Circulatory system

Heart

TargetSympathetic (adrenergic)Parasympathetic (muscarinic)
cardiac outputβ1, (β2): increasesM2: decreases
SA node: heart rate (chronotropic)β1, (β2):[1] increasesM2: decreases
Atrial cardiac muscle: contractility (inotropic)β1, (β2):[1] increasesM2: decreases
at AV nodeβ1:
increases conduction
increases cardiac muscle automaticity[1]
M2:
decreases conduction
Atrioventricular block[1]
Ventricular cardiac muscleβ1, (β2):
increases contractility (inotropic)
increases cardiac muscle automaticity[1]
---

Blood vessels

TargetSympathetic (adrenergic)Parasympathetic (muscarinic)
vascular smooth muscle in generalα1:[2] contracts; β2:[2] relaxesM3: relaxes[1]
renal arteryα1:[3] constricts---
larger coronary arteriesα1 and α2:[4] constricts[1]---
smaller coronary arteriesβ2: dilates[5]---
arteries to visceraα: constricts---
arteries to skinα: constricts---
arteries to brainα1:[6] constricts[1]---
arteries to erectile tissueα1:[7] constrictsM3: dilates
arteries to salivary glandsα: constrictsM3: dilates
hepatic arteryα: constricts---
arteries to skeletal muscleβ2: dilates---
Veinsα1 and α2:[8] constricts
β2: dilates
---

Other

TargetSympathetic (adrenergic)Parasympathetic (muscarinic)
plateletsα2: aggregates---
mast cells - histamineβ2: inhibits---

Respiratory system

TargetSympathetic (adrenergic)Parasympathetic (muscarinic)
smooth muscles of bronchioles*β2:[2] relaxes (major contribution)
α1: contracts (minor contribution)
M3:[2] contracts

The bronchioles have no sympathetic innervation, but are instead affected by circulating adrenaline[1]

Visual system

TargetSympathetic (adrenergic)Parasympathetic (muscarinic)
Pupil dilator muscleα1: Dilates
(causes mydriasis)
Iris sphincter muscle-M3: contracts
(causes miosis)
Ciliary muscleβ2: relaxes
(causes long-range focus)
M3: contracts
(causes short-range focus)

Digestive system

TargetSympathetic (adrenergic)Parasympathetic (muscarinic)
salivary glands: secretionsβ: stimulates viscous, amylase secretions
α1: stimulates potassium secretions
M3: stimulates watery secretions
lacrimal glands (tears)β: stimulates protein secretion[9]secretion of tears by stimulating muscarinic receptors (M3)
juxtaglomerular apparatus of kidneyβ1:[2] renin secretion---
parietal cells---M1: Gastric acid secretion
liverα1, β2: glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis---
adipose cellsβ1,[2] β3: stimulates lipolysis---
GI tract (smooth muscle) motilityα1, α2,[10] β2: decreasesM3, (M1):[1] increases
sphincters of GI tractα1,[2] α2,[1] β2: contractsM3:[2] relaxes
glands of GI tractno effect[1]M3: secretes

Endocrine system

TargetSympathetic (adrenergic)Parasympathetic (muscarinic)
pancreas (islets)α2: decreases insulin secretion from beta cells, increases glucagon secretion from alpha cellsM3:[11][12] increases secretion of both insulin and glucagon.[11][12]
adrenal medullaN (nicotinic ACh receptor): secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine---

Urinary system

TargetSympathetic (adrenergic)Parasympathetic (muscarinic)
Detrusor urinae muscle of bladder wallβ2,[2] β3:[13] relaxesM3:[2] contracts
internal urethral sphincterα1:[2] contractsM3:[2] relaxes

Reproductive system

TargetSympathetic (adrenergic)Parasympathetic (muscarinic)
uterusα1: contracts (pregnant[1])
β2: relaxes (non-pregnant[1])
---
genitaliaα1: contracts (ejaculation)M3: erection

Integumentary system

TargetSympathetic (muscarinic and adrenergic)Parasympathetic
sweat gland secretionsα1: stimulates (minor contribution)M:[2] stimulates (major contribution)
arrector piliα1: stimulates---

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 H. P. Rang; M. Maureen Dale (2003). H. P. Rang (ed.). Pharmacology 5th ed. Churchill Livingstone. p. 127. ISBN 978-0-443-07145-4.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Costanzo, Linda S. (2007). Physiology. Hagerstwon, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 37. ISBN 978-0-7817-7311-9.
  3. Schmitz, JM; Graham, RM; Sagalowsky, A; Pettinger, WA (1981). "Renal alpha-1 and alpha-2 adrenergic receptors: Biochemical and pharmacological correlations". The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 219 (2): 400–6. PMID 6270306.
  4. Woodman, OL; Vatner, SF (1987). "Coronary vasoconstriction mediated by alpha 1- and alpha 2-adrenoceptors in conscious dogs". The American Journal of Physiology. 253 (2 Pt 2): H388–93. doi:10.1152/ajpheart.1987.253.2.H388. PMID 2887122.
  5. Rang, H. P. (2003). Pharmacology. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone. p. 270. ISBN 978-0-443-07145-4.
  6. Circulation & Lung Physiology I M.A.S.T.E.R. Learning Program, UC Davis School of Medicine
  7. Morton, J S; Daly, C J; Jackson, V M; McGrath, J C (2009). "Α1A-Adrenoceptors mediate contractions to phenylephrine in rabbit penile arteries". British Journal of Pharmacology. 150 (1): 112–20. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0706956. PMC 2013850. PMID 17115072.
  8. Elliott, J. (1997). "Alpha-adrenoceptors in equine digital veins: Evidence for the presence of both alpha1 and alpha2-receptors mediating vasoconstriction". Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 20 (4): 308–17. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2885.1997.00078.x. PMID 9280371.
  9. Mauduit, P; Herman, G; Rossignol, B (1984). "Protein secretion induced by isoproterenol or pentoxifylline in lacrimal gland: Ca2+ effects". The American Journal of Physiology. 246 (1 Pt 1): C37–44. doi:10.1152/ajpcell.1984.246.1.C37. PMID 6320658.
  10. Sagrada, A; Fargeas, M J; Bueno, L (1987). "Involvement of alpha-1 and alpha-2 adrenoceptors in the postlaparotomy intestinal motor disturbances in the rat". Gut. 28 (8): 955–9. doi:10.1136/gut.28.8.955. PMC 1433140. PMID 2889649.
  11. 1 2 Poretsky, Leonid (2010). "Parasympathetic Nerves". Principles of diabetes mellitu. New York: Springer. p. 47. ISBN 978-0-387-09840-1.
  12. 1 2 Duttaroy, A.; Zimliki, C. L.; Gautam, D.; Cui, Y.; Mears, D.; Wess, J. (2004). "Muscarinic Stimulation of Pancreatic Insulin and Glucagon Release is Abolished in M3 Muscarinic Acetylcholine Receptor-Deficient Mice". Diabetes. 53 (7): 1714–20. doi:10.2337/diabetes.53.7.1714. PMID 15220195.
  13. Kullmann, F. A.; Limberg, B. J.; Artim, D. E.; Shah, M.; Downs, T. R.; Contract, D.; Wos, J.; Rosenbaum, J. S.; De Groat, W. C. (2009). "Effects of 3-Adrenergic Receptor Activation on Rat Urinary Bladder Hyperactivity Induced by Ovariectomy". Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 330 (3): 704–17. doi:10.1124/jpet.109.155010. PMC 2729793. PMID 19515967.
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