Surat Alley (1905–1988), was an Indian trade unionist and political activist in Britain who campaigned for civil rights of Indians.[1][2]

Early life

Born on 18 May 1905 in the village of Khandasahi, Kendrapara District, Odisha State to a Muslim family, he originally had the name Banshidhar Mishra before he later changed it.[3] He was influenced by Gopabandhu Das, a participant in the non-cooperation movement.[2]

He and Rajakrishna Bose assumed leadership during the youth movement in Odisha in the late 1920s. In order to raise awareness among them, he established "Youth Committees" in several locations. He also published many provocative articles in the newspaper Yubak, which aroused the ire of the British authorities. A warrant for his arrest had been issued, but he managed to get away by travelling to Burma in disguise, where he joined the Burmese uprising. From that point on, he changed his name to "Surat Alley," and from 1932 to 1952, he went by that name.[2]

Life in the United Kingdom

He travelled to London, where he started campaigning for the rights of Indians, particularly lascars, whilst living in London’s East End.[4] The total number of colonial seamen on British Merchant vessels in the 1930s amounted to nearly 235,000, of which 10% were Indian.[5] He took up the responsibility of lascar politics after Sophia Duleep Singh and Shapurji Saklatvala had led the way.[3]

He co-founded and was Secretary of the Colonial Seamen’s Association,[6] whilst Chris Braithwaite was President, which formed in 1935 in reaction to the British Shipping (Assistance) Act.[7][8] Alley recalled the CSA "started at the time when Italian fascism threat [to] attack Abyssinia. The Association was the expression of the discontent existing among the colonial seamen and its aim was to redress their grievances".[4]

He was also the London representative of Aftab Ali’s All-India Seamen's Federation.[9][10] In this role, he aided lobbied on behalf of striking lascars. When After the strike was called off, Alley continued to lobby the Home Secretary and calling on the Trades Union Congress to get the workers released from prison and restore them to their jobs.[11] Before his arrest in 1940, he may have been an associate of Udham Singh,[2] who was a member of the Indian Workers' Association.[12]

In 1939, he organised the Indian Workers Conference in London.[13]

During his time in the United Kingdom he was in contact with N. G. Ranga, Feroze Gandhi, Krishna Menon, and Siddhartha Shankar Ray.[2]

In 1945, representing the FIAGB, he attended the Fifth Pan-African Congress in Manchester drawing comparisons between Indian and his fellow African seamen. The event was attended by many notable attendees including Kwame Nkrumah, Tikiri Banda Subasinghe and W. E. B. Du Bois.[14][15] He sought to directly link anti-colonialism and maritime labour.[8] His message to congress was "as long as there is one man oppressed the whole of the Indian nation feels oppressed: so long as there is one man who is not emancipated, I do not feel that I am emancipated".[14]

Returning to India and personal life

He was married to Sarah (Sally) Reder.[1] He returned to India in 1952. Despite being offered a role by the Indian National Congress, he became a teacher, founding a primary school in his village Khandasahi. He died in August 1988.[2][1]

Notes

He is documented as Soorat and as Ali/Ally within some of the literature.

References

  1. 1 2 3 "Surat Alley | Making Britain". www.open.ac.uk. Retrieved 2023-05-16.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Surat Alley". Azadi Ka Amrit Mahotsav, Ministry of Culture, Government of India. Retrieved 2023-05-16.
  3. 1 2 Chatterjee, Arup K. (2021-07-30). Indians in London: From the Birth of the East India Company to Independent India. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-93-89449-19-8.
  4. 1 2 Sherwood, Marika (January 2004). "LASCAR STRUGGLES AGAINST DISCRIMINATION IN BRITAIN 1923–45: THE WORK OF N.J. UPADHYAYA AND SURAT ALLEY". The Mariner's Mirror. 90 (4): 438–455. doi:10.1080/00253359.2004.10656918. ISSN 0025-3359. S2CID 161246291.
  5. ↑ Weiss, Holger (2021-06-07), "Establishing a Global Network", A Global Radical Waterfront, Brill, pp. 57–134, ISBN 978-90-04-46328-8, retrieved 2023-05-17
  6. ↑ Ansari, Humayun (2018-08-01). "The Infidel Within": Muslims in Britain since 1800. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-093502-3.
  7. ↑ Høgsbjerg, Christian (October 2011). "Mariner, renegade and castaway: Chris Braithwaite, seamen's organiser and Pan-Africanist". Race & Class. 53 (2): 36–57. doi:10.1177/0306396811414114. ISSN 0306-3968. S2CID 144137649.
  8. 1 2 Featherstone, David (October 2019). "Maritime labour, transnational political trajectories and decolonization from below: the opposition to the 1935 British Shipping Assistance Act". Global Networks. 19 (4): 539–562. doi:10.1111/glob.12228. ISSN 1470-2266. S2CID 150266009.
  9. ↑ Lahiri, Shompa (2013-05-29). "South Asian Resistances in Britain 1858–1947". Immigrants & Minorities. 32 (1): 129–132. doi:10.1080/02619288.2013.782164. ISSN 0261-9288. S2CID 146822461.
  10. ↑ Glynn, Sarah (2016-05-16). Class, ethnicity and religion in the Bengali East End: A political history. Manchester University Press. ISBN 978-1-84779-958-6.
  11. ↑ Featherstone, David (2021-11-03). "Maritime Labour, Circulations of Struggle, and Constructions of Transnational Subaltern Agency: The Spatial Politics of the 1939 Indian Seafarers' Strikes". Antipode: anti.12790. doi:10.1111/anti.12790. ISSN 0066-4812. S2CID 243768859.
  12. ↑ "More than an Assassin: Revisiting Shaheed Udham Singh on His 80th Martyrdom Day". Jamhoor. Retrieved 2023-05-16.
  13. ↑ "Trades Union Congress". wdc.contentdm.oclc.org. Retrieved 2023-05-16.
  14. 1 2 Adi, Hakim; Sherwood, Marika (1995). The 1945 Manchester Pan-African Congress Revisited. New Beacon Books. ISBN 978-1-873201-12-1.
  15. ↑ "Remembering the Fifth Pan-African Congress : Centre for African Studies (LUCAS)". lucas.leeds.ac.uk. Retrieved 2023-05-16.
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