2006 Minnesota's 5th congressional district election
November 7, 2006
 
Nominee Keith Ellison Alan Fine Tammy Lee
Party Democratic Republican Independence
Popular vote 156,414 52,265 51,456
Percentage 55.6% 21.3% 21.0%
U.S. Representative before election

Martin Olav Sabo
Democratic

 Elected U.S. Representative

Keith Ellison
Democratic

The 2006 Minnesota's 5th congressional district election was an election for the United States House of Representatives for the open seat of incumbent Martin Olav Sabo (DFL), who retired after serving the Minneapolis-based district for 28 years.

Sabo, who had rarely faced a serious electoral challenge, won reelection with 70% of the vote in 2004 in a district that went for John Kerry by 71% in the presidential election. The seat had elected candidates of the Minnesota Democratic-Farmer-Labor Party (DFL) since 1962 and was rated "Safe Democratic" by CQ Politics.

Sabo's surprising announcement in March 2006 prompted many area Democrats to enter the race. While state representative Keith Ellison received the party's endorsement, he was not backed by Sabo and faced stiff primary competition from former Sabo aide Mike Erlandson, among others. Having won the primary, Ellison handily defeated Republican nominee, business consultant Alan Fine, and the Independence nominee, businesswoman Tammy Lee, in the general election.

Democratic-Farmer-Labor primary

Minnesota's 5th congressional district

Candidates

Received nomination

Defeated in primary

Withdrew before primary

Declined to run

DFL endorsement

Before Sabo announced his retirement, he was already being challenged for the party endorsement by professor and anti-Iraq War activist Jack Nelson-Pallmeyer.[12] Nelson-Pallmeyer's campaign was considered to have little to no chance of succeeding.[12] When Sabo announced his retirement several candidates entered the race, seeking the DFL endorsement to replace him.[19] Hennepin County commissioner Gail Dorfman announced her campaign for the seat on March 21, 2006, becoming the first woman to enter the campaign, and assumed the status of one of the frontrunners due to her strong fundraising record.[20]

At the district convention in May, state representative Keith Ellison won the DFL endorsement after four ballots.[21] Ellison winning the endorsement was considered a surprise, as election analysts had predicted a close race between him, Dorfman and former DFL chair Mike Erlandson, but instead Ellison came away with a convincing margin of victory, with Dorfman in second and Erlandson in fourth, behind Nelson-Pallmeyer.[22][23] After being heckled by delegates for refusing to commit to endorsing the winner of the convention, Erlandson left the building and decided to run in the primary anyway. This action angered DFL chair Brian Melendez, who accused Erlandson of disloyalty.[24]

Primary election

In the September primary, the retiring Sabo backed Erlandson. Ellison and Erlandson were joined by state senator Ember Reichgott Junge and Minneapolis City Councillor Paul Ostrow in the primary race, along with several minor candidates.

Junge was widely considered the most moderate candidate, and her campaign was largely focused around healthcare,[25] while Ellison was focused on turning out traditionally overlooked voters, like Somali Americans and members of the LGBT community.[26] However, Ellison's campaign suffered from numerous controversies, such as revelations that he had failed to pay back parking tickets, and that in the early 90s he had written articles praising the Nation of Islam.[27] Erlandson attacked both Ellison and Junge, drawing attention to the controversies Ellison had been involved in, and criticising Junge for numerous votes she had made while a state senator and for being the Minnesota chair of Joe Lieberman's 2004 presidential campaign.[28] Erlandson also emphasised his supposed ability to work with other elected Democrats in order to pass legislation.[29] Ellison went on to win the September 12 primary with 41% of the vote.

Debates

2006 Minnesota's 5th congressional district democratic primary debates
 No.Date & TimeHostModeratorLinkParticipants
Key:
 P  Participant    A  Absent    N  Non-invitee    W  Withdrawn
Gail Dorfman Keith Ellison Mike Erlandson Jack Nelson-Pallmeyer Ember Reichgott Junge Paul Ostrow Jorge Saavedra Gary Schiff
  1[19] 
April 24, 2006
 P P P P P A P P
  2[30] 
July 24, 2006
KFAI, Insight News
 W P P W P P W W
  3[31] 
July 25, 2006
Temple Israel Minneapolis
David Schlecter
 W P P W P P W W
  4[32] 
August 24, 2006
 W P P W P P W W

Endorsements

Gail Dorfman (withdrawn)
State officials
Local officials
Keith Ellison
Executive officials
State officials
Local officials
Individuals
Labor unions
Organizations
Mike Erlandson
Federal officials
State officials
Local officials
Labor unions
Organizations
Newspapers and publications
Ember Reichgott Junge
Labor unions
Organizations
Newspapers and publications
Paul Ostrow
Local officials
Labor unions
Organizations

Results

Democratic primary[4]
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic (DFL) Keith Ellison 29,003 41.21
Democratic (DFL) Mike Erlandson 21,857 31.06
Democratic (DFL) Ember Reichgott Junge 14,454 20.54
Democratic (DFL) Paul Ostrow 3,795 5.39
Democratic (DFL) Andrew Vincent Favorite 470 0.67
Democratic (DFL) Gregg A. Iverson 448 0.64
Democratic (DFL) Patrick J. Wiles 347 0.49
Total votes 70,374 100.00

Republican primary

Despite the heavy Democratic lean of the 5th district, Republicans were hopeful that with Sabo's retirement, their candidate would perform well.[38] Before Sabo announced his retirement, two Republicans had already announced campaigns, Tim Anderson and James Turnham.[39] However, by May the 3rd, both had dropped out, with Turnham citing "some unfortunate circumstances" as his reason for doing so,[40] paving the way for business consultant Alan Fine to receive the party's nomination.[41] Viewed as a moderate Republican, Fine was pro-choice, and his campaign was noted in its early days for its gentleness, with Fine himself often playing the piano at campaign events.[38]

Candidates

Withdrawn

Results

Republican primary[4]
Party Candidate Votes %
Republican Alan Fine 7,352 100.00
Total votes 7,352 100.00

Independence Primary

Independence primary[4]
Party Candidate Votes %
Independence Tammy Lee 1,086 100.00
Total votes 1,086 100.00

General election

Jay Pond

Candidates

Campaign

Following Ellison's victory in the DFL primary, Fine and Lee immediately started campaigning.[49] Ellison promised to run a campaign on the "issues", and accused his opponents of attempting to steer the conversation towards his controversies because "on the issues they're in... big trouble".[49] Ellison also attempted to de-emphasise his religion while campaigning.[50] Fine's campaign largely focused on Ellison's past ties to the Nation of Islam and Louis Farrakhan, while Lee's campaign emphasised her fiscal centrism, declaring that Fine was too conservative to beat Ellison.[49] In contrast to Fine and Lee, Pond declared that Ellison was insufficiently liberal, stating that he had not been fast enough to denounce the Iraq War.[49] However, Pond largely failed to gain traction, which was attributed to Ellison's staunch progressivism drawing off left-wing support that Pond might otherwise have received.[51]

In contrast to the genial tone his campaign had taken during the primaries, Fine's general election campaign took a staunchly combative turn.[52] Special attention was drawn to Fine's comments after Ellison had won the primary, when he stated "I’m extremely concerned about Keith Ellison, Keith Hakim, Keith X Ellison, Keith Ellison Muhammad", referring to various pseudonyms Ellison had used when he was in college.[53] These remarks were seen by some as racist, and one of Fine's brothers, Robert Fine, wrote a letter to Ellison denouncing his brother's comments.[53] Fine's campaign was also wracked by allegations that he had abused his former wife in 1995, first revealed in a story by Star Tribune reporter Rochelle Olson.[54] Fine strongly denied the allegations, claiming that Olson had ties to Ellison, and accused the Star Tribune of trying to "rig the election".[55][56]

Lee capitalized on Ellison's controversies by securing endorsements from a coalition of Minnesota Democrats, including Kathleen Anderson, Sabo's long-time district director.[57] Anderson labelled Ellison a "scofflaw" and stated that Lee was the only candidate "honorable" enough to carry on Sabo's legacy.[58] Lee's campaign was largely focused around winning voters in the more moderate, suburban area of South Minneapolis.[59] As the campaign continued, Lee was widely considered to be in second place, and several Republican officials attempted to convince Fine to drop out of the race in order to prevent the anti-Ellison vote from being split, but he refused.[60]

Media coverage of the race outside of Minnesota largely focused around Ellison's status as the possible first Muslim member of the United States Congress.[61] This focus was criticised both by Ellison's campaign and by Columbia Journalism Review, which found that the media was shoehorning Ellison's religion into articles where it was not relevant, and that the media was not giving anything other than a surface-level depiction of Islam, noting that only the St. Petersburg Times had stated whether Ellison was a Shia or Sunni in their coverage.[61] In contrast, Columbia Journalism Review praised the Star Tribune's coverage of the race, finding that it was more substantial than the coverage in newspapers based outside of Minnesota.[61] Fine strongly criticised the media's coverage of the race, stating that they had not covered Ellison's controversies enough and that they were not discussing the political positions of the candidates.[52]

Sabo's support

During the primary run, departing Representative Sabo had endorsed and donated money to the campaign of his longtime chief of staff, Mike Erlandson.[62] When Ellison won the primary and his campaign manager contacted him, Sabo said that he "wouldn't be supporting anyone in the race".[62] Sabo donated funds to the general election campaigns of many Minnesota Democrats, including Coleen Rowley, Patty Wetterling, Tim Walz, and Amy Klobuchar, but none to Ellison. Several Democrats were disappointed with Sabo's refusal to endorse Ellison.[63][57] Sabo allowed a picture of himself with Lee to be used in her campaign literature, and in response to this an anonymous individual set up a site designed to look like Lee's campaign website, wherein they accused Sabo of being motivated by racism in his refusal to endorse Ellison.[64] This website was later revealed to have been created by activist Chris Stewart, who in 2006 was elected to the Minneapolis Board of Education.[65]

Debates

Ellison, Fine and Lee debate at Beth El Synagogue on October 17, 2006

There were several debates held over the course of the race, along with numerous forums.[56]

On October 17 two debates were held on the same night, one hosted by Air America and one hosted by the Beth El synagogue. All four major candidates on the ballot were invited to the Air America debate, though Fine did not attend.[66] Pond was not invited to the Beth El debate, though he did attend it as a member of the audience, and upon seeing him Ellison and Lee escorted him onto the stage in order for him to participate. However, the debate officials refused to allow him to do so, and Pond returned to his seat.[56] In an analysis of the Beth El debate, journalist and blogger David Zingler stated that Fine was the "least impressive" debater, finding that he was answering questions with "rambling dissertations that border on incoherent".[56]

Shortly prior to the fourth debate, which was held by several student groups at the University of Minnesota, Julian Santana, who was running a write-in campaign for the seat as the nominee of the Socialist Workers Party, unexpectedly showed up, and was allowed to participate.[46] Lee was widely regarded as the winner of the debate, though Pond was also regarded as having a strong performance.[46]

2006 Minnesota's 5th congressional district general election debates
 No.Date & TimeHostModeratorLinkParticipants
Key:
 P  Participant    A  Absent    N  Non-invitee  
Keith Ellison Alan Fine Tammy Lee Jay Pond Julian Santana
  1[67] 
September 15, 2006
Gary Eichten
 P P P N N
  2[66] 
October 17, 2006
 P A P P N
  3[56] 
October 17, 2006
Beth El Synagogue
Esme Murphy
 P P P N N
  4[46] 
October 18, 2006
Joel Kindler
 P P P P P

Endorsements

Keith Ellison (DFL)
Executive officials
Federal officials
State officials
Local officials
Party officials
Individuals
Labor unions
Organizations
Newspapers and publications
Tammy Lee (IM)
Federal officials
State officials
Individuals
Newspapers and publications

Results

2006 Minnesota's 5th congressional district election[48]
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic (DFL) Keith Ellison 136,060 55.56
Republican Alan Fine 52,264 21.34
Independence Tammy Lee 51,456 21.01
Green Jay Pond 4,792 1.94
Independent Write-ins 334 0.14
Total votes 244,905 100.00

Reactions

Ellison's victory made him the first Muslim member of congress, as well as the first African-American congressman from Minnesota.[75] Ellison's win was positively received by Muslim communities in the United States, who viewed it as an affirmation of their ability to advance politically.[68] Incumbent congressman Sabo congratulated Ellison on his victory, stating "He has a big task in front of him and I wish him well". Sabo also cautioned Ellison against letting his high-profile status become a liability.[76] After his victory, Ellison was denounced by users on the salafist message board Al-Hesbah, who deemed him "the first Jewish Muslim that goes to Congress" and "[a] one-way ticket to hell".[77] Ellison announced that he would use a Quran when being sworn into his seat, a decision which led to the Quran oath controversy of the 110th United States Congress.[78]

References

  1. ↑ "MPR: Campaign 2006: U.S. Congress: 5th District: Keith Ellison". Minnesota Public Radio. Retrieved December 4, 2011.
  2. ↑ "MPR: Campaign 2006: U.S. Congress: 5th District: Mike Erlandson". Minnesota Public Radio. Retrieved December 4, 2011.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 "U.S. Representative, District 5". Star Tribune. September 6, 2006. Retrieved January 15, 2022.
  4. 1 2 3 4 "Results for US Representative District 05". Minnesota Secretary of State. 2006. Retrieved March 15, 2021.
  5. ↑ "MPR: Campaign 2006: U.S. Congress: 5th District: Ember Reichgott Junge". Minnesota Public Radio. Retrieved December 4, 2011.
  6. ↑ "MPR: Campaign 2006: U.S. Congress: 5th District: Paul Ostrow". Minnesota Public Radio. Retrieved December 4, 2011.
  7. 1 2 3 "U.S. House of Representatives". Star Tribune. September 6, 2006. Retrieved January 15, 2022.
  8. ↑ "MPR: Campaign 2006: U.S. Congress: 5th District: Gail Dorfman". Minnesota Public Radio. Retrieved December 4, 2011.
  9. 1 2 "DFLers pick Ellison to replace Sabo". Star Tribune. May 7, 2006. pp. B11. Retrieved April 14, 2022.
  10. ↑ "MPR: Campaign 2006: U.S. Congress: 5th District: Anne Knapp". Minnesota Public Radio. Retrieved December 4, 2011.
  11. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Cox, Craig (May 7, 2006). "Ellison wins DFL endorsement to succeed Sabo". Twin Cities Daily Planet. Archived from the original on October 25, 2020. Retrieved March 24, 2021.
  12. 1 2 3 "MPR: Campaign 2006: U.S. Congress: 5th District: Jack Nelson-Pallmeyer". Minnesota Public Radio. Retrieved December 4, 2011.
  13. ↑ "MPR: Campaign 2006: U.S. Congress: 5th District: Jon Olson". Minnesota Public Radio. Retrieved December 4, 2011.
  14. ↑ "MPR: Campaign 2006: U.S. Congress: 5th District: Jorge Saavedra". Minnesota Public Radio. Retrieved December 4, 2011.
  15. ↑ "MPR: Campaign 2006: U.S. Congress: 5th District: Gary Schiff". Minnesota Public Radio. Retrieved December 4, 2011.
  16. ↑ "MPR: Campaign 2006: U.S. Congress: 7th District: Erik Thompson". Minnesota Public Radio. Retrieved December 4, 2011.
  17. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Cox, Craig (March 21, 2006). "Dorfman enters race for Sabo's seat". Twin Cities Daily Planet. Retrieved March 28, 2021.
  18. 1 2 3 4 5 Pugmire, Tim; Lohn, Martiga (March 18, 2006). "Tearful Martin Sabo announces retirement from Congress". MPR News. Retrieved March 28, 2021.
  19. 1 2 Baxter, Annie (April 24, 2006). "Fifth District congressional candidates hold first debate". MPR News. Retrieved March 26, 2021.
  20. ↑ Cox, Craig (March 21, 2006). "Dorfman enters race for Sabo's seat". Twin Cities Daily Planet. Retrieved July 12, 2021.
  21. ↑ Scheck, Tom (May 6, 2006). "MPR: Keith Ellison wins endorsement in 5th District". MPR News. Retrieved December 4, 2011.
  22. 1 2 3 4 5 "DFL Party, Candidates Apprehensive of Ellison's Victory". Twin Cities Daily Planet. September 22, 2006. Archived from the original on March 15, 2021. Retrieved March 15, 2021.
  23. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Robson, Britt (August 30, 2006). "Running Man". City Pages. Archived from the original on January 8, 2007. Retrieved November 10, 2006.
  24. ↑ Scheck, Tom (July 6, 2006). "Former party chief now bucks the party process". MPR News. Archived from the original on September 24, 2020. Retrieved February 22, 2021.
  25. ↑ Robson, Britt (August 9, 2006). "Junge at Heart". City Pages. Archived from the original on March 18, 2008. Retrieved March 26, 2021.
  26. 1 2 3 4 Schneider, Gabe; Kaul, Greta (August 17, 2020). "Omar's primary victory affirms progressives' control of Minnesota's Fifth District". MinnPost. Archived from the original on January 17, 2021. Retrieved March 15, 2021.
  27. ↑ Abernethy, Bob; Lazaro, Fred de Sam (October 13, 2006). "Keith Ellison: Muslim Congressional Candidate". PBS. Archived from the original on September 10, 2013. Retrieved March 27, 2021.
  28. ↑ Scheck, Tom (September 7, 2006). "Rivals say Erlandson crosses the line". MPR News. Retrieved March 24, 2021.
  29. ↑ McIntee, Mike (May 31, 2006). "Back in the race, Erlandson hopes to move forward". Twin Cities Daily Planet. Retrieved April 30, 2021.
  30. ↑ Scheck, Tom (July 24, 2006). "DFLers face off in 5th district debate". MPR News. Retrieved March 26, 2021.
  31. ↑ Williams, Brandt (July 26, 2006). "5th district candidates debate Mideast policy". The Current. Retrieved May 13, 2021.
  32. ↑ "5th District DFL congressional candidates debate". MPR News. August 24, 2006. Retrieved March 26, 2021.
  33. 1 2 Scheck, Tom (June 30, 2006). "Keith Ellison dogged by his past". MPR News. Retrieved March 16, 2021.
  34. 1 2 3 4 5 Scheck, Tom (August 31, 2006). "Endorsements in the 5th Congressional District". MPR News. Retrieved March 24, 2021.
  35. ↑ Scheck, Tom (August 31, 2006). "5th District DFLers debate the details of Iraq war". MPR News. Retrieved March 24, 2021.
  36. ↑ Olson, Rochelle (September 6, 2006). "Hoping to succeed his ex-boss". Star Tribune. Retrieved April 17, 2022.
  37. ↑ Cooperman, Alan (September 11, 2006). "Muslim Candidate Plays Defense Lead Shrinks as Minnesota Democrat Repudiates Association With Farrakhan". The Washington Post. Retrieved March 16, 2021.
  38. 1 2 Grow, Doug (August 19, 2006). "Alan Fine is a pol with a tune, not just a song-and-dance". Star Tribune. Archived from the original on October 5, 2006.
  39. 1 2 McKenzie, Sarah (March 27, 2006). "Sabo is out; who will be in?". Southwest Journal. Retrieved March 24, 2021.
  40. ↑ "James Turnam for Congress". James Turnham. 2006. Archived from the original on September 4, 2006. Retrieved March 28, 2021.
  41. 1 2 3 Collins, Bob (May 3, 2006). "5th District drop-out". MPR News. Archived from the original on April 4, 2021. Retrieved March 24, 2021.
  42. 1 2 "5th District: Alan Fine". Minnesota Public Radio. 2006.
  43. ↑ "5th District: Tammy Lee". Minnesota Public Radio. 2006.
  44. ↑ "Jay Pond - Biographical Information". Jaypond.org. Archived from the original on November 8, 2006. Retrieved November 21, 2006.
  45. ↑
  46. 1 2 3 4 Blanchard, Courtney (October 19, 2006). "U.S. House hopefuls debate on U campus". Minnesota Daily. Retrieved March 26, 2021.
  47. ↑ "Minneapolis Mayoral Race". Minnesota Public Radio. 2001. Retrieved March 26, 2021.
  48. 1 2 3 "Minnesota Secretary of State, Election Results for 2006 General Election, 5th Congressional District". Minnesota Secretary of State. Archived from the original on May 13, 2010. Retrieved December 4, 2011.
  49. 1 2 3 4 Scheck, Tom (September 13, 2006). "Fine comes out swinging". MPR News. Retrieved March 15, 2021.
  50. ↑ Soliman, Ahmed M. (2007). Born in the USA. iUniverse. p. 48. ISBN 9780595441440.
  51. ↑ VanDerVeen, Kari (November 20, 2006). "Ellison credits grassroots campaign for victory". Southwest Journal. Retrieved March 25, 2021.
  52. 1 2 VanDerVeen, Kari (October 9, 2006). "All fired up". Southwest Journal. Retrieved March 25, 2021.
  53. 1 2 MacFarquhar, Neil (October 8, 2006). "Democrat Poised to Become First Muslim in Congress". The New York Times. Retrieved March 16, 2021.
  54. ↑ "Congressional candidate faced '95 domestic violence charge". La Crosse Tribune. Associated Press. October 8, 2006. Archived from the original on March 24, 2021. Retrieved March 24, 2021.
  55. ↑ Collins, Bob (October 11, 2006). "5th District forum". MPR News. Retrieved March 24, 2021.
  56. 1 2 3 4 5 Zingler, David; Collins, Bob (October 18, 2006). "Zingler on 5th District debate". MPR News. Retrieved March 24, 2021.
  57. 1 2 3 4 Olson, Rochelle (November 1, 2006). "Tammy Lee endorsed by 12 local officials of various parties". Star Tribune. Retrieved January 1, 2022.
  58. ↑ Scheck, Tom (October 18, 2006). "Martin Sabo's District Director endorses Tammy Lee". MPR News. Archived from the original on March 15, 2021. Retrieved March 15, 2021.
  59. ↑ Williams, Brandt (October 30, 2006). "Campaigning heats up in the 5th Congressional District". MPR News. Retrieved March 24, 2021.
  60. ↑ Casselmann, Barry (November 4, 2006). "A Surprise in Minnesota?". RealClearPolitics. Retrieved July 14, 2021.
  61. 1 2 3 Colby, Edward (November 3, 2006). "The Pigeon-Holing of Keith Ellison (Congress' First Muslim?)". Columbia Journalism Review. Retrieved March 16, 2021.
  62. 1 2 Frommer, Frederic J. (March 11, 2006). "Retiring congressman gives cold shoulder to likely successor". Taiwan News. Associated Press. Retrieved April 30, 2021.
  63. ↑ "Why hasn't Sabo endorsed Ellison?". KSTP. November 2, 2006. Archived from the original on May 24, 2011. Retrieved November 21, 2006.
  64. ↑ Keller, Bob (November 7, 2006). "Parody Web site blasts Sabo's endorsement of Lee". Twin Cities Daily Planet. Archived from the original on October 24, 2020. Retrieved March 25, 2021.
  65. ↑ Brauer, David (February 2, 2010). "Minneapolis School Board member Chris Stewart won't run for re-election". MinnPost. Retrieved March 26, 2021.
  66. 1 2 Olson, Rochelle (October 18, 2006). "Iraq is hot topic in fifth district debate". Star Tribune. Retrieved January 1, 2022.
  67. ↑ Scheck, Tom (September 15, 2006). "The 5th District debate". MPR News. Retrieved March 24, 2021.
  68. 1 2 3 "First Muslim congressman elected". BBC News. November 8, 2006. Retrieved March 17, 2021.
  69. 1 2 Vanderveen, Kari (September 25, 2006). "Ellison comes away with strong win in DFL primary". Southwest Journal. Retrieved March 15, 2021.
  70. ↑ "Esquire Endorses America". Esquire. November 1, 2006. Retrieved July 12, 2021.
  71. ↑ "Keith Ellison for District 5". Minnesota Daily. November 2, 2006. Retrieved March 26, 2021.
  72. ↑ "Editorial: Ellison, Wetterling, Peterson, Oberstar". Star Tribune. October 25, 2006. Archived from the original on November 9, 2006. Retrieved July 12, 2021.
  73. ↑ Collins, Bob (June 22, 2006). "Tidbits from the 5th". MPR News. Retrieved March 24, 2021.
  74. 1 2 "Governor Jesse Ventura Endorses Tammy Lee for Congress: Lavender Also Endorses Lee". Lavender Magazine. October 2017. Archived from the original on November 1, 2006. Retrieved March 28, 2021.
  75. ↑ MacFarquhar, Neil (November 10, 2006). "Muslim's Election Is Celebrated Here and in Mideast". The New York Times. Retrieved November 11, 2006.
  76. ↑ Scheck, Tom (December 20, 2006). "Sabo leaves politics as he served: low-key". MPR News. Retrieved July 12, 2021.
  77. ↑ Meek, James Gordon (November 12, 2006). "Jihadists trash Muslim U.S. Rep". New York Daily News. Retrieved March 17, 2021.
  78. ↑ Howsare, Erika (December 19, 2006). "Anti-Muslim letter goes out to hundreds - not all are amused". Charlottesville Weekly. Archived from the original on December 11, 2008. Retrieved December 20, 2006.

Further reading

  • "Warning: GOP smear campaign just ahead". Star Tribune. September 15, 2006. p. 18A.
  • Grow, Doug (September 15, 2006). "Star Tribune, Minneapolis, Doug Grow column". Star Tribune.
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