][14][25][26][27][28][29][30]

Average population (December 31) Live births Deaths Natural change Crude birth rate (per 1000) Crude death rate (per 1000) Natural change (per 1000) Crude migration change (per 1000) Crude population change (per 1000) Total fertility rates Life expectancy (males) Life expectancy (females) Share of births outside marriage Immigration Emigration Net external migration
1946 23,777,000 570,000 335,000 235,000 24.0 14.1 9.9 3.06
1947 23,970,000 630,000 271,000 359,000 26.3 11.3 15.0-6.98.1 3.51
1948 23,980,000 704,772 268,000 436,772 29.4 11.2 18.2-17.80.4 3.93
1949 24,410,000 725,061 284,000 441,061 29.7 11.6 18.1-0.517.6 3.94
1950 24,824,000 763,108 288,685 474,423 30.7 11.6 19.1-2.416.7 3.71 56.07 61.68
1951 25,271,000 783,597 312,314 471,283 31.0 12.4 18.6-117.7 3.75 55.11 60.67
1952 25,753,000 778,962 286,730 492,232 30.2 11.1 19.1-0.418.7 3.67 57.59 63.07
1953 26,255,000 779,000 266,527 512,473 29.7 10.2 19.5-0.419.1 3.61 59.58 65.05
1954 26,761,000 778,054 276,406 501,648 29.1 10.3 18.70.218.9 3.58 59.80 65.06
1955 27,281,000 793,847 261,576 532,271 29.1 9.6 19.5 -0.4 19.1 3.61 60.82 66.19
1956 27,815,000 779,835 249,606 530,229 28.0 9.0 19.1 19.2 3.61 62.29 67.52
1957 28,310,000 782,319 269,137 513,182 27.6 9.5 18.1-0.617.5 3.49 61.20 66.70
1958 28,770,000 752,600 241,435 511,165 26.2 8.4 17.8-1.816 3.36 63.08 68.57
1959 29,240,000 722,928 252,430 470,498 24.7 8.6 16.1016.1 3.22 62.71 68.30
1960 29,561,000 669,485 224,167 445,318 22.6 7.6 15.1-4.210.9 2.98 64.94 70.60
1961 29,965,000 627,624 227,759 399,865 20.9 7.6 13.30.113.5 2.83 64.91 70.78
1962 30,324,000 599,505 239,199 360,306 19.8 7.9 11.9011.8 2.72 64.53 70.49
1963 30,691,000 588,235 230,072 358,163 19.2 7.5 11.70.312 2.70 65.41 71.52
1964 31,161,000 562,855 235,919 326,936 18.1 7.6 10.54.615.1 2.57 65.78 71.60
1965 31,496,000 546,362 232,421 313,941 17.3 7.4 10.00.710.6 2.52 66.58 72.40
1966 31,698,000 530,307 232,945 297,362 16.7 7.3 9.4-3.06.4 2.33 66.87 72.85
1967 31,944,000 520,383 247,705 272,678 16.3 7.8 8.5-0.87.7 2.30 66.44 72.61
1968 32,426,000 524,174 244,115 280,059 16.2 7.5 8.66.214.9 2.24 67.04 73.55
1969 32,555,000 531,135 262,823 268,312 16.3 8.1 8.2-4.24 2.20 66.50 73.09
1970 32,526,000 545,973 266,799 279,174 16.8 8.2 8.6-9.5-0.9 2.22 66.62 73.33 5.0
1971 32,805,000 562,341 283,702 278,639 17.1 8.6 8.508.5 2.25 66.13 73.25
1972 33,068,000 575,725 265,250 310,475 17.4 8.0 9.4-1.48 2.24 67.32 74.17
1973 33,363,000 598,559 277,188 321,371 17.9 8.3 9.6-0.88.8 2.24 67.15 74.30
1974 33,691,000 621,080 277,085 343,995 18.4 8.2 10.2-0.59.7 2.26 67.80 74.64
1975 34,022,000 643,772 296,896 346,876 18.9 8.7 10.2-0.59.7 2.27 67.02 74.26 4.7
1976 34,362,000 670,140 304,057 366,083 19.5 8.8 10.7-0.89.9 2.31 66.92 74.55
1977 34,698,000 662,582 312,956 349,626 19.1 9.0 10.1-0.49.7 2.33 66.49 74.50
1978 35,010,000 666,336 325,104 341,232 19.0 9.3 9.7-0.88.9 2.30 66.36 74.53
1979 35,257,000 688,293 323,048 365,245 19.5 9.2 10.4-3.47 2.39 66.79 74.91 4.8
1980 35,578,000 692,798 350,203 342,595 19.5 9.8 9.6-0.69 2.42 66.01 74.44
1981 35,902,000 678,696 328,923 349,773 18.9 9.2 9.7-0.79 2.34 67.10 75.24
1982 36,227,000 702,351 334,869 367,482 19.4 9.2 10.1-0.49 2.38 67.24 75.20
1983 36,571,000 720,756 349,388 371,368 19.7 9.6 10.2-0.79.4 2.41 67.04 75.16
1984 36,914,000 699,041 364,883 334,158 18.9 9.9 9.10.29.3 2.36 66.84 74.97
1985 37,203,000 677,576 381,458 296,118 18.2 10.3 8.0-0.27.8 2.33 66.50 74.81 5.0
1986 37,456,000 634,748 376,316 258,432 16.9 10.0 6.9-0.16.8 2.21 66.76 75.13
1987 37,664,000 605,492 378,365 227,127 16.1 10.0 6.0-0.55.5 2.15 66.81 75.20
1988 37,862,000 587,741 370,821 216,920 15.5 9.8 5.7-0.55.2 2.12 67.15 75.67
1989 37,963,000 562,530 381,173 181,357 14.8 10.0 4.8-2.12.7 2.08 66.76 75.45
1990 38,119,000 545,817 390,343 155,474 14.3 10.2 4.104.1 2.04 66.23 75.24 6.2
1991 38,245,000 547,719 405,716 142,003 14.3 10.6 3.7-0.43.3 2.05 65.88 75.06 6.6
1992 38,365,000 515,214 394,729 120,485 13.4 10.3 3.103.1 1.91 66.47 75.48 7.2
1993 38,459,000 494,310 392,259 102,051 12.9 10.2 2.7-0.32.4 1.86 67.17 75.81 8.2
1994 38,544,000 481,285 386,398 94,887 12.5 10.0 2.5-0.32.2 1.78 67.50 76.08 9.0
1995 38,588,000 443,109 386,084 57,025 11.5 10.0 1.5-0.31.1 1.65 67.62 76.39 9.5
1996 38,618,000 428,203 385,496 42,707 11.1 10.0 1.1-0.30.8 1.58 68.12 76.57 10.2
1997 38,659,979 [31] 412,635 380,201 32,434 10.7 9.8 0.800.8 1.52 68.45 76.99 11.0
1998 38,666,983 395,619 375,354 20,265 10.2 9.7 0.5-0.10.4 1.44 68.87 77.34 11.6
1999 38,634,799 382,002 381,415 587 9.9 9.9 0.0-0.3-0.3 1.37 68.83 77.49 11.7
2000 38,623,119 378,348 368,028 10,320 9.8 9.5 0.3-0.4-0.1 1.35 69.74 78.00 12.1
2001 38,572,026 368,205 363,220 4,985 9.5 9.4 0.1-1.9-2.0 1.32 70.21 78.38 13.1
2002 38,548,360 353,765 359,486 -5,721 9.2 9.3 -0.2-0.6-0.8 1.25 70.40 78.80 14.4 6,587 24,532 -17,945
2003 38,520,437 351,072 365,230 -14,158 9.1 9.5 -0.4-0.4-0.7 1.22 70.50 78.90 15.8 7,048 20,813 -13,765
2004 38,503,664 356,131 363,522 -7,391 9.2 9.4 -0.2-0.2-0.4 1.23 70.70 79.20 17.1 9,495 18,877 -9,382
2005 38,486,884 364,383 368,285 -3,902 9.5 9.6 -0.1-0.3-0.4 1.24 70.80 79.40 18.5 9,364 22,242 -12,878
2006 38,455,308 374,244 369,686 4,558 9.7 9.6 0.1-0.9-0.8 1.27 70.90 79.60 18.9 10,802 46,936 -36,134
2007 38,445,470 387,873 377,226 10,647 10.1 9.9 0.3-0.5-0.3 1.31 71.00 79.70 19.5 14,995 35,480 -20,485
2008 38,465,705 414,499 379,399 35,100 10.8 9.9 0.9-0.40.5 1.39 71.30 80.00 19.9 15,275 30,140 -14,865
2009 38,497,158 417,589 384,940 32,649 10.8 10.0 0.800.8 1.40 71.50 80.10 20.2 17,424 18,620 -1,196
2010 38,529,866 413,300 378,478 34,822 10.7 9.8 0.9 -0.1 0.8 1.38 72.10 80.60 20.6 15,246 17,360 -2,114
2011 38,538,447 388,416 375,501 12,915 10.1 9.7 0.3-0.10.2 1.30 72.40 80.90 21.2 15,524 19,858 -4,334
2012 38,533,299 387,858 384,788 3,070 10.1 10.0 0.1-0.2-0.1 1.30 72.70 81.00 22.3 14,583 21,200 -6,617
2013 38,495,659 369,576 387,312 -17,736 9.6 10.1 -0.5-0.5-1 1.26 73.10 81.10 23.4 12,199 32,103 -19,904
2014 38,478,602 375,160 376,467 -1,307 9.7 9.8 -0.0-0.4-0.4 1.29 73.80 81.60 24.2 12,330 28,080 -15,750
2015 38,437,239 369,308 394,921 -25,613 9.6 10.3 -0.7-0.4-1.1 1.29 73.60 81.60 24.6 12,330 28,080 -15,750
2016 38,432,992 382,257 388,009 -5,752 9.9 10.1 -0.10-0.1 1.36 73.90 81.90 25.0 13,475 11,970 1,505
2017 38,433,558 401,982 402,852 -870 10.5 10.5 -0.000 1.45 74.00 81.80 24.1 13,324 11,888 1,436
2018 38,411,148 388,178 414,200 -26,022 10.1 10.8 -0.70.1-0.6 1.44 73.80 81.70 26.4 15,461 11,849 3,612
2019 38,382,576 374,954 409,709 -34,755 9.8 10.7 -0.90.2-0.7 1.42 74.10 81.80 25.4 16,909 10,726 6,183
2020 38,088,564 355,309 477,355 -122,046 9.3 12.5 -3.20.1-3.1 1.38 72.60 80.70 26.4 13,263 8,780 4,483
2021 37,907,704 331,511 519,517 -188,006 8.7 13.6 -5.00.1-9.3 1.32 71.80 79.70 26.7 15,409 12,005 3,404
2022 37,766,327 305,132 448,448 -143,316 8.1 11.9 -3.80.1-3.7 1.26 73.40 81.10 28.1 15,572 13,633 1,939

Current vital statistics

[32]

Period Live births Deaths Natural increase
January - October 2022 259,400 374,100 -114,700
January - October 2023 232,100 336,500 -104,400
Difference Decrease -27,300 (-10.5%) Positive decrease -37,600 (-10.1%) Increase +10,300

Structure of the population

Population Estimates by Sex and Age Group (01.VII.2012) (Data refer to usually resident population.): [33]
Age Group Male Female Total %
Total 18 651 441 19 882 348 38 533 789 100
0-4 1 058 874 1 005 069 2 063 943 5.36
5-9 945 643 897 723 1 843 366 4.78
10-14 974 509 925 506 1 900 015 4.93
15-19 1 158 367 1 108 267 2 266 634 5.88
20-24 1 394 761 1 341 393 2 736 154 7.10
25-29 1 623 072 1 575 546 3 198 618 8.30
30-34 1 602 736 1 558 622 3 161 358 8.20
35-39 1 470 751 1 432 822 2 903 573 7.54
40-44 1 231 083 1 209 751 2 440 834 6.33
45-49 1 196 548 1 192 952 2 389 500 6.20
50-54 1 369 258 1 414 996 2 784 254 7.23
55-59 1 404 141 1 522 140 2 926 281 7.59
60-64 1 163 935 1 350 684 2 514 619 6.53
65-69 675 573 861 584 1 537 157 3.99
70-74 529 739 776 722 1 306 461 3.39
75-79 424 407 720 249 1 144 656 2.97
80-84 278 428 566 126 844 554 2.19
85-89 115 213 311 388 426 601 1.11
90-94 28 565 91 223 119 788 0.31
95-99 4614 18 265 22 879 0.06
100+ 224 1320 1544 <0.01
Age Group Male Female Total %
0-14 2 979 026 2 828 298 5 807 324 15.07
15-64 13 615 652 13 707 173 27 322 825 70.91
65+ 2 056 763 3 346 877 5 403 640 14.02
Population Estimates by Sex and Age Group (30.VI.2015) (Data refer to usually resident population.): [33]
Age Group Male Female Total %
Total 18 607 417 19 847 159 38 454 576 100
0-4 982 639 928 662 1 911 301 4.97
5-9 1 047 830 996 205 2 044 035 5.32
10-14 924 671 877 780 1 802 451 4.69
15-19 1 028 884 979 585 2 008 469 5.22
20-24 1 257 703 1 209 498 2 467 201 6.42
25-29 1 464 438 1 417 040 2 881 478 7.49
30-34 1 647 147 1 602 930 3 250 077 8.45
35-39 1 561 396 1 522 202 3 083 598 8.02
40-44 1 354 899 1 329 476 2 684 375 6.98
45-49 1 166 358 1 160 878 2 327 236 6.05
50-54 1 211 294 1 238 398 2 449 692 6.37
55-59 1 386 303 1 489 816 2 876 119 7.48
60-64 1 256 035 1 443 985 2 700 020 7.02
65-69 917 893 1 147 725 2 065 618 5.37
70-74 501 311 716 224 1 217 535 3.17
75-79 426 059 715 629 1 141 688 2.97
80-84 287 908 573 415 861 323 2.24
85+ 184 649 497 711 682 360 1.77
Age Group Male Female Total %
0-14 2 955 140 2 802 647 5 757 787 14.97
15-64 13 334 457 13 393 808 26 728 265 69.51
65+ 2 317 820 3 650 704 5 968 524 15.52
Population Estimates by Sex and Age Group (01.I.2021) (Provisional Estimates): [33]
Age Group Male Female Total %
Total 18 307 488 19 532 513 37 840 001 100
0–4 978 526 926 796 1 905 322 5.04
5–9 979 042 925 737 1 904 779 5.03
10–14 1 049 403 997 556 2 046 959 5.41
15–19 911 890 866 575 1 778 465 4.70
20–24 1 000 405 957 358 1 957 763 5.17
25–29 1 221 584 1 177 960 2 399 544 6.34
30–34 1 420 368 1 367 645 2 788 013 7.37
35–39 1 594 620 1 543 389 3 138 009 8.29
40–44 1 515 234 1 482 301 2 997 535 7.92
45–49 1 328 852 1 316 404 2 645 256 6.99
50–54 1 116 244 1 130 951 2 247 195 5.94
55–59 1 115 823 1 176 530 2 292 353 6.06
60–64 1 246 589 1 407 097 2 653 686 7.01
65-69 1 114 311 1 374 477 2 488 788 6.58
70-74 806 003 1 102 945 1 908 948 5.04
75-79 388 818 621 315 1 010 133 2.67
80-84 291 685 571 202 862 887 2.28
85-89 159 279 376 980 536 259 1.42
90-94 56 278 164 806 221 084 0.58
95-99 10 821 38 970 49 791 0.13
100+ 1 713 5 519 7 232 0.02
Age Group Male Female Total %
0–14 3 006 971 2 850 089 5 857 060 15.48
15–64 12 471 609 12 426 210 24 897 819 65.80
65+ 2 828 908 4 256 214 7 085 122 18.72

Employment and income

In 2016, more than 3 million Poles commuted to work across municipalities, including 1 million commuting to the 22 main job markets (defined as municipality to which at least 15,000 people commute from outside). Warsaw and Katowice were the largest commuter hubs, at 251,021 and 113,830 people, respectively.

As of June 2023, there were 16,228,195 people in employment in Poland. Men were 51.5% of the workforce while women were 48.5%. Employment has been steadily rising in Poland - growing by exactly 0.5 million since June 2018.[34]

Unemployment, youth ages 15–24
total: 17.7%. Country comparison to the world: 74th
male: 17.4% female: 18% (2016 est.)

Population density and distribution

Population density in Poland in a 1x1 km square grid, 2021 census
Warsaw is the financial and commercial center of Poland

With an estimated usually resident population of 37 million, Poland is the 5th most-populous country in the European Union and 7th or 8th most-populous one in Europe (depending on how many people live in Ukraine, to which there are various estimates).

Depending on whether one uses the official population or usually resident population as a base, population density of Poland was 122 or 118.7 people per square kilometer (315.9 or 307.4 people per square mile) as of the 2021 census.

Population distribution is unequal. The south, particularly the area along the A4 highway between Gliwice and Rzeszów, is densely populated with over 250 people per square kilometer, while population density drops below 50 people per square kilometer in much of the north of the country. Silesian voivodeship is the densest, at over 350 people per square kilometer.

Urban areas

Poland is relatively rural for a country of its population and economic development. As of the 2021 census, 59.8% of total population lived in cities and town, a percentage well below European average. Poland has historically been a rural and agricultural country and while cities started rapidly growing in neighboring countries in the second half of the 19th century, many Polish cities were artificially limited in growth by the partitioners due to military reasons. After regaining independence in 1918, Polish authorities have started investment in urbanizing the country but it was quickly interrupted by World War II. Therefore, Poland has not started fully urbanizing until after the war.

Urbanization rate has also been declining, at an annual rate of -0.25% between 2015 and 2020 due to suburbanization. In Poland, many suburbs are officially rural areas even despite in reality might resemble a town or even a city neighborhood, such as the Poznań suburb of Koziegłowy.

New high-rises and cultural institutions on the former site of a coal mine near downtown Katowice are a testament to the city's successful economic transformation

In the Eurostat's urban-rural typology, Poland's urbanization rate is slightly higher, however still below the European average.[35] Eurostat estimates 61.2% of Poland's population to live in urban clusters (including 28.9% in dense urban centers), compared to the 70.4% average across the EU.

Metropolitan areas

There is no one official delimitation of metropolitan areas in Poland, and various institutions use different definitions. However, both central institutions and academics are in agreement that the following are the major metropolitan areas of Poland:

  1. Warsaw - the capital and largest city of Poland, with 1.9 million official residents in city proper and 2.7-3.1 million in the metropolitan area. Warsaw is the largest economy in Poland, with the Warsaw Stock Exchange, most major financial institutions, and CEE headquarters of international companies. Warsaw is also an important educational center, with the University of Warsaw, Warsaw School of Economics and Polish Academy of Sciences located there. Warsaw metropolitan area has been growing rapidly in recent decades, eclipsing the previously larger Katowice metropolitan area around 2015.
  2. Kraków's old town is listed on the UNESCO World Heritage Site list and attracts millions of tourists every year
    Katowice - the center of the large Upper Silesian Metropolitan Area, with 2.2-2.7 million in the metropolitan area. Katowice area developed initially as a hub of heavy industry and coal mining. Most of the industry has been closed since. Katowice and some other cities (Gliwice, Tychy) managed to successfully transform its economies becoming a major Polish hubs of information technology, healthcare, education, finance and manufacturing, however many other cities (Bytom, Sosnowiec) experience depopulation. Katowice's metropolitan area is bordering Kraków, Rybnik, Bielsko-Biała and Ostrava metropolitan areas from the south and southeast, creating a large combined urban area with 4.5-5.2 million people.
  3. Kraków - the historical capital of Poland, with 0.8 million residents in city proper and 1.2 million in the metropolitan area. Kraków is one of the main tourist destinations in Poland and a is often called a cultural capital of the country. In recent decades, Kraków emerged as a major international center of back office operations through the SSC/BPO industry. Kraków is also the second largest college city in Poland after Warsaw, with the Jagiellonian University dating back to the Middle Ages.
  4. Łódź - a post-industrial city in the middle of Poland, with 0.7 million people in the city proper and 1-1.2 million in the urban area. Łódź has developed in the 19th century as a center for textile manufacturing, and has been a major manufacturing hub exporting mostly towards Russia and then Soviet Union. Following the market transformations in the early 1990s, most of the industry has collapsed and Łódź struggled with high unemployment rate. In recent years, the city has embraced its industrial past and exploits its location close to Warsaw.
  5. Gdańsk - one of the three major cities of the Tricity area, Gdańsk has around 0.5 million people in the city proper and 1-1.2 million in the urban area. Gdańsk has been the largest cities in Poland for most of the Middle Ages, thanks to its seaside location that fostered trade with other cities and countries in the Baltic and North Seas. Being the largest urban area in the north of the country, Gdańsk benefits from internal migration from neighboring regions.
  6. Poznań - with its 0.5 million residents in city proper and 0.8-1.1 million in the metropolitan area, Poznań emerged as one of the main hubs of trade and manufacturing in Poland. Poznań area is the most entrepreneurial part of Poland, with more than 1 in 10 residents running a business. Poznań is also the prime example of suburbanization in Poland, with the suburbs around as populous as the city proper.
  7. Wrocław - in recent years emerged a major immigration center, with more than 100,000 immigrants residing in the city in addition to its official population of 0.7 million and 0.9-1.1 million in the metropolitan area. Similarly to Kraków, Wrocław is a major tourist destination thanks to its medieval old town, as well as a hub of back office operations particularly in the financial industry.
  8. Szczecin - with a population of 0.4 million in the city proper and 0.7-0.9 million in the metropolitan area (partially stretching to Germany), Szczecin is the second-largest city in the country's north and a major port.
Population numbers by database
Area ESPON [36] Eurostat LUZ [37] Ministry of Regional Development[38] United Nations [39] Demographia.com[40] Citypopulation.de[41] Scientific study by T. Markowski[42] Scientific study by Swianiewicz, Klimska [43]
Katowice (Katowice urban area) 3,029,000[44](5,294,000) 2,710,397 3,239,200 3,069,000 2,500,000 2,775,000 2,746,000 2,733,000
Warsaw 2,785,000 2,660,406 2,680,600 2,194,000 2,030,000 2,375,000 2,631,900 2,504,000
Kraków 1,236,000 1,264,322 1,227,200 818,000 750,000 Not listed 1,257,500 1,367,000
Łódź 1,165,000 1,163,516 1,061,600 974,000 950,000 1,060,000 1,178,000 1,129,000
Gdańsk 993,000 1,105,203 1,220,800 854,000 775,000 No data 1,098,400 1,210,000
Poznań 919,000 1,018,511 1,227,200 No data 600,000 No data 1,011,200 846,000
Wrocław 861,000 1,031,439 1,136,900 No data 700,000 No data 1,029,800 956,000
Szczecin 721,000 878,314 724,700 No data 500,000 No data No data 755,806

Regions

Poland is divided into 16 administrative divisions called voivodeship (województwa). These regions vary vastly in size, as the largest Masovian voivodeship is more than 5 times as populous and 3 times as big as the smallest Opole voivodeship.

Voivodeship Capital Area (km2) Official population (2021) Population density (ppl/km2) Foreigners (2021) Ukrainian refugees (2022) Population density with foreigners (ppl/km2)
Lower Silesian Wrocław19,9472,904,894 145.6 156,278108,023 158.9
Kuyavian-Pomeranian Bydgoszcz, Toruń17,9722,027,261 112.8 50,43431,520 117.4
Lublin Lublin25,1222,052,340 81.7 44,97035,810 84.9
Lubusz Zielona Góra, Gorzów Wielkopolski13,988991,213 70.9 58,21931,654 77.3
Łódź Łódź18,2182,410,286 132.3 101,53160,658 141.2
Lesser Poland Kraków15,1843,432,295 226.0 92,26187,365 237.9
Masovian Warszawa35,5595,514,699 155.1 365,054204,838 171.1
Opole Opole9,411954,133 101.4 31,34821,033 107.0
Subcarpathian Rzeszów17,8452,093,360 117.3 22,57129,742 120.2
Podlaskie Białystok20,1871,154,283 57.2 26,19014,464 59.2
Pomeranian Gdańsk18,3362,357,320 128.6 92,53869,519 137.4
Silesian Katowice12,3344,402,950 357.0 119,78094,444 374.3
Świętokrzyskie Kielce11,7091,196,557 102.2 15,81514,812 104.8
Warmian-Masurian Olsztyn24,1741,382,232 57.2 21,12618,464 58.8
Greater Poland Poznań29,8273,504,579 117.5 165,22188,730 126.0
West Pomeranian Szczecin22,9071,657,716 72.4 70,44347,044 77.5
Poland Warsaw312,72038,036,118 121.6 1,433,779958,120 129.3

Immigration and foreign nationals

Foreigners in Poland mostly settle in the largest metropolitan areas and in the western part of the country

Historically an emigrant country, Poland has seen an uptick in immigration only after 2014, when the growing economy started attracting foreign workforce, particularly from neighboring Ukraine whose economy has been affected by the 2014 war. Poland's official statistics regarding immigration are scattered and incomplete, and the complicated immigration system with many different routes to immigrate makes assessing true size of immigration to Poland challenging.[45]

Census data

Główny Urząd Statystyczny (GUS), the Polish central statistics office, published multiple separate counts of foreign nationals living in Poland for the 2021 census. GUS counted 445,176 foreign nationals towards Poland's usually resident population (1.2% share) and 111,814 foreign nationals towards Poland's official population (0.3% share).[46] It also counted 1,433,779 foreign nationals as temporarily living in Poland (of whom 309,309 lived in Poland for more than 12 months).[47] It is unclear what is the overlap of these populations.

Largest groups of foreigners residents in 2023 [48]
Nationality Usually resident population
 Ukraine 420,299
 Belarus 104,024
 Georgia 24,943
 India 18,011
 Russia 17,951
European Union Germany 16,710
 Vietnam 10,780
 Turkey 9,378
European Union Italy 8,147
 Moldova 8,044
 Uzbekistan 7,838
 China 6,125
European Union Spain 5,434
European Union Romania 5,126
European Union France 4,946
European Union Bulgaria 4,933
 Philippines 4,615
 Azerbaijan 4,190
 Armenia 4,025
 South Korea 3,660

Work-based migration

Most foreigners from outside of the European Union immigrate to Poland via various kinds of work schemes. There are two primary types are a work permit (zezwolenie na pracę)[49] and a "declaration of entrusting work to a foreigner" (oświadczenie o powierzeniu wykonywania pracy cudzoziemcowi).

Work permits

Work permits can be issued to any foreigner from outside of the European Union who is not a refugee and does not already have a residence permit in Poland. Work permits require a labor market test and can be issued for up to 3 years. In 2022, 61.1% of work permits were issued for at least 12 months (including 49.2% issued for 24 months and more) while 38.5% were issued for 6–12 months. Less than 0.4% were issued for less than 6 months.

Work permits issued each year by country of citizenship[50]
Country2017201820192020 2021 2022 Total
 Ukraine192,547238,334330,495295,272 325,213 85,074 1,466,935
 Belarus10,51819,23327,13027,304 34,830 18,418 137,433
 India3,9388,3628,0638,184 15,326 41,640 85,513
   Nepal7,07519,9129,1755,708 10,853 20,045 72,768
 Uzbekistan1,4092,6346,3095,873 15,002 33,373 64,600
 The Philippines7332,0576,3177,391 13,279 22,557 52,334
 Bangladesh2,4128,3416,9863,758 7,524 13,539 42,560
 Turkey1,2281,4812,9362,641 7,351 25,004 40,641
 Moldova3,7926,0358,3417,616 7,958 1,828 35,570
 Georgia3982,7527,4388,213 9,267 4,285 32,353
 Indonesia1483522,0233,885 7,899 10,011 24,318
 Azerbaijan1,3363,3023,1832,125 3,782 7,769 21,497
 Kazakhstan3218031,6892,464 4,585 8,883 18,745
 Russia1,4331,9032,8623,371 6,228 2,330 18,127
 Vietnam6581,3133,3672,992 3,427 5,908 17,665
 Turkmenistan1642317961 2,648 11,919 15,903
 Kyrgyzstan816541,2831,095 2,464 8,051 13,628
 Tajikistan3538681,3231,186 2,527 5,380 11,637
 China1,1791,4731,9351,380 1,720 2,233 9,920
 South Korea2197201,8382,967 2,057 1,884 9,685
 Pakistan 427 1,065 911 815 1,526 4,645 9,389
 Kosovo 640 522 740 1,045 943 1,730 5,620
 Colombia 48 91 156 190 243 4,129 4,857
 Serbia 878 930 911 811 0 1,311 4,841
 Ethiopia 17 328 505 1,033 2,165 535 4,583
Others3,1664,7217,8197,674 12,680 23,009 59,069
Total234,970328,228444,052405,954 501,497 365,490 2,280,191

Declarations of entrusting work to a foreigner

In addition to work permits, there is a secondary, easier work migration scheme called declarations of entrusting work to a foreigner. Compared to the work permit system, employers seeking to entrust work to a foreigner do not need to subject the job to a labor market test. However, the work visa is only valid for up to 24 months instead of 36 months. Prior to 2022, the time limits were even stricter, with a 6-month maximum stay that had to be accompanied by a 6-month period outside of Poland until a new work visa could be obtained.[51][52] This system is only open to citizens of 5 post-Soviet countries,[53][54] though business leaders have called for an extension to other post-Soviet republics. Russian citizens are excluded from the program since October 2022,[55] following the invasion of Ukraine. Between 2007 and 2017, this scheme was known as a declaration of intention to entrust work to a foreigner, though it led to numerous abuses, since after submitting the statement, employers were not obliged to report whether the foreigner had come, and whether they had taken the job. Migrants would sometimes take up different work than previously indicated, use the permit to move to Western Europe, or not arrive at all. On 1 January 2018, it was replaced by the current scheme. Since then, employers are obliged to report the fact that the migrant has taken up employment. The change limits the comparability of the data from the previous periods.[56]

Registered declarations of entrusting work to a foreigner[57]
Country201820192020 2021 2022
 Ukraine1,446,3041,475,9231,329,491 1,705,709 618,503
 Belarus62,80566,04578,905 103,749 217,374
 Georgia28,00845,13744,270 135,743 147,847
 Moldova36,74239,41445,281 76,506 47,269
 Russia6,71811,26219,246 36,214 16,084
 Armenia1,6482,3022,406 7,314 7,475
Total1,582,2251,640,0831,519,599 2,065,416 1,054,640

Seasonal work permits

Since January 2018, employers may hire foreigners on a seasonal work permit, used specifically for agricultural and tourism-related work.[58] In 2020, 60.8% of hired foreigners were women, 42% were under 35 years old, and most worked in Poland from 31 to 90 days.[59] The vast majority of migrants come from Ukraine, as well as Belarus, Moldova, and Georgia, since the law doesn't require the employer to look for potential Polish workers before hiring a foreigner from said countries.

Seasonal work permits by country of citizenship
Country201820192020
 Ukraine119,926129,683135,482
 Belarus607659625
 Moldova359380342
 Georgia199302291
 Uzbekistan366122
 Philippines157878
 Russia457962
 Indonesia0344
Others3597175
Total121,436131,446137,403

Social insurance data

Polish social insurance provider, Zakład Ubezpieczeń Społecznych (ZUS), reported 1,094,148 foreigners paying towards pension insurance in Poland at the end of June 2023, an 8.1% increase since the year prior and more than double compared to 5 years ago. Foreigners were 6.74% of all insured in Poland, an increase from basically 0 just a few years earlier. Ukrainians and Belarusians were the largest groups of foreigners, at 68.4% and 11.1%, respectively. Other nationalities with more than 10,000 people insured in the Polish insurance system include: Georgians (27,434), Indians (18,620), Moldovans (14,654), and Russians (12,709).[60]

Education

In light of a lack of centralized and trustworthy population statistics, the education system is another source of information about immigrants and foreign nationals in Poland. As of September 2022, there were 352,923 students with a foreign nationality in Poland in non-college education,[61] approximately 6.8% of all students in the country. The vast majority were Ukrainians - 307,944 (of which 200,734 were in a refugee status), followed by Belarusians (19,647).

There were also 85,897 foreign college students in Poland as of 2021 (excluding those studying on short-term study programs such as Erasmus).[62]

Ukrainian refugees

Poland has been at the forefront of the Ukrainian refugee crisis from the very beginning, as the country shares a long border with Ukraine and many Ukrainians have family members working or studying in Poland. As the refugee crisis became apparent, Polish authorities waived certain entry restrictions for people fleeing Ukraine, such as requirements for passports[63] and, along with millions of private citizens,[64] organized food and shelter for the arriving refugees. Poland's response to the Ukrainian refugee crisis has won the country international praise.[65][66]

As of September 2023, 958,120 refugees remain in Poland, of which 408,884 are under 18. More than 1 in 10 refugees lives in Warsaw (103,476), followed by Wrocław (45,942), Kraków (31,795) and Poznań (24,312).[67] Refugees are not counted towards the official population number by GUS as they are in a temporary residence status and temporary residents are not reported.[68]

Ethnic groups

Poland was a diverse country before World War II, with only around 2/3 of the population being ethnically Polish. Due to German and Soviet war-time resettlements and genocides, and after-war population transfers, post-war Poland was one of the most ethnically homogenous countries in Europe and stayed that way until the 21st century.

Map of at least 10% non-Polish areas
Population background  %1 Population (1st declaration) Population (any declaration)
Total 100.00 38,036,118 38,036,118
European Union 99.53 37,858,105 38,690,651
Autochthonous to Poland 99.34 37,785,173 38,423,818
Poles 98.59 37,499,700 37,595,069
Silesians 0.62 236,588 596,224
Kashubians 0.04 15,177 179,685
Lemkos 0.02 9,226 13,607
Romani 0.02 9,026 13,303
Jews 0.02 8,064 17,156
Tatars 0.01 4,009 5,295
Karaites 0.01 3,383 3,479
Other EU member states (primarily Germans) 0.19 72,932 266,833
Other Europe (primarily Ukrainian and Belorusian) 0.34 130,903 232,165
Other (primarily Vietnamese) 0.08 30,051 102,746
Unspecified 0.03 11,128 11,128
1 In the 2021 census responders were allowed to pick up to 2 nationalities/ethnicities. Percentages are calculated for the first choice only.
National and ethnic composition of Poland by census
Ethnicity 1921 1931 1946 2002 20111 20211
Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Number %
Poles 17,789,287 69.23 21,993,444 68.91 20,520,178 85.75 36,983,720 96.74 37,310,300 96.88 37,499,700 98.59
Silesians 173,153 0.45 435,800 1.13 236,588 0.62
Ukrainians 3,898,428 15.17 3,221,975 10.10 30,957 0.08 38,400 0.10 64,909 0.17
Belarusians 1,035,693 4.03 989,852 3.10 48,737 0.13 36,400 0.09 43,693 0.11
Germans 769,392 2.99 740,992 2.32 2,288,300 9.56 152,897 0.40 74,500 0.19 42,558 0.11
Kashubians 5,062 0.01 17,700 0.05 15,177 0.04
Russians 48,920 0.19 138,713 0.43 6,103 0.02 8,200 0.02 10,977 0.03
Lemkos 5,863 0.02 7,100 0.02 9,226 0.02
Romani 12,855 0.03 12,600 0.03 9,026 0.02
Lithuanians 24,044 0.09 83,116 0.26 5,846 0.02 5,600 0.01 8,088 0.02
Jews 2,048,878 7.97 2,732,573 8.56 1,133 0.00 2,500 0.01 8,064 0.02
Armenians 1,082 0.00 3,000 0.01 5,586 0.01
Slovaks 2,001 0.01 2,300 0.01 4,508 0.01
Vietnamese 1,808 0.00 3,600 0.01 4,198 0.01
Czechs 30,628 0.12 38,097 0.12 831 0.00 1,300 0.00 4,035 0.01
Ruthenians 1,219,647 3.82
Local 38,943 0.15 707,088 2.22
Others 9,856 0.04 11,119 0.03 399,526 1.67 69,785 0.18
Unknown 631 0.00 39,163 0.12 417,431 . 774,885 2.03 521,500 1.35 11,128 0.03
Total 25,694,700 31,915,779 23,929,757 38,230,080 38,511,824 38,036,100
1 In 2011 and 2021 censuses responders were allowed to pick up to 2 nationalities/ethnicities. Only first choices are shown here.

Religions

Historically, Poland has been a religiously diverse country. However, after the Holocaust during World War II and population transfers after the war, Poland became predominantly Catholic, with small Orthodox, Protestant and Jewish communities.

Religious makeup of Poland

  Roman Catholic (71.30%)
  Orthodox (0.40%)
  Jehovah's Witnesses (0.29%)
  Other denominations (0.58%)
  No denomination (6.87%)
  Refused to state (20.53%)
  Unknown (0.04%)

The most recent census has shown a Catholic majority again, however with a significant drop in self-declared Catholics compared to a census 10 years earlier.[69] Roman Catholics constitute 71.3% of the population, down from 87.58% in 2011.[70]

Percentage of population Number of adherents
Denomination 2011 census 2021 census 2011 census 2021 census
Roman Catholic Church 87.6 71.3 33,728,734 27,121,331
Polish Orthodox Church 0.4 0.4 156,284 151,648
Jehovah's Witnessess 0.4 0.29 137,308 108,754
Lutheranism 0.2 0.17 70,766 65,407
Greek Catholic Church 0.1 0.09 33,281 33,209
Pentecostal Church 0.1 0.08 26,433 30,105
Catholic Mariawite Church 0.0 0.03 9,990 12,248
Old Catholic Church of Poland 0.0 0.02 8,807 6,942
Baptist Christian Church of the Republic of Poland 0.0 0.01 5,982 5,181
Buddhism 0.0 0.01 5,981 3,236
Seventh Day Adventist Church 0.0 0.01 4,947 3,129
Pastafarianism 0.0 0.01 492 2,312
Islam 0.0 0.01 5,108 2,209
Christ's Church in Poland 0.0 0.01 860 2,072
Slavic Native Faiths 0.0 0.01 914 2,039
God's Church in Christ 0.0 0.01 1,350 2,007
Other denominations 0.1 0.11 24,716 40,343
Not belonging to any denomination 2.4 6.87 929,420 2,611,506
Refusing to state a denomination 7.1 20.53 2,733,843 7,807,553
Denomination unknown 1.6 0.04 626,608 16,059

Languages

Polish 97.8%, other and unspecified 2.2% (2002 census)

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ In fertility rates, 2.1 and above is a stable population and has been marked blue, 2 and below leads to an aging population and the result is that the population decreases.

References

  1. ↑ GUS. "Informacja o wynikach Narodowego Spisu Powszechnego Ludności i Mieszkań 2021 na poziomie województw, powiatów i gmin". stat.gov.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 2023-09-13.
  2. ↑ GUS. "Ludność rezydująca – dane NSP 2021". stat.gov.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 2023-09-13.
  3. 1 2 Pawłowska, Danuta (February 1, 2022). "Spis powszechny. Liczba ludności to sprawa polityczna, czyli jak GUS doliczył się 38 mln mieszkańców". Biqdata. Retrieved September 12, 2023.
  4. ↑ GUS. "Migracje zagraniczne na pobyt czasowy - wyniki NSP 2021". stat.gov.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 2023-09-13.
  5. ↑ "Refugees fleeing Ukraine (since 24 February 2022)". UNHCR. 2022.
  6. ↑ "Otwarte Dane". dane.gov.pl. Retrieved 2023-09-13.
  7. ↑ Note: Crude migration change (per 1000) is a trend analysis, an extrapolation based average population change (current year minus previous) minus natural change of the current year (see table vital statistics). As average population is an estimate of the population in the middle of the year and not end of the year.
  8. ↑ GUS. "Główne kierunki emigracji i imigracji na pobyt stały w latach 1966-2022". stat.gov.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 2023-09-13.
  9. ↑ "Czy wiemy, ile nas jest? O potrzebie reformy sposobu pomiaru liczebności i struktury populacji". Fundacja im. Stefana Batorego. Retrieved 2023-09-13.
  10. ↑ seminarium forumIdei Fundacji Batorego i Unii Metropolii Polskich "Czy wiemy, ile nas jest?", retrieved 2023-09-13
  11. ↑ Strzelecki, Zbigniew; et al. (Rządowa Rada Ludnościowa) (2006). Sytuacja demograficzna Polski. Raport 2005-2006 (PDF). Główny Urząd Statystyczny. p. 6. ISBN 83-7027-411-0.
  12. ↑ Tilles, Daniel (2022-08-11). "Poland issues EU's most residence permits to immigrants for fifth year running". Notes From Poland. Retrieved 2023-09-13.
  13. ↑ "Poland Population 2019", World Population Review
  14. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Max Roser (2014), "Total Fertility Rate around the world over the last centuries", Our World In Data, Gapminder Foundation
  15. ↑ B.R. Mitchell. European historical statistics, 1750-1975.
  16. ↑ "United Nations : Demographic Yearbook 1948" (PDF). Unstats.un.org. Retrieved 30 August 2017.
  17. ↑ "Central Statistical Office of Poland". Archived from the original on 2008-09-17. Retrieved 2008-08-29.
  18. ↑ "Démographie des pays développés". Ined.fr. Archived from the original on 2 July 2014. Retrieved 20 June 2015.
  19. ↑ "Główny Urząd Statystyczny / Obszary tematyczne / Ludność / Ludność / Struktura ludności do 2013 R". Archived from the original on 2014-06-16. Retrieved 2014-06-09.
  20. ↑ "GUS - Główny Urząd Statystyczny - Rocznik Demograficzny 2011". Archived from the original on 2011-12-27. Retrieved 2012-01-03.
  21. ↑ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2014-05-25. Retrieved 2014-05-24.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  22. ↑ "Informacja o sytuacji społeczno-gospodarczej kraju w 2016 r." Stat.gov.pl. Retrieved 31 August 2017.
  23. ↑ "Informacja o sytuacji społeczno-gospodarczej kraju w 2017 R".
  24. ↑ "Statistical Bulletin No 2/2018".
  25. ↑ "Total fertility rate". ec.europa.eu. Retrieved 2023-06-26.
  26. ↑ "World Factbook EUROPE : POLAND", The World Factbook, July 12, 2018
  27. ↑ "Polaków jest coraz mniej. W 2022 roku najmniej urodzeń od II wojny - wiceminister rodziny i polityki społecznej Barbara Socha komentuje dane GUS - TVN24 Biznes", TVN 24, February 5, 2022
  28. ↑ GUS. "Trwanie życia w 2020 roku". stat.gov.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 2023-03-26.
  29. ↑ GUS. "Trwanie życia w 2021 roku". stat.gov.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 2023-03-26.
  30. ↑ "Polska w liczbach 2023".
  31. ↑ statistics poland database population visited on September 22 2023
  32. ↑ "Informations on socio-economic situation". stat.gov.pl.
  33. 1 2 3 "UNSD — Demographic and Social Statistics". unstats.un.org. Retrieved 2023-05-10.
  34. ↑ "Ubezpieczenia emerytalne i rentowe - Portal Statystyczny ZUS - zus.pl". Portal Statystyczny ZUS. Retrieved 2023-09-19.
  35. ↑ "Urban-rural Europe - introduction". ec.europa.eu. Retrieved 2023-09-17.
  36. ↑ "Project 1.4.3". 28 July 2009. Archived from the original on 28 July 2009. Retrieved 31 August 2017.
  37. ↑ "Urban Audit - Data that can be accessed". Archived from the original on 2011-04-06. Retrieved 2010-09-05.
  38. ↑ ["Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-03-31. Retrieved 2016-01-19.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  39. ↑ "World Urbanization Prospects" (PDF). United Nations - Department of Economic and Social Affairs / Population Division, The 2003 Revision (data of 2000). Retrieved 31 August 2017.
  40. ↑ "World Urban Areas" (PDF). Demographia.com. Retrieved 31 August 2017.
  41. ↑ "Major Agglomerations of the World - Population Statistics and Maps". Citypopulation.de. Retrieved 31 August 2017.
  42. ↑ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-03-27. Retrieved 2009-03-28.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  43. ↑ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-01-24. Retrieved 2009-04-04.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  44. ↑ Data of polycentric Silesian metropolitan area
  45. ↑ Górny, Agata; Kołodziejczyk, Katarzyna; Madej, Karolina; Kaczmarczyk, Paweł (October 2019). "Nowe obszary docelowe w migracji z Ukrainy do Polski. Przypadek Bydgoszczy i Wrocławia na tle innych miast" (PDF). Centre of Migration Research Working Papers. 118 (176): 10.
  46. ↑ GUS. "NSP 2021. Wyniki wstępne – informacja sygnalna". stat.gov.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 2023-09-16.
  47. ↑ GUS. "Migracje zagraniczne na pobyt czasowy - wyniki NSP 2021". stat.gov.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 2023-09-16.
  48. ↑ https://migracje.gov.pl/
  49. ↑ "Zezwolenia na pracę typu a lub b". www.biznes.gov.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 2023-09-16.
  50. ↑ "Wortal Publicznych Służb Zatrudnienia prowadzony przez Ministerstwo Rodziny i Polityki Społecznej - aktualna strona : Statystyka".
  51. ↑ "Nowe przepisy dotyczące oświadczeń o powierzeniu wykonywania pracy cudzoziemca oraz zezwoleń na pracę - Mazowiecki Urząd Wojewódzki w Warszawie - Portal Gov.pl". Mazowiecki Urząd Wojewódzki w Warszawie (in Polish). Retrieved 2023-09-16.
  52. ↑ "Dłuższe oświadczenie o powierzeniu wykonywania pracy cudzoziemcowi". kadry.infor.pl. Retrieved 2023-09-16.
  53. ↑ "Wortal Publicznych Służb Zatrudnienia prowadzony przez Ministerstwo Rodziny i Polityki Społecznej - aktualna strona : Statystyka".
  54. ↑ "Wortal Publicznych Służb Zatrudnienia prowadzony przez Ministerstwo Rodziny i Polityki Społecznej - aktualna strona : Statystyka".
  55. ↑ "Oświadczenia o powierzeniu wykonywania pracy nie będą wydawane dla Obywateli Rosji". GrantThornton (in Polish). Retrieved 2023-09-16.
  56. ↑ "Sytuacja demograficzna Polski do roku 2019. Migracje zagraniczne ludności".
  57. ↑ S.A, eo Networks. "Statystyka | WORTAL". psz.praca.gov.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 2023-09-16.
  58. ↑ "Portal Gov.pl".
  59. ↑ "Wortal Publicznych Służb Zatrudnienia prowadzony przez Ministerstwo Rodziny i Polityki Społecznej - aktualna strona : Statystyka".
  60. ↑ "Ubezpieczenia emerytalne i rentowe - Portal Statystyczny ZUS - zus.pl". Portal Statystyczny ZUS. Retrieved 2023-09-16.
  61. ↑ "Otwarte Dane". dane.gov.pl. Retrieved 2023-09-16.
  62. ↑ Pifczyk, Szymon (2022-12-03). "Ilu jest w Polsce obcokrajowców?". Kartografia Ekstremalna. Retrieved 2023-09-16.
  63. ↑ McDonagh, Simon (2022-02-28). "Ukraine Emergency: Resources for Refugees". Asylum Access. Retrieved 2023-09-16.
  64. ↑ Ptak, Alicja (2022-07-28). "77% of Poles involved in helping Ukraine refugees, spending €2 billion, finds study". Notes From Poland. Retrieved 2023-09-16.
  65. ↑ Higgins, Andrew (2023-02-22). "How Poland, Long Leery of Foreigners, Opened Up to Ukrainians". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2023-09-16.
  66. ↑ "UN expert praises generosity towards Ukrainian refugees by Poland and urges Belarus and Poland to end pushbacks". OHCHR. Retrieved 2023-09-16.
  67. ↑ "Szczegółowe statystyki dot. osób zarejestrowanych w rejestrze obywateli Ukrainy i członków ich rodzin, którym nadano status cudzoziemca na podstawie specustawy. Stan na 12.09.2023 r." Otwarte Dane. September 12, 2023. Retrieved September 17, 2023.
  68. ↑ "Główny Urząd Statystyczny / Metainformacje / Słownik pojęć / Pojęcia stosowane w statystyce publicznej". stat.gov.pl. Retrieved 2023-09-17.
  69. ↑ GUS. "Tablice z ostatecznymi danymi w zakresie przynależności narodowo-etnicznej, języka używanego w domu oraz przynależności do wyznania religijnego". stat.gov.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 2023-09-29.
  70. ↑ GUS. "Struktura narodowo-etniczna, językowa i wyznaniowa ludności Polski - NSP 2011". stat.gov.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 2023-09-29.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.