Solana Generating Station Project
The project's array of parabolic mirrors
CountryUnited States
LocationMaricopa County, Arizona
Coordinates32°55′N 112°58′W / 32.917°N 112.967°W / 32.917; -112.967
StatusOperational
Construction beganDecember 2010
Commission date2013
Construction costUS$2 billion
Owner(s)Atlantica Sustainable Infrastructure[1]
Liberty Interactive Corporation
Operator(s)Arizona Solar One LLC
Solar farm
TypeCSP
CSP technologyParabolic trough
Collectors3,232
Total collector area2,233,958 square metres (552.023 acres)
Site area1,920 acres (780 ha)
Power generation
Units operational2
Make and modelSiemens[2]
Nameplate capacity250 MW
Capacity factor33.9% (2016-2020)
Annual net output742 GW·h
Storage capacity1,500 MW·he
External links
Websitewww.atlantica.com
CommonsRelated media on Commons

The Solana Generating Station is a solar power plant near Gila Bend, Arizona, about 70 miles (110 km) southwest of Phoenix. It was completed in 2013. When commissioned, it was the largest parabolic trough plant in the world, and the first U.S. solar plant with molten salt thermal energy storage.[3] Built by the Spanish company Abengoa Solar, the project can produce up to 280 megawatts (MW) gross, supplied by two 140 MW gross (125 MW net) steam turbine generators: enough electricity to meet the needs of approximately 70,000 homes and obviate the emission of roughly 475,000 tons of CO2 every year.[4] Its name is the Spanish term for "sunny spot".[5]

Technology

The plant employs a proprietary concentrating solar power (CSP) trough technology developed by Abengoa, and covers an area of 1,920 acres (780 ha). Construction was expected to create about 1,500 construction jobs with the plant employing 85 full-time workers.[6][7] Solar thermal plants use substantially more water for cooling than other solar generating technologies. Nevertheless, the Sierra Club supported the Solana plant, because it was built on private land, and was projected to use "75 to 85 percent less water than the current agricultural use."[8]

Economics

Arizona Public Service (APS) has contracted to purchase 100% of the power output generated from Solana, to meet the Arizona Corporation Commission's (ACC) mandate that the state's regulated utilities provide 15% of their electricity from renewable energy sources by 2025. APS will pay about 14 cents per kWh.[9] The Solana plant was originally planned to open in 2011 and was estimated to cost $2 billion.[10] In December 2010, Abengoa received a $1.45 billion loan guarantee to support construction of the plant.[11]

Energy storage

Construction of the Salt Tanks

One of the principal advantages of concentrated solar thermal (CST) is that thermal energy storage can be provided efficiently,[12] so that output can be provided after the sun goes down, and output can be scheduled to meet demand requirements.[13] The Solana Generating Station is designed to provide six hours of energy storage. This allows the plant to generate about 38 percent of its rated capacity over the course of a year.[14]

Production

Solana Generating Station's production is as follows, averaging 742 GW·h annual, yielding about 390 MW·h/acre.[15]

Generation (MW·h) of Solana Generating Station [15]
YearJanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDecTotal
2013 045,23023,83920,179 89,248
2014 29,94531,82549,35850,32575,22178,23159,27652,19163,40662,69333,73517,361 603,567
2015 12,16527,25951,69882,23788,12291,09786,21791,47563,13549,46946,26229,707 718,843
2016 33,17337,39951,74457,35388,25588,99484,98142,85551,38750,59535,07321,861 643,670
2017 22,55034,93478,83789,62986,648115,92123,37663,81281,57172,19430,59623,898 723,966
2018 33,07838,66148,24268,419106,877106,60487,20487,03290,02754,02941,30314,537 776,013
2019 29,04126,95761,99788,94591,002111,99389,48399,26871,39876,04325,17120,344 791,642
2020 36,88148,87454,25386,12193,62087,41687,89480,56169,19064,89236,29629,706 775,704
2021 31,75549,01863,36172,93593,52984,75351,70469,14761,72656,45638,14022,045 694,569
2022 27,27633,32060,00177,81290,75286,38565,40172,11368,44667,57324,90521,661 695,645
Total (2013-2022)6,512,867

Maximum annual electricity production was projected at 900,000 MW·h (900 GW·h), as calculated using the project's and NREL specific capacity factors.[16] In 2020, Solana Generating Station has averaged 82.4% of the projected production value.[15] Nearby photovoltaic power station Agua Caliente, covering a larger site area of 2400 acres, had a Loan Programs Office projected generation of only 559 GW·h (instead yielding an average real 727 GW·h production).

Operations issues

The plant opened in 2014 and has experienced some problems since its opening. In the summer of 2017, the plant had two transformer fires.[17] Maricopa County environmental officials questioned whether the plant violated air pollution standards, and in 2016, fined the plant $1.5 million for violations of air quality standards. According to the Phoenix New Times, "The plant’s parent company, a subsidiary of Abengoa called Atlantica Yield, downplayed the issues, and a company representative said that better times are likely ahead."[17]

According to government documents, the plant is expected to produce 900,000 MWh every year. This amount of electricity could power about 65,000 typical homes in Arizona. However, the plant produced only 600,000 MWh in its first full year of operation, according to information from the Federal Energy Information Administration. In 2015, the output increased to 700,000 MWh. In the summer of 2017, a microburst "knocked out the plant that July."[17] but notwithstanding that, generation reached 723,966 MWh.

A CSP thermal power block is like that of a coal or gas-fired plant, except its fuel is sunlight and require up to four years to ramp-up to 100% operating level.[18][19][20]

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Our Assets". Atlantica Sustainable Infrastructure (was Atlantica/Abengoa Yield). 2 November 2015. Retrieved 2 November 2015.
  2. ↑ "Solana Project Description". Atlantica Yield (was Abengoa Yield). Retrieved 7 March 2016.
  3. ↑ Mearian, Lucas. U.S. flips switch on massive solar power array that also stores electricity: The array is first large U.S. solar plant with a thermal energy storage system, October 10, 2013. Retrieved October 18, 2013.
  4. ↑ "Solana, the largest parabolic trough plant in the world". Abengoa. Retrieved 2015-11-02.
  5. ↑ "Solana" in wordreference.com
  6. ↑ Abengoa to Build 280MW Concentrating Solar Power Plant in Arizona Archived 2013-10-19 at the Wayback Machine, CleanEdge.com website, February 21, 2008.
  7. ↑ Lavelle, Marianne. Big Solar Project Planned for Arizona Desert: $1 billion installation would use parabolic mirrors to generate power southwest of Phoenix Archived 2009-08-28 at the Wayback Machine, U.S. News & World Report, February 21, 2008.
  8. ↑ Gelt, Joe (2008). "Clean, Green Solar Power Falls Short in Achieving Water Efficiency". Arizona Water Resource (Arizona Water Resource, vol. 17, no. 1, 16pp., Water Resources Research Center, Tucson, AZ, Autumn 2008). University of Arizona, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences. Retrieved 2008-12-04.
  9. ↑ Randazzo, Ryan (February 21, 2008). "Plant to brighten state's solar future". The Arizona Republic. Retrieved 2009-06-08.
  10. ↑ Randazzo, Ryan (July 3, 2010). "Arizona solar plant gets big boost from feds". The Arizona Republic. Retrieved 2010-07-03.
  11. ↑ "Abengoa closes $1.45 billion federal loan guarantee for Arizona solar farm". Reuters. Dec 21, 2010. Archived from the original on December 24, 2010.
  12. ↑ Wright, matthew; Hearps, Patrick; et al. Australian Sustainable Energy: Zero Carbon Australia Stationary Energy Plan Archived 2021-03-05 at the Wayback Machine, Energy Research Institute, University of Melbourne, October 2010, p. 33. Retrieved from BeyondZeroEmissions.org website.
  13. ↑ Innovation in Concentrating Thermal Solar Power (CSP), RenewableEnergyFocus.com website.
  14. ↑ Solana: 10 Facts You Didn't Know About the Concentrated Solar Power Plant Near Gila Bend
  15. 1 2 3 "Solana Generating Station, Monthly". Electricity Data Browser. Energy Information Administration. Retrieved February 2, 2023.
  16. ↑ "Solana". Loan Programs Office. www.energy.gov. U.S. Department of Energy. 2010. Archived from the original on 3 May 2019. Retrieved 12 September 2019. Solana is expected to generate 900,000 megawatt-hours of clean energy per year
  17. 1 2 3 Stern, Ray (2017-08-30). "Dark Clouds — Transformer Fires and Air Pollution — Continue to Follow Solana Power Plant". Phoenix New Times. Retrieved 2017-09-07.
  18. ↑ Kraemer, Susan (30 November 2017). "How Has Spain's Concentrated Solar Thermal Power Performed?". www.solarpaces.org. SolarPACES. Archived from the original on 2 January 2019. Retrieved 22 September 2019.
  19. ↑ Large solar plant fails to reach its energy capacity
  20. ↑ "EuroTrough Helped Cut Ramp-Up Time of China's 100 MW Urat CSP". www.solarpaces.org. SolarPACES. Archived from the original on 19 December 2021. Retrieved 8 February 2022. ... thermal plants require up to four years to ramp-up to 100% operating level...

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