Storstrommen
Storstrømmen
Queen Louise Land ONC map section with the Storstrommen in the upper right.
Map showing the location of Storstrommen
Map showing the location of Storstrommen
Location within Greenland
TypePiedmont glacier
LocationGreenland
Coordinates77°0′N 22°40′W / 77.000°N 22.667°W / 77.000; -22.667
Area32,100 km2
Length125 km
Width26 km
TerminusBorg Fjord through Bredebrae;
North Atlantic Ocean

Storstrommen (Danish: Storstrømmen, meaning "Large Stream"), is one of the major glaciers in northeastern Greenland.[1] The North-East Greenland Ice Stream (NEGIS) discharges into 3 main marine-terminating outlets: 79N Glacier, Zachariae Isstrøm and Storstrommen - as arranged North to South.[2]

Storstrommen's ice flows at an average of 185m/yr,[3] an order of magnitude slower than its Northern cousins. This is suggested as this outlet sits on higher elevations, where the subglacial topography and hydro-dynamics pin and slow glacier flow, relative to predominantly marine-based 79N and Zachariae Isstrøm. All 3 outlets see an increased ice velocity in the summer months,[4] as surface meltwater is fed into the subglacial environment, saturating highly-malleable tills and lubricating the over-riding glacier's movement.

Storstrømmen was named because of its size. It was given this name by the ill-fated 1906–08 Denmark Expedition (Danmark-Ekspeditionen) led by Ludvig Mylius-Erichsen.[5]

Surge-type characteristics

Storstrommen is widely recorded to be a surge-type glacier, which has recently experienced a form of "Quiescence" and slower movement.[6][7] The last "surge" was recorded by Mouginot and others in 2018 [2]to have ended in 1990. The glacier has been in a quiescent state since, although there are suggestions it will reach the required pre-surge conditions by 2027-2030. Grounding-line retreat is noted by the same article to be approximately 400m/yr, and the "dynamic cycling" of temperature and precipitation (which alters glacier mass-balance) is thought to be causing this.[7]

Storstrommen's companion glacier "Bistrup Brae" last surged between 1988 and 1996.[2]

Geographical Context

The mighty Storstrommen is roughly north–south oriented and has a width of over 20 km. Queen Louise Land (Dronning Louise Land) lies to the west and Daniel Bruun Land to the east.[5] Both areas see a large number of nunataks extending above the ice surface. The nunataks present a viable albedo-feedback mechanism, which preferentially forms supraglacial lakes at the margins of many of the outlets in the area. [8]

Flowing southwards for over 125 kilometers from the area of the Alabama Nunatak, its front is in the Bredebrae,[9] the confluence of two very large glaciers, the Storstrommen flowing from the north and the almost equally large L. Bistrup Brae from the south.[5]

The Storstrommen is part of an extensive glacier system that includes as well the Kofoed-Hansen Glacier (Kofoed-Hansen Bræ) to the NE and the Borgjokel to the SW.[9][10][11]

Map of Northeastern Greenland.
Storstrommen east of Queen Louise Land.

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Storstrømmen". Mapcarta. Retrieved 21 April 2016.
  2. 1 2 3 Mouginot, J.; Rignot, E.; Scheuchl, B.; Fenty, I.; Khazendar, A.; Morlighem, M.; Buzzi, A.; Paden, J. (2015-11-12). "Fast retreat of Zachariae Isstrom, northeast Greenland". Science. 350 (6266): 1357–1361. doi:10.1126/science.aac7111. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 26563135.
  3. ↑ Vijay, Saurabh; Khan, Shfaqat Abbas; Kusk, Anders; Solgaard, Anne M.; Moon, Twila; Bjørk, Anders Anker (2019-02-09). "Resolving Seasonal Ice Velocity of 45 Greenlandic Glaciers With Very High Temporal Details". Geophysical Research Letters. 46 (3): 1485–1495. doi:10.1029/2018gl081503. ISSN 0094-8276. S2CID 135069457.
  4. ↑ Neckel, Niklas; Zeising, Ole; Steinhage, Daniel; Helm, Veit; Humbert, Angelika (2020-05-27). "Seasonal Observations at 79°N Glacier (Greenland) From Remote Sensing and in situ Measurements". Frontiers in Earth Science. 8. doi:10.3389/feart.2020.00142. ISSN 2296-6463.
  5. 1 2 3 "Catalogue of place names in northern East Greenland". Geological Survey of Denmark. Retrieved 21 April 2016.
  6. ↑ Clarke, Garry K. C.; Schmok, Jeffrey P.; Ommanney, C. Simon L.; Collins, Sam G. (1986-06-10). "Characteristics of surge-type glaciers". Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth. 91 (B7): 7165–7180. doi:10.1029/jb091ib07p07165. ISSN 0148-0227.
  7. 1 2 Sevestre, Heïdi; Benn, Douglas I. (2015). "Climatic and geometric controls on the global distribution of surge-type glaciers: implications for a unifying model of surging". Journal of Glaciology. 61 (228): 646–662. doi:10.3189/2015jog14j136. hdl:10023/8342. ISSN 0022-1430.
  8. ↑ Stokes, Chris R.; Sanderson, Jack E.; Miles, Bertie W. J.; Jamieson, Stewart S. R.; Leeson, Amber A. (2020-01-31). "Author Correction: Widespread distribution of supraglacial lakes around the margin of the East Antarctic Ice Sheet". Scientific Reports. 10 (1): 1923. doi:10.1038/s41598-020-58950-3. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 6992625. PMID 32001806.
  9. 1 2 Fluctuations of Glaciers 1990-1995 (Vol. VII)
  10. ↑ Storstrømmen susceptible to rapid retreat
  11. ↑ Neoglacial glacier changes around Storstrommen, North-East Greenland
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