T-Square
Original author(s)Peter Samson with Alan Kotok and possibly Robert A. Saunders
Initial release1962
PlatformPDP-1
TypeDrafting, CAD
WebsitePDP-1 Restoration Project

T-Square is an early drafting program written by Peter Samson assisted by Alan Kotok and possibly Robert A. Saunders while they were students at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and members of the Tech Model Railroad Club.

T-Square was written for the PDP-1 computer and its Type 30 precision CRT that Digital Equipment Corporation donated to MIT in 1961. It is unlikely that many people have had the opportunity to use T-Square although Samson has said the group drew some schematics.

Authors

Students of Jack Dennis and John McCarthy discovered a stunning array of uses for the very expensive room-sized computers that were given to MIT. They were privileged to be enrolled when the school's first programming courses were taught.

They negotiated with their advisors and the operations manager John McKenzie for time and became single-users long before personal computers were available. About 1959 or 1960, some of this group of students became support staff and wrote software for about $1.75 USD per hour.[1] They wrote the programming software which is used to build application software. Later Samson and Kotok became architects of DEC computers.

CAD

During this period Samson created other "firsts" in application software for music, games and page layout so it is perhaps not surprising he wrote what may be the first drafting program. Based on this experience, later in life Samson worked on an electronic drafting program with 80,000 lines of code. He received a patent[2] in virtual reality at Autodesk, a vendor of CAD and CAM software.

Input device

To move the cursor, T-Square used a Spacewar! game controller built by Kotok and Saunders in 1962. It is not known if Saunders was involved in repurposing it for T-Square. Kotok, who was about 20 years old, did participate. He was known for doing what needed to be done and for taking an interest in "all things ingenious or intriguing."[3]

Ivan Sutherland used a light pen in his programs as did Jack Gilmore and others before him. The pens allow fine detail but drawing on a vertical surface like a CRT tires the hand quickly. There is no evidence they studied ergonomics but T-Square used an input device more like a mouse in that it rested on a horizontal surface.

The Spacewar! control boxes were cobbled together with wood, Bakelite and toggle switches. Although they are often considered to be the first joysticks, Kotok did not accept credit for coinventing them with Saunders. He thought there were similar controllers in use at the time in games such as Tennis for Two and at NASA or another organization.[4]

Influence

a triangle used in hand (pre-CAD) drafting
A triangle used in drafting by hand. Illustration by Richard Schneider

T-Square is a small part of the reason people use today's computers for drafting, architecture, drawing and illustration and engineering. Prior to this revolution and in some places to this day, draftsmen and women used triangles, wood or metal T-squares, pencils and technical pens on film and paper. The beginning of this change can be seen in a video of Sutherland demonstrating Sketchpad.[5]

In his 1963 MIT Ph.D. thesis, Sutherland explains he completed an early version that could draw parallel and perpendicular lines in November 1961. He goes on to say, "Somewhat before my first effort was working, Welden Clark of Bolt, Beranek and Newman..." showed him a "similar program" running on a PDP-1.[6] T-Square and Sketchpad were developed in the same location a year or two apart but their influence on each other is unknown.

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ About $11.09 in 2005 USD (11 December 2000). "The Inflation Calculator". Archived from the original on 2011-07-18. Retrieved 2006-12-30.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  2. ↑ Samson; Peter R., inventor, Autodesk, Inc., assignee (1994-10-27). "Optical convergence accommodation assembly, US Patent 5,557,459". Retrieved 2006-12-27.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  3. ↑ Wright, Sarah H., quoting Tim Berners-Lee (13 June 2006). "Alan Kotok, 64, created joystick". MIT News Office. Retrieved 2006-12-27.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  4. ↑ Haas, Hugo (4 June 2006). "Goodbye, Alan". W3C public-memoria@w3.org archive. Retrieved 2006-12-27.
  5. ↑ University Video Communications (sponsored by the Higher Education Marketing Group, Apple Computer, Inc. Copy courtesy Internet Archive.) (1987). "Alan Kay: Doing with Images Makes Symbols Pt 1". Retrieved 2006-12-27.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  6. ↑ Sutherland, Ivan Edward (January 1963). "Sketchpad: A man-machine graphical communication system (courtesy Computer Laboratory, University of Cambridge UCAM-CL-TR-574 September 2003)". Massachusetts Institute of Technology. doi:10.48456/tr-574. Retrieved 2006-12-26. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)

References

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