The Southern Annular Mode is usually defined as the difference in the zonal mean sea level pressure at 40°S (mid-latitudes) and 65°S (Antarctica).[1]

The Antarctic oscillation (AAO, to distinguish it from the Arctic oscillation or AO), also known as the Southern Annular Mode (SAM), is a low-frequency mode of atmospheric variability of the southern hemisphere that is defined as a belt of strong westerly winds or low pressure surrounding Antarctica which moves north or south as its mode of variability.[2]

It is a climate driver for Australia, influencing the country's weather conditions – It is associated with storms and cold fronts that move from west to east that bring precipitation to southern Australia.[3]

Phases and impacts

SAM from 1979 to 2020.
The westerly wind belt during its negative phase, as it expands towards southeastern Australia.[4]

Both positive and negative SAM events tends to last for approximately ten days to two weeks, though the timeframe between a positive and a negative event is random. It is usually in the span of a week to a few months, with a negative SAM being more common in the cool months and a positive SAM being more prolonged in the warmer months. Winds associated with the Southern Annular Mode cause oceanic upwelling of warm circumpolar deep water along the Antarctic continental shelf,[5][6] which has been linked to ice shelf basal melt,[7] representing a possible wind-driven mechanism that could destabilize large portions of the Antarctic ice sheet.[8]

Positive

In its positive phase, the westerly wind belt that drives the Antarctic Circumpolar Current intensifies and contracts towards Antarctica.[9] In winter, a positive phase increases rainfall (including East coast lows) in south-eastern Australia (above Victoria) due to higher onshore flows from the Pacific Ocean, decreases rain in the south-west, and decreases snow in the alpine areas. In spring and summer, a positive phase reduces the chance of extreme heat and increases humid onshore flows, therefore making spring and summer wetter than normal. A positive phase would usually occur more frequently with a La Niña event.[10]

Negative

Its negative phase involves the belt moving towards the equator, whereby decreasing rainfall in the southeast of Australia in the summer and as well as raising the possibility of spring heatwaves. Moreover, winters will usually be wetter than normal in the south and southwest with more snowfall in the alpine areas, but drier in the east coast due to less moist onshore flows from the east and blockage of cold fronts by the Great Dividing Range, which would act as a rain shadow. This phase will usually be more frequent with an El Niño event.[10]

Research

In 2014, Nerilie Abram used a network of temperature-sensitive ice core and tree growth records to reconstruct a 1000-year history of the Southern Annular Mode. This work suggests that the Southern Annular Mode is currently in its most extreme positive phase over at least the last 1000 years, and that recent positive trends in the SAM are attributed to increasing greenhouse gas levels and later stratospheric ozone depletion.[11][12]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Lee, D. Y., Petersen, M. R. & Lin, W. The Southern Annular Mode and Southern Ocean Surface Westerly Winds in E3SM. Earth Sp. Sci. 6, 2624–2643 (2019).
  2. ↑ Australian Bureau of Meteorology - The Southern Annular Mode. Accessed 25/10/2013. http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/enso/history/ln-2010-12/SAM-what.shtml
  3. ↑ Southern Annular Mode and the Australian climate Bureau of Meteorology
  4. ↑ Roaring Forties' shift south means more droughts for southern Australia by Helen Davidson from The Guardian. 12 May 2014. Retrieved 3 September 2022.
  5. ↑ Hayakawa, Hideaki; Shibuya, Kazuo; Aoyama, Yuichi; Nogi, Yoshifumi; Doi, Koichiro (2012). "Ocean bottom pressure variability in the Antarctic Divergence Zone off Lützow-Holm Bay, East Antarctica". Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers. 60: 22–31. Bibcode:2012DSRI...60...22H. doi:10.1016/j.dsr.2011.09.005. ISSN 0967-0637.
  6. ↑ Spence, Paul; Griffies, Stephen M.; England, Matthew H.; Hogg, Andrew McC.; Saenko, Oleg A.; Jourdain, Nicolas C. (2014-07-12). "Rapid subsurface warming and circulation changes of Antarctic coastal waters by poleward shifting winds" (PDF). Geophysical Research Letters. 41 (13): 4601–4610. Bibcode:2014GeoRL..41.4601S. doi:10.1002/2014gl060613. hdl:1885/56321. ISSN 0094-8276.
  7. ↑ Greene, Chad A.; Blankenship, Donald D.; Gwyther, David E.; Silvano, Alessandro; Wijk, Esmee van (2017-11-01). "Wind causes Totten Ice Shelf melt and acceleration". Science Advances. 3 (11): e1701681. Bibcode:2017SciA....3E1681G. doi:10.1126/sciadv.1701681. ISSN 2375-2548. PMC 5665591. PMID 29109976.
  8. ↑ Anderson, R. F.; Ali, S.; Bradtmiller, L. I.; Nielsen, S. H. H.; Fleisher, M. Q.; Anderson, B. E.; Burckle, L. H. (2009-03-13). "Wind-Driven Upwelling in the Southern Ocean and the Deglacial Rise in Atmospheric CO2". Science. 323 (5920): 1443–1448. Bibcode:2009Sci...323.1443A. doi:10.1126/science.1167441. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 19286547. S2CID 206517043.
  9. ↑ Thompson, David W. J.; Solomon, Susan; Kushner, Paul J.; England, Matthew H.; Grise, Kevin M.; Karoly, David J. (2011-10-23). "Signatures of the Antarctic ozone hole in Southern Hemisphere surface climate change". Nature Geoscience. 4 (11): 741–749. Bibcode:2011NatGe...4..741T. doi:10.1038/ngeo1296. ISSN 1752-0894. S2CID 40243634.
  10. 1 2 Southern Annular Mode Bureau of Meteorology, 12 June 2019
  11. ↑ "Data: 1000-year Southern Annular Mode reconstruction". National Climatic Data Center. Retrieved 18 August 2014.
  12. ↑ Abram, Nerilie (2014-05-11). "Evolution of the Southern Annular Mode during the past millennium". Nature. Retrieved 2014-09-13.
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