Staphisagria macrosperma
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Order: Ranunculales
Family: Ranunculaceae
Genus: Staphisagria
Species:
S. macrosperma
Binomial name
Staphisagria macrosperma
Spach, 1839
Synonyms
  • Delphinium staphisagria L., 1753
  • Delphidium staphysagria (L.) Raf., 1830
  • Delphinium officinale Wender., 1834

Staphisagria macrosperma, formerly known as Delphinium staphisagria, is a species of Staphisagria of the family Ranunculaceae. It used to belong to the subgenus or section Staphisagria of the genus Delphinium, but molecular evidence suggests Staphisagria should be a genus which is a sister group to the Aconitum-Delphinium clade.[1][2] It is described botanically as a stoutly-stemmed, hairy biennial with large palmate leaves up to 6 inches (15 cm) across. The flowers are mauve-blue to blue, short-spurred, and up to 1 inch (2.5 cm) across, occurring in racemes. The plant grows to a height of 4–5 feet. It grows throughout the Mediterranean.[3][4] All parts of this plant are highly toxic and should not be ingested in any quantity.[5]

Names

The genus name Staphisagria and the common name stavesacre come from the Ancient Greek name mentioned by Dioscorides, σταφὶς ἀγρία (staphis agria, "wild raisin").[6] Dioscorides described the plant as having wild grape vine-like leaves, but Barton and Castle considered the name as an allusion to the large wrinkled brown seeds.[7] This name derivation by Barton and Castle seems to have been arrived at independently by a modern horticulturalist, David Bassett, who also gives a detailed account of his experiences in growing this species.[8]

Ancient Greeks also called the plant φθειροκτόνον (phthiroctonon, "louse killer") because of its use in traditional medicine to kill lice.[6] This meaning is retained in many of the plant's common names in different languages,[7] such as lice-bane in English, matapiojos in Spanish, bit otu in Turkish.

History

The use of herbal preparations made from S. macrosperma (D. staphisagria) seeds for destroying body-lice has been recognized since antiquity. The Greek physician Dioscorides and the Roman historian Pliny are most often mentioned in this context,[7][9] and in assessing this classical literature, Barton and Castle expressed the opinion that Dioscorides's description of staphis agria was consistent in most respects with the plant they knew as Delphinium staphisagria.[7] One of the founders of American pharmacognosy, John Uri Lloyd, writing in his famous Pharmacopeia, also cited references to the use of D. staphisagria preparations in the writings of Nicander and Crescenzio.[10]

Stavesacre is mentioned in a fourth century "magical" papyrus codex from Egypt where it is said to have facilitated a man gaining an erection. The plant was to be crushed and mixed with water, then sprinkled around the house. However, the interpretation of the formula remains uncertain.[11]

A Delphinium preparation of some sort (most likely from D. staphisagria) was apparently a standard issue to British troops at the Battle of Waterloo in 1815.[12]

Traditional uses

As noted above, preparations made from S. macrosperma (apparently principally from the seeds) were used as a pediculicide throughout the last two millennia. Maud Grieve, in her famous Herbal, written in 1931, refers to stavesacre as being a "vermifuge" and "vermin-destroying", as well as to its parasiticidal properties. She also mentions that it is "violently emetic and cathartic".[9][13]

Chemical studies

Not surprisingly, in view of the long and well-known uses of stavesacre against insect and animal pests, S. macrosperma (D. staphisagria) was investigated by chemists as early as the beginning of the 19th Century. Two French scientists, Lassaigne and Feneulle, were the first to isolate an alkaloid, called delphinine from D. staphisagria seeds in 1819.[14] The completely correct molecular structure of delphinine was not determined until 1971,[15] due to the chemical complexity of this substance, coupled with the technical limitations of the times. However, it was established quite early that delphinine was a member of the diterpenoid family of alkaloids, and it is often cited in handbooks of poisonous plants as being a representative toxin of the genus Delphinium. The occurrence of delphinine is somewhat limited in this genus. Although delphinine is the major alkaloidal constituent of D. staphisagria seeds, several other related diterpenoid alkaloids have been isolated from them as well.[16]

Homoeopathy

Introduced into homeopathy by Dr. Samuel Hahnemann, Leipzig, 1817.[17]

References

  1. ↑ Jabbour, Florian; Renner, Susanne (2011). "Resurrection of the genus Staphisagria J. Hill, sister to all the other Delphinieae (Ranunculaceae)". PhytoKeys (7): 21–6. doi:10.3897/phytokeys.7.2010. ISSN 1314-2003. PMC 3261041. PMID 22287922.
  2. ↑ Jabbour, Florian; Renner, Susanne S. (2012). "A phylogeny of Delphinieae (Ranunculaceae) shows that Aconitum is nested within Delphinium and that Late Miocene transitions to long life cycles in the Himalayas and Southwest China coincide with bursts in diversification". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 62 (3): 928–942. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2011.12.005. PMID 22182994.
  3. ↑ D. Bown (2001), The Herb Society of America New Encyclopedia of Herbs and Their Uses p.192, London: DK.
  4. ↑ Further details of its distribution may be found at: http://www.ars-grin.gov/~sbmljw/cgi-bin/taxon.pl?13475 Archived 2015-09-24 at the Wayback Machine
  5. ↑ "Delphinium staphisagria L., stavesacre". PFAF Plant Database. Retrieved 2020-09-24.
  6. 1 2 Dioscorides, Pedanius (2000). "4-156. Staphisagria". In Osbaldeston, Tess Anne (ed.). De materia medica. Johannesburg: Ibidis Press. pp. 708–711. ISBN 0-620-23435-0.
  7. 1 2 3 4 Barton, B.H.; Castle, T. (1838). The British Flora Medica, or, History of the Medicinal Plants of Great Britain. Vol. 2. London: E. Cox. p. 321.
  8. ↑ "Growing Delphinium staphisagria". www.david.bassett.care4free.net. Retrieved 2012-05-10.
  9. 1 2 "A Modern Herbal | Stavesacre".
  10. ↑ J. U. Lloyd (1911), History of the Vegetable Drugs of the Pharmacopeia of the United States, Cincinnati.
  11. ↑ William Brashear and Roy Kotansky, "A new magical formula" in Magic and ritual in the ancient world, eds. Paul Allan Mirecki and Marvin W. Meyer (Leiden; Boston: Brill, 2002), 3-24.
  12. ↑ F. Mitton and V. Mitton (1976). Mitton's Practical Modern Herbal, p.102, London: W. Foulsham & Co. Ltd.
  13. ↑ M.Grieve (1931), A Modern Herbal.
  14. ↑ J. L. Lassaigne and H. Feneulle (1819) Ann. Chim. Phys. 12 358.
  15. ↑ K. B. Birnbaum, K. Wiesner, E. W. K. Jay and L. Jay (1971) Tetrahedron Lett. 867.
  16. ↑ S.A. Ross, H. K. Desai and S. W. Pelletier (1987) Heterocycles 26 2895-2904.
  17. ↑ Dr. Samuel Hahnemann, Leipzig, 1817. in his Materia Medica Pura,
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