Civil Guard
Guardia Civil
Badge
Badge
AbbreviationGC
MottoEl honor es mi divisa
Honour is my badge
Agency overview
FormedMay 13, 1844
Employees85,426 total (2020) and 77,223 active (2020)
Jurisdictional structure
Operations jurisdictionSpain
General nature
Specialist jurisdictions
  • National border patrol, security, and integrity.
  • Coastal patrol, marine border protection, marine search and rescue.
  • Highways, roads, and/or traffic.
Operational structure
Overviewed byMinistry of the Interior
Ministry of Defence
HeadquartersCalle de Guzmán el Bueno, 110, 28003 Madrid, Spain
Elected officer responsible
Agency executive
Parent agencyDirectorate-General of the Civil Guard
Notables
Award
Website
www.guardiacivil.es

The Civil Guard (Spanish: Guardia Civil; [ˈɡwaɾðja θiˈβil]) is the oldest law enforcement agency in Spain and is one of two national police forces. As a national gendarmerie force, it is military in nature and is responsible for civil policing under the authority of both the Ministry of the Interior and the Ministry of Defence.[2][3] The role of the Ministry of Defence is limited except in times of war when the Ministry has exclusive authority.[2][4] The corps is colloquially known as the benemérita (the meritorious or the reputables). In annual surveys, it generally ranks as the national institution most valued by Spaniards, closely followed by other law enforcement agencies and the armed forces.[5]

It has both a regular national role and undertakes specific foreign peacekeeping missions and is part of the European Gendarmerie Force. As a national gendarmerie force, the Civil Guard was modelled on the French National Gendarmerie and has many similarities.[2]

As part of its daily duties, the Civil Guard patrols and investigates crimes in rural areas, including highways and ports, whilst the National Police deals with safety in urban situations. Most cities also have a Municipal Police Force. The three forces are nationally co-ordinated by the Ministry of the Interior. The Civil Guard is usually stationed at casas cuartel, which are both minor residential garrisons and fully-equipped police stations.

History

Origin

The Guardia Civil was founded as a national police force in 1844 during the reign of Queen Isabel II of Spain by the 2nd Duke of Ahumada and 5th Marquess of Amarillas, an 11th generation descendant of Aztec emperor Moctezuma II. Previously, law enforcement had been the responsibility of the "Holy Brotherhood", an organization of municipal leagues. Corruption was pervasive in the Brotherhood, where officials were constantly subject to local political influence, and the system was largely ineffective outside the major towns and cities.[6] Criminals could often escape justice by simply moving from one district to another.[6] The first Guardia police academy was established in the town of Valdemoro, south of Madrid, in 1855. Graduates were given the Guardia's now famous tricorne or Cavaliers hat as part of their duty dress uniform.

First ever photograph taken of a Guardia Civil, somewhere between 1855 and 1857 in Reinosa, Spain.

The Guardia was initially charged with putting an end to brigandage on the nation's highways, particularly in Andalusia, which had become notorious for numerous robberies and holdups of businessmen, peddlers, travelers, and even foreign tourists.[7][8][9] Banditry in this region was so endemic that the Guardia found it difficult to eradicate it completely. As late as 1884, one traveler of the day reported that it still existed in and around the city of Málaga:[10]

The favorite and original method of the Malagueño highwayman is to creep up quietly behind his victim, muffle his head and arms in a cloak, and then relieve him of his valuables. Should he resist, he is instantly disembowelled with the dexterous thrust of a knife...[The Spanish highwayman] wears a profusion of amulets and charms...all of undoubted efficacy against the dagger of an adversary or the rifle of a Civil Guard.[10]

Column of Guardias Civiles during the 1934 Asturian Revolution, Brañosera

The Guardia Civil was also given the political task of restoring and maintaining land ownership and servitude among the peasantry of Spain by the King, who desired to stop the spread of anti-monarchist movements inspired by the French Revolution. The end of the First Carlist War combined with the unequal distribution of land that resulted from prime minister Juan Álvarez Mendizábal's first Desamortización (1836–1837) had left the Spanish landscape scarred by the destruction of civil war and social unrest, and the government was forced to take drastic action to suppress spontaneous revolts by a restive peasantry. Based on the model of light infantry used by Napoléon in his European campaigns, the Guardia Civil was transformed into a military force of high mobility that could be deployed irrespective of inhospitable conditions, able to patrol and pacify large areas of the countryside. Its members, called 'guardias', maintain to this day a basic patrol unit formed by two agents, usually called a "pareja" (a pair), in which one of the 'guardias' will initiate the intervention while the second 'guardia' serves as a backup to the first.

Under the pre-1931 monarchy, relations between Gitanos and the Civil Guard were particularly tense.

The Civil War (1936–1939)

Republican Civil Guard emblem (1931–1939)

During the Spanish Civil War, the Guardia Civil forces split almost evenly between those who remained loyal to the Republic, 53% of the members[11] (which changed their name to Guardia Nacional Republicana – "Republican National Guard")[12] and the rebel forces.[13] However, the highest authority of the corps, Inspector General Sebastián Pozas, remained loyal to the republican government.[14] Their contribution to the Republican war efforts were invaluable, but proved effective on both sides in urban combat.

The proportion of Guardia Civil members that supported the rebel faction at the time of the 1936 coup was relatively high compared to other Spanish police corps such as the Guardias de Asalto and the Carabineros (Real Cuerpo de Carabineros de Costas y Fronteras), where when the Civil War began over 70% of their members stayed loyal to the Spanish Republic.[15]

Loyalist General of the Guardia Civil José Aranguren, commander of the 4th Organic Division and Military Governor of Valencia, was arrested by the victorious Francoist troops when they entered the city of Valencia at the end of March 1939. After being court-martialed, Aranguren was given the death penalty and was executed on 22 April in the same year.[15]

Colonial service

Locally recruited units of the Guardia Civil were employed in Spain's overseas territories. These included three tercia (regiments) in the Philippines and two companies in Puerto Rico prior to 1898.[16] Over six thousand Civil Guards, both indigenous and Spanish, were serving in Cuba in 1885 and smaller units were subsequently raised in Ifni and Spanish Guinea.[17]

During Francoist era (1939–1975) and attempted coup d'état 1981

Following the Civil War, under the dictatorship of General Francisco Franco (1939–1975), the Guardia Civil was reinforced with the members of the Carabineros, the "Royal Corps of Coast and Frontier Carabiniers", following the disbandment of the carabinier corps.[18]

Critics of the Guardia Civil have alleged numerous instances of police brutality because of the organisation's association with Franco's regime. The fact that the Guardia largely operated in mostly rural and isolated parts of the country increased the risk of police violations of individual civil rights through lack of supervision and accountability. García Lorca's poems have contributed to the Guardia Civil's reputation as, at least at the time, a heavy-handed police force.

The involvement of Guardia Civil figures in politics continued right up until the end of the twentieth century: on 23 February 1981, Lt. Col. Antonio Tejero Molina, a member of the Guardia Civil, participated with other military forces in the failed 23-F coup d'état. Along with 200 members of the Guardia Civil, he briefly took hold of the lower house of the Cortes before the coup collapsed following a nationally televised address by King Juan Carlos, who denounced the coup.

Modern force

The Guardia Civil as a police force, has had additional tasks given to it in addition to its traditional role.

The Spanish Civil Guard patrol ship Rio Segura moored in Dakar, Senegal, during the counternarcotics and proliferation exercise Saharan Express on March 8, 2014.

It is the largest police force in Spain, in terms of area served. Today, they are primarily responsible for policing and/or safety regarding the following (but not limited to) areas and/or safety related issues (given in no special order):[4]

  • law enforcement in all Spanish territory, excluding cities above 20,000 inhabitants,
  • highway patrol,
  • protection of the King of Spain and other members of the Spanish Royal Family,
  • military police as part of military deployments overseas
  • counter drugs operations,
  • anti-smuggling operations,
  • customs and ports of entry control,
  • airport security,
  • safety of prisons and safeguarding of prisoners,
  • weapons licenses and arms control,
  • security of border areas,
  • bomb squad and explosives (TEDAX),
  • high risk and special operations unit (UEI),
  • coast guard,
  • police deployments abroad (embassies),
  • intelligence, counterterrorism and counter-intelligence gathering (SIGC),
  • diving unit (GEAS),
  • cyber and internet crime,
  • mountain search and rescue (GREIM),
  • hunting permits and environmental law enforcement (SEPRONA).
Guardia Civil's CASA CN235 surveillance aircraft
Quick reaction force, Grupo de Acción Rápida, of the Civil Guard.
Spanish Civil Guard Eurocopter EC-135P-2 carrying members of the Unidad Especial de Intervención (Special Intervention Unit).

Peacekeeping and other operations

The Guardia Civil has been involved in operations as peacekeepers in United Nations sponsored operations, including operations in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Angola, Congo, Mozambique, Nicaragua, Haiti, East Timor and El Salvador. They also served with the Spanish armed forces contingent in the war in Iraq, mainly as military police but also in intelligence gathering, where seven of its members were killed.

In the Afghan war effort the rapid reaction branch of the Guardia Civil; the Grupo de Acción Rápida (GAR) were deployed to the Kabul area in 2002 shortly after the invasion and served as the protective team for the High Representative of the European Union. They maintained their services until 2008. In that period, the Agrupación de Tráfico (Traffic Group), Jefatura Fiscal y de Fronteras (Customs and Revenue Service), Policía Judicial (Judicial Police), and Seguridad Ciudadana (Public Order and Prevention service) have also had their deployments to Afghanistan for the peacekeeping efforts.[19]

After 2009, the mission of the Civil Guards in Afghanistan shifted focus to training up local security forces in the country. In that period, the counter-terrorism branch of the Guardia Civil; the Unidad de Acción Rural (UAR) were deployed to Afghanistan to train the Afghan National Police[20] as part of ISAF's Police Advisor Team (PAT) formerly the Police Operative Mentoring and Liaison Team (POMLT) [19]

In addition to el instituto armado ("the armed institution"), the Guardia Civil is known as la benemérita ("the well-remembered"). They served in the Spanish colonies, including Cuba, Puerto Rico, the Philippines, Spanish Guinea and Spanish Morocco.

The Guardia Civil has a sister force in Costa Rica also called the Guardia Civil. The Costa Rican 'guardias' often train at the same academy as regular Spanish officers.

During the Iraqi Civil War, the GAR have been deployed to Iraq to train and assist Iraqi federal police in the fight against ISIS militants.[21]

Characteristics

  • Members of the Guardia typically patrol in pairs.
  • Members of the Guardia Civil often live in garrisons (casa-cuartel) with their families.
  • Since the Guardia Civil must accommodate the families of its "guardias", it was the first police force in Europe that accommodated a same-sex partner in a military installation.
  • The symbol of the Guardia Civil consists of the Royal Crown of Spain, a sword and a fasces. The different units have variations of this symbol.
  • The sidearm of the Guardia Civil from the 1970s to the early 1990s was the Star Model BM chambered in 9mm until its replacement with the Beretta 92, and in recent years the Beretta has been replaced with the H&K USP.[22]

Traditions

Monogram
Ship racing stripe

Hymn

The first hymn was composed between 1915 and 1916 by Asunción García Sierra (who wrote the lyrics) and Ildefonso Moreno Carrilllo (who composed the music) as a school hymn. In the 1920s, Lieutenant Colonel José Osuna Pineda was assigned to the center as Head of Studies and arranged the original text and melody. This hymn was that of the College of Young Guardsmen, adopted as the school's alma mater march since December 1922. Despite the absence of any legal provision, the hymn became official upon its use.[23]

Motto

The motto of the Civil Guard is "Honor is my badge".[24] It comes from article 1 of the "Cartilla del Guardia Civil", written by the Duke of Ahumada in 1845. The full text says: "Honor is the main badge of the Civil Guard; it must, therefore, be kept spotless. Once lost, it is never recovered".[25]

Music Unit

The Music Unit of the Civil Guard (Spanish: Unidad de Música de la Guardia Civil) is the military band of the Civil Guard and is one of multiple in the Armed Forces. It is officially part of the guard's General Directorate. Since its creation in 1844, it has had musical infantry and cavalry formations through various ranks. Only the Civil Guard and the Royal Guard, as well as many Army cavalry and artillery units retained mounted bands with cavalry trumpeters at the time while the infantry of both the Army and Civil Guard had bugle bands then (formerly corps of drums composed of drummers and fifers). It was not until 19 November 1859 when a unified band appeared for the first time. Other bands would be formed throughout the years in both Madrid and Valdemoro. In 1940, the first squads of Civil Guard musicians were officially approved and applications to join the official Civil Guard band were released in October 1941. In 1949, and as a consequence of the merger of the Carabineros Corps and the Civil Guard, their respective Music bands were also unified.[26] These templates remained that way for over two decades when they were increased to adapt them to those of Army Music, forming two bands: one with 75 musicians attached to the General Directorate of the Corps and with 50 instrumentalists belonging to the Jefatura de Enseñanza. More recently, according to the resolutions of 28 June 2004 and 14 February 2006, the two music units were unified, constituting the current band which reports to the General Subdirectorate of Personnel and is administratively attached to the General Affairs Service.[27]

A small mounted band is in service with the Security Group's Civil Guard Cavalry Squadron, with its barracks and stables in Valdemoro, administratively under the supervision of the Young Guardsmen's College. Unlike other mounted bands, they only use small fanfare trumpets (clarines de caballeria and trompetas bajas). They continue the traditions of the Civil Guard cavalry since its foundation. In 2022 the Mounted Band of the Civil Guard Cavalry Squadron finally received its own kettledrummer, bringing it in line with the Royal Guard's Mounted Band of the Royal Escort Squadron.

Tricorn

The element of uniformity that characterizes the Civil Guard is the tricorn, which is the official service's headgear in full and service dress uniforms. Other pieces of headgear such as peaked caps, berets or garrison caps are currently used in addition to this one. Throughout its history, other headwear of various types, colors and shapes have been used, including the Teresiana Kepi. Officially, it is known by the Civil Guard as the "black hat".

Patronage

On 8 February 1913, Our Lady of the Pillar was declared by royal decree as the guard's exalted patron saint.[28]

Uniforms

Spanish Guardia Civil wearing the tricornio hat during National Day celebrations in Madrid.

A wide range of clothing is currently worn according to the nature of the duties being performed (see schematic diagrams below).

The traditional headdress of the Guardia is the tricornio hat, originally a tricorne. Its use now is reserved for ceremonial parades and duty outside public buildings, together with the army-style tunic and trousers previously worn. For other occasions a cap or a beret is worn.[29]

The historic blue, white and red uniform of the Guardia is now retained only for the Civil Guard Company of the Royal Guard and the gastadores (parade markers) of the Civil Guard Academy.[30]

A modernised new style of working uniform was announced for the Civil Guard in 2011, for general adoption during 2012. This comprises a green baseball cap, polo shirt and cargo pants. The kepi-like "gorra teresiana" was abolished.

Uniforms of the Civil Guard
Patrol
Patrol

Road waistcoat
Traffic Group

Motorcyclist ATGC
Sailor

Coverralls
Sailor

Summer
USECIC
GAR
GRS

Winter

GREIM

Rescue
GEAS

Diver
Camouflage

Military Police
Service Dress

Winter
Service Dress

Summer
Full Dress
Evening Dress
Ceremonial Dress

Historic

Ranks and insignia

NATO codeOF-10OF-9OF-8OF-7OF-6OF-5OF-4OF-3OF-2OF-1OF(D)Student officer
Spain Spanish Civil Guard
Teniente general General de división General de brigada Coronel Teniente coronel Comandante Capitán Teniente Alférez Caballero Alférez Cadete Alférez Alumno 3º Alférez Alumno 2º Alférez Alumno 1º
NATO codeOR-9OR-8OR-7OR-6OR-5OR-4OR-3OR-2OR-1
Spain Spanish Civil Guard
Suboficial mayor Subteniente Brigada Sargento primero Sargento Cabo mayor Cabo primero Cabo Guardia Civil de Primera
(Rank in abeyance)		 Guardia Civil

Organization and specialities

A mountain rescue group (GREIM) from the Civil Guard in an avalanche rescue training exercise.
1939–1977 Civil Guard emblem

The Corps has been organised into different specialties divided into operational and support specialties:[31]

  • UAR (Unidad de Acción Rural) – The rural service branch of the Guardia Civil
  • Seguridad Ciudadana – Public Order and Prevention service, which makes up the bulk of the Guardia Civil
  • GEAS (Grupo Especial de Actividades Subacuáticas) – Divers
  • GRS (Grupo de Reserva y Seguridad) – Security Group, involved in Riot control and includes personnel of the Civil Guard Cavalry Squadron
  • SEMAR (Servicio Marítimo) – Guardia Civils Naval Service, tasked with seashore surveillance and fisheries inspections
  • SEPRONA (Servicio de Protección de la Naturaleza) – Nature Protection Service, for environmental protection
  • SAER (Servicio Aéreo) – Guardia Civil Air Service
  • Servicio Cinológico – K-9 Unit, for Drugs and explosives detection and people finding
  • GREIM (Grupos de Rescate e Intervención en Montaña / Servicio de Montaña) – Mountain and Speleology Rescue
  • Jefatura Fiscal y de Fronteras – Customs and Revenue Service
  • SIGC (Servicio de Informacion de la Guardia Civil) – Intelligence Service
  • TEDAX (Técnicos Especialistas en Desactivación de Artefactos Explosivos) – lit, Explosive Artifacts Defuser Specialised Technicians (EOD)
  • Agrupación de Tráfico – Traffic Group, The Guardia Civil Highway Patrol unit, tasked with the control of highways and trunk roads
  • GAR (Grupo de Acción Rápida) – Rapid Reaction Group. Special antiterrorist unit, operating within all of Spain and participating in some foreign missions
  • UCO (Unidad Central Operativa) – Central Operative Unit, a branch of the Policía Judicial focused on complex or nationwide investigations
  • UEI (Unidad Especial de Intervención) – Special Intervention Unit
  • ODAIFI (Oficinas de Análisis e Investigación Fiscal) – investigation for prosecution of criminal offenses, notably detection of contraband (notably money, drugs, stolen objects and CITES) at points of entry to Spain.
  • USESIC (Las Unidades de Seguridad Ciudadana de la Comandancia, citizen security units of command centres) Elite forces attached to some regional headquarters

Requirements

  • Spanish citizenship
  • Good standard or native Spanish language ability
  • Cadets at sixteen and adult service between eighteen and thirty-one years old.
  • More than 1.65 metres (65 in) tall (men) and 1.55 metres (61 in) (women)
  • Having obtained Compulsory Secondary Education (ESO)
  • No record of chronic illness and general good health.
  • Ability to swim

Equipment

Firearms

Aircraft

Helicopters

See also

Notes

The Guardia Civil has some training and supervision responsibilities for essentially private security services with similar names:[36]

  • Guardas Rurales (country estates and nature reserves)
  • Guardas de Caza (hunting grounds and game reserves)
  • Guardapescas Marítimos (fish farms and shellfish reserves)

The Guàrdia Urbana de Barcelona is not part of the Guardia Civil.

References

  1. ↑ "Dirección General de la Guardia Civil" [General Direction of the Spanish Civil Guard] (in Spanish). Spanish Civil Guard. 2012-03-17. Archived from the original on 2017-03-29. Retrieved 2017-03-28.
  2. 1 2 3 Lutterbeck, Derek (2013). The Paradox of Gendarmeries : Between Expansion, Demilitarization and Dissolution (PDF). Geneva: Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF). pp. 27–30. ISBN 9789292222864. SSR Paper 8. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 December 2019. Retrieved 25 August 2020.
  3. ↑ "Conoce a la Guardia Civil". Guardia Civil (in Spanish). Retrieved 25 August 2020.
  4. 1 2 "Ley Orgánica 2/1986, de 13 de marzo, de Fuerzas y Cuerpos de Seguridad". Agencia Estatal Boletín Oficial del Estado (in Spanish). Retrieved 25 August 2020.
  5. ↑ LaRazón.es (5 July 2015). "La Guardia Civil, la institución más valorada". La Razón. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 24 February 2016.
  6. 1 2 de Rementeria y Fica, Mariano, Manual of the Baratero (transl. and annot. by James Loriega), Boulder, Colorado: Paladin Press, ISBN 978-1-58160-471-9 (2005)
  7. ↑ Quevedo, A. and Sidro, J., La Guardia Civil: La Historia de esta Institución, Madrid (1858)
  8. ↑ de la Iglesia, Eugenio, Reseña Histórica de la Guardia Civil, Madrid (1898)
  9. ↑ Driessen, Henk Driessen, The ‘Noble Bandit’ and the Bandits of the Nobles: Brigandage and Local Community in Nineteenth-century Andalusia, European Journal of Sociology 24, (1983), pp. 96-114
  10. 1 2 Scott, Samuel P., Through Spain: A Narrative of Travel and Adventure in the Peninsula, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: J. B. Lippincott & Co. (1886), pp. 130–131
  11. ↑ Muñoz-Bolaños, Roberto (2000), "Fuerzas y cuerpos de seguridad en España (1900–1945)", Serga (in Spanish), 2
  12. ↑ Decreto de 30 de agosto de 1936 (in Spanish), 1936-08-30
  13. ↑ The International Bridgades Archived May 27, 2008, at the Wayback Machine – Colodny, Robert G. Accessed 2008-05-12.
  14. ↑ Hugh Thomas (1976); Historia de la Guerra Civil Española, Ed. Grijalbo, p. 254
  15. 1 2 Ramón Salas Larrazábal (2001); Historia del Ejército Popular de la República, Volumen I. De los comienzos de la guerra al fracaso del ataque sobre Madrid, pp. 58-60
  16. ↑ Field, Ron (1998). Spanish–American War 1898. Brassey's. pp. 98–99. ISBN 1-85753-272-4.
  17. ↑ Bueno, Jose (1989). La Guardia Civil [The Guardia Civil] (in Spanish). Aldaba Ediciones. pp. 76 and 98. ISBN 9-788486-629342.
  18. ↑ "Ley 15 de Marzo de 1940", Boletín Oficial del Estado (in Spanish), 1940-03-15
  19. 1 2 "La Guardia Civil finaliza su misión de asesoramiento a la Policía afgana" (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 2018-08-18. Retrieved 2018-08-17.
  20. ↑ "The bodies of the Guardia Civil officers and their interpreter killed in Afghanistan yesterday arrive in Spain". Archived from the original on 2018-08-17. Retrieved 2018-08-17.
  21. ↑ "Guardia Civil terrorism experts fly to Iraq to train federal police in DAESH fight". Archived from the original on 2018-08-18. Retrieved 2018-08-17.
  22. ↑ "Gun Review: Spain's Star Modelo B Pistols". 4 September 2015. Archived from the original on 2 February 2017. Retrieved 31 January 2017.
  23. ↑ "Conoce la historia del himno de la Guardia Civil". CENTRO DE ESTUDIOS GESINPOL (in Spanish). 5 June 2019. Retrieved 12 April 2020.
  24. ↑ Guardia Civil
  25. ↑ Silva 2018, p. 49.
  26. ↑ Cultura de Defensa - Unidad de Música de la Dirección General de la Guardia Civil
  27. ↑ Unidad de Música de la Guardia Civil
  28. ↑ Origen de la devoción y declaración de patronazgo
  29. ↑ "Orden General número 1", Boletín Oficial de la Guardia Civil, 3, 1998-12-29
  30. ↑ Bueno, José María (1989). La Guardia Civil, su historia, organización y sus uniformes (in Spanish). Aldaba Ediciones. pp. 164 and 168. ISBN 84-86629-34-9.
  31. ↑ "Orden General 16", Boletín Oficial de la Guardia Civil, 30, 1999-10-21
  32. ↑ "Controversy over issue of cheap guns to Spain's Guardia Civil police force's crack units". 26 December 2022.
  33. ↑ https://www.israeldefense.co.il/en/node/58727
  34. ↑ "La Guardia Civil recibirá 558 pistolas HK USP "Compact"". defensa.com. Archived from the original on 2019-04-02. Retrieved 2019-04-02.
  35. ↑ InfoDefensa, Revista Defensa. "La Guardia Civil adquiere el fusil de asalto MZ-4P de la israelí Emtan". Infodefensa - Noticias de defensa, industria, seguridad, armamento, ejércitos y tecnología de la defensa (in Spanish). Retrieved 11 June 2023.
  36. ↑ Pruebas para Guardas Rurales

Bibliography

  • Silva, Lorenzo (2018) [2017]. Sereno en el peligro: la aventura histórica de la Guardia Civil. Madrid: Edaf. ISBN 978-84-414-3808-8.
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