Electoral system

The Spanish Cortes were envisaged as "co-legislative bodies", based on a nearly perfect bicameral system. Both the Congress of Deputies and the Senate had legislative, control and budgetary functions, sharing equal powers except for laws on contributions or public credit, where the Congress had preeminence.^[1][2] Voting for the Cortes was on the basis of compulsory, universal manhood suffrage, which comprised all national males over 25 years of age, having at least a two-year residency in a municipality and in full enjoyment of their civil rights. Those older than 70, the clergy, first instance judges and public notaries were exempt from this obligation.^[3][4]

For the Congress of Deputies, 98 seats were elected using a partial block voting system in 28 multi-member constituencies, with the remaining 311 being elected under a one-round first-past-the-post system in single-member districts. Candidates winning a plurality in each constituency were elected. In constituencies electing ten seats or more, electors could vote for no more than four candidates less than the number of seats to be allocated; in those with more than eight seats and up to ten, for no more than three less; in those with more than four seats and up to eight, for no more than two less; in those with more than one seat and up to four, for no more than one less; and for one candidate in single-member districts. Additionally, in those districts where the number of candidates was equal or less than the number of seats up for election, candidates were to be automatically elected. The Congress was entitled to one member per each 50,000 inhabitants, with each multi-member constituency being allocated a fixed number of seats. The law also provided for by-elections to fill seats vacated throughout the legislature.^[1][5][6][7]

As a result of the aforementioned allocation, each Congress multi-member constituency was entitled the following seats:^{[6][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16]}

For the Senate, 180 seats were indirectly elected by the local councils and major taxpayers, with electors voting for delegates instead of senators. Elected delegates—equivalent in number to one-sixth of the councillors in each local council—would then vote for senators using a write-in, two-round majority voting system. The provinces of Barcelona, Madrid and Valencia were allocated four seats each, whereas each of the remaining provinces was allocated three seats, for a total of 150. The remaining 30 were allocated to special districts comprising a number of institutions, electing one seat each—the archdioceses of Burgos, Granada, Santiago de Compostela, Seville, Tarragona, Toledo, Valencia, Valladolid and Zaragoza; the Royal Spanish Academy; the royal academies of History, Fine Arts of San Fernando, Exact and Natural Sciences, Moral and Political Sciences and Medicine; the universities of Madrid, Barcelona, Granada, Oviedo, Salamanca, Santiago, Seville, Valencia, Valladolid and Zaragoza; and the economic societies of Friends of the Country from Madrid, Barcelona, León, Seville and Valencia. An additional 180 seats comprised senators in their own right—the Monarch's offspring and the heir apparent once coming of age; Grandees of Spain of the first class; Captain Generals of the Army and the Navy Admiral; the Patriarch of the Indies and archbishops; and the presidents of the Council of State, the Supreme Court, the Court of Auditors, the Supreme War Council and the Supreme Council of the Navy, after two years of service—as well as senators for life (who were appointed by the Monarch).^[1][17][18]

Election date

The term of each chamber of the Cortes—the Congress and one-half of the elective part of the Senate—expired five years from the date of their previous election, unless they were dissolved earlier. The previous Congress and Senate elections were held on 19 December 1920 and 2 January 1921, which meant that the legislature's terms would have expired on 19 December 1925 and 2 January 1926, respectively. The monarch had the prerogative to dissolve both chambers at any given time—either jointly or separately—and call a snap election.^[1][6][17] There was no constitutional requirement for simultaneous elections for the Congress and the Senate, nor for the elective part of the Senate to be renewed in its entirety except in the case that a full dissolution was agreed by the monarch. Still, there was only one case of a separate election (for the Senate in 1877) and no half-Senate elections taking place under the 1876 Constitution.

The Cortes were officially dissolved on 6 April 1923, with the dissolution decree setting the election dates for 29 April (for the Congress) and 13 May 1923 (for the Senate) and scheduling for both chambers to reconvene on 23 May.^[19]

Congress of Deputies

← Summary of the 29 April 1923 Congress of Deputies election results

Parties and alliances		Popular vote		Seats
		Votes[lower-alpha 1]	%	Cont.	A.29	Total
	Liberal Unity (Concentración Liberal)	979,435	47.62	137	86	223
	Liberal Democratic Party (PLD)			53	39	92
	Liberal Party (PL)			31	16	47
	Liberal Left (IL)			31	15	46
	Reformist Party (PR)			11	8	19
	Agrarian Liberal Party (PLA)			9	1	10
	Independent Democratic Party (PDI)			1	7	8
	Independent Liberals (LI)			1	0	1
	Conservatives (Conservadores)	591,026	28.73	73	51	124
	Liberal Conservative Party (PLC)			54	38	92
	Ciervist Conservatives (CC)			9	9	18
	Maurist Party (PM)			10	4	14
	Republicans (Republicanos)	129,225	6.28	11	4	15
	Republican Democracy–Catalan Republican Party (DR–PRC)			9	3	12
	Federal Democratic Republican Party (PRDF)			2	0	2
	Autonomist Republican Union Party (PURA)			0	1	1
	Regionalist League of Catalonia (LRC)	110,007	5.35	20	2	22
	Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE)	38,151	1.85	6	1	7
	Agrarians (Agrarios)	29,975	1.46	1	0	1
	Catholics (Católicos)	26,377	1.28	2	0	2
	Carlists (Carlistas)	19,071	0.93	4	1	5
	Jaimists (Jaimistas)			3	0	3
	Traditionalist Communion (CT)			1	0	1
	Integrist Party (PI)			0	1	1
	Catalan Action (AC)	16,937	0.82	0	0	0
	Basque Nationalist Party (PNV)	13,152	0.64	1	0	1
	National Monarchist Union (UMN)	6,240	0.30	0	0	0
	Biscay Monarchist League (LMV)	3,437	0.17	1	0	1
	Communist Party of Spain (PCE)	2,320	0.11	0	0	0
	Independents (Independientes)	54,263	2.64	7	1	8
	Other candidates/blank ballots	37,358	1.82	0	0	0
Total		2,056,974		263	146	409
Votes cast / turnout		2,056,974	65.74
Abstentions		1,071,954	34.26
Non-Article 29 registered voters		3,128,928	65.43
Article 29 non-voters		1,653,419	34.57
Registered voters		4,782,347
Sources[22][23][24][25]

Senate

← Summary of the 13 May 1923 Senate of Spain election results

Parties and alliances		Seats
	Liberal Unity (Concentración Liberal)	105
	Conservatives (Conservadores)	46
	Liberal Conservative Party (PLC)	37
	Ciervist Conservatives (CC)	6
	Maurist Party (PM)	3
	Regionalist League of Catalonia (LRC)	6
	Republicans (Republicanos)	3
	Carlists (Carlistas)	3
	Catholics (Católicos)	1
	Biscay Monarchist League (LMV)	2
	Independents (Independientes)	5
	Archbishops (Arzobispos)	9
Total elective seats		180
Sources[26][27][28][29]