Skytrack long duration exposure of the International Space Station
The Baker-Nunn satellite tracking camera.

Satellite watching or satellite spotting is a hobby which consists of the observation and tracking of artificial satellites that are orbiting Earth.[1] People with this hobby are variously called satellite watchers, trackers, spotters, observers, etc. Since satellites outside Earth's shadow reflect sunlight, those especially in low Earth orbit may visibly glint (or "flare") as they traverse the observer's sky, usually during twilight.

History

Amateur satellite spotting traces back to the days of early artificial satellites when the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory launched the Operation Moonwatch program in 1956 to enlist amateur astronomers in an early citizen science effort to track Soviet sputniks.[2] The program was an analog to the World War II Ground Observer Corps citizen observation program to spot enemy bombers.[3] Moonwatch was crucial until professional stations were deployed in 1958. The program was discontinued in 1975.[4] The people who had been involved continued to track satellites however and began to concentrate on satellites that had been omitted from the Satellite Catalog (deliberately), these satellites are from the US and other, allied, countries.

In February 2008 the front page of The New York Times hosted an article about an amateur satellite watcher Ted Molczan in relation to the story about falling American spy satellite USA-193. American officials were reluctant to provide information about the satellite, and instead, Ted Molczan, as the article says, "uncovers some of the deepest of the government’s expensive secrets and shares them on the Internet."[5] Molczan participates with a group of other sky-watchers who have created a "network of amateur sky-watchers and satellite observers" who focus on "spotting secret intelligence-gathering satellites launched by the United States, Russia and China."[6] As of 2017, the amateurs continue to make their sightings and analysis public on the internet via an electronic mailing list called SeeSat-L,[6] just as they had a decade earlier, since they began the practice in the previous century in days of the early internet.[5]

Prior to 2008, NASA's Orbital Information Group had been providing free information about over 10,000 objects in Earth orbit. Recently this was identified as a security threat, and a pilot program was launched in 2008 to replace the NASA OIG website with a US Air Force site (Space-Track.org) with somewhat more controlled access.[7] The practice by the militaries of countries such as the United States to not distribute all of their satellite orbital data can be counteracted by the skills of satellite watchers, who can calculate the orbits of many military satellites.[6]

As the digital revolution continued to advance in the 2000s, many planetarium and satellite tracking computer programs to aid satellite spotting emerged.[1] In the 2010s, accompanied by the development of augmented reality (AR) technologies, satellite watching programs for mobile devices have been developed.[8] During the 64th International Astronautical Congress 2013 in Beijing a citizen science method to track satellite beacon signals by a Distributed Ground Station Network (DGSN) was presented.[9][10] The purpose of this network at announcement was to support small satellites and cubesats projects of universities.

In 2019, amateur sky-watchers analyzed the high-resolution photograph of an Iranian launch site accident tweeted by US President Trump and identified the specific classified spysat (USA-224, a KH-11 satellite with an objective mirror as large as the Hubble Space Telescope) that had taken the photograph, and when it was taken.[11][12]

Spotting satellites

Satellite watching started by being done with the naked eye or with the aid of binoculars since predictions of when they would be visible was difficult; most low Earth orbit satellites also move too quickly to be tracked easily by the telescopes available to astronomers. It is this movement, as the satellite tracks across the night sky, that makes them possible to see.[11] As with any sky-watching pastime, the darker the sky the better, so hobbyists will meet with better success further away from light-polluted urban areas.

Today most observers use digital still cameras or video cameras; imagery is put into Astrometry software to generate the angles needed to generate "observations" that are used to calculate orbits of the satellites imaged.

Because geosynchronous satellites move slowly relative to the viewer[13] they can be difficult to find and were not typically sought when satellite watching.[14] However, with digital cameras it is easy to photograph most high-altitude satellites.

Although to the observer low Earth orbit satellites can move at a similar speed as high altitude commercial aircraft, individual satellites can be faster or slower; they do not all move at the same speed. Individual satellites never deviate in their velocity (speed and direction).[15] They can be distinguished from aircraft because satellites do not leave contrails and do not have red and green navigation lights. They are lit solely by the reflection of sunlight from solar panels or other surfaces. A satellite's brightness sometimes changes as it moves across the sky. Occasionally a satellite will 'flare' as it changes orientation relative to the viewer, suddenly increasing in reflectivity.[16] Satellites often grow dimmer and are more difficult to see toward the horizons.[1] Because reflected sunlight is necessary to see satellites, the best viewing times are for a few hours immediately after nightfall and a few hours before dawn. Given the number of satellites now in orbit, a fifteen-minute session of sky watching will generally yield at least one satellite passing overhead.

Satellite watcher clubs

There are many satellite watcher clubs, which collect observations and issue awards for observations according to various rules.[1]

  • The Astronomical League has the Earth Orbiting Satellite Observers Club.[17]
  • SeeSat-L is the internet list of an amateur sky-watching group that focuses on spotting the military intelligence-gathering satellites of the United States, Russia and China. Many of these satellites are "visible with the naked eye and require only data-sharing to pinpoint."[6][5]

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 "Satellite Watching". hobbyspace.com. 2013. Retrieved 2 September 2019.
  2. ↑ "Operation Moonwatch Begins". Siris-sihistory.si.edu. Smithsonian Institution. 1957. Retrieved 29 August 2019. Torch, 9/1956, p. 1, Annual Report of the Smithsonian Institution for the year 1957, p. 8, 74
  3. ↑ "Smithsonian Astronomers Keep Hectic Pace", a 1957 article
  4. ↑ "Remembering "Project Moonwatch"". Sky & Telescope. 22 August 2007. Retrieved 30 August 2019.
  5. 1 2 3 Schwartz, John (5 February 2008). "Satellite Spotters Glimpse Secrets, and Tell Them". New York Times. Archived from the original on 25 May 2019. Retrieved 25 May 2019. the satellite spotters who, needing little more than a pair of binoculars, a stop watch and star charts, uncover some of the deepest of the government's expensive secrets and share them on the Internet. Thousands of people form the spotter community. Many look for historical relics of the early space age, working from publicly available orbital information. Others watch for phenomena like the distinctive flare of sunlight glinting off bright solar panels of some telephone satellites. Still others are drawn to the secretive world of spy satellites.
  6. 1 2 3 4 Clark, Stephen (24 May 2017). "Observers spot top secret satellite launched by SpaceX earlier this month". Spaceflight Now. Archived from the original on 9 May 2019. Retrieved 25 May 2019.
  7. ↑ "Satellite watchers worried about Air Force restrictions" Archived 2006-04-06 at the Wayback Machine
  8. ↑ "Satellite Augmented Reality" Archived 2016-03-05 at the Wayback Machine iPhone Satellite Augmented Reality
  9. ↑ "Distributed Ground Station Network - A Global System For Tracking And Communication With Small Satellites As An Open Service" Archived 2013-11-06 at the Wayback Machine, paper for IAC 2013 in Beijing on SlideShare
  10. ↑ "Distributed Ground Station Network @ International Astronautical Congress 2013" Archived 2016-12-05 at the Wayback Machine, presentation during the IAC 2013 in Beijing (YouTube)
  11. 1 2 Brumfiel, Geoff (2 September 2019). "Amateurs Identify U.S. Spy Satellite Behind President Trump's Tweet". National Public Radio. Retrieved 2 September 2019. a small community of amateur satellite trackers was far more interested in the picture than the words. These individuals use backyard telescopes to watch satellites whizzing across the sky, and they know where most of them are—even classified ones like USA 224. 'They're super bright in the sky and are easy to find,' says Michael Thompson, a graduate student in astrodynamics at Purdue University who spots satellites in his spare time. Once a satellite is seen, it's relatively easy to work out exactly where it will be at any point in future. 'Using math to calculate an orbit is really easy,' he says.
  12. ↑ Oberhaus, Daniel (3 September 2019). "Trump Tweeted a Sensitive Photo. Internet Sleuths Decoded It". Wired. Retrieved 4 September 2019. Since the trajectories of classified satellites are not published by the Department of Defense, Langbroek had to rely on orbit data collected by a global network of amateur spy-satellite hunters. This community obsessively documents the movements of classified objects in space, often using little more than binoculars, a stopwatch, and a basic knowledge of orbital mechanics. But despite the low-tech observation techniques, their predictions of satellite movements are often accurate to within a few seconds. ... This is the first time in three and a half decades that an image has become public that reveals the sophistication of US spy satellites in orbit.
  13. ↑ "Geostationary orbit" at Wikipedia.com
  14. ↑ "Observing Geostationary Satellites" Archived 2014-10-08 at the Wayback Machine at Satobs.org
  15. ↑ "Three classes of orbit" Archived 2014-08-16 at the Wayback Machine at Nasa Earth Observatory
  16. ↑ "Satellite flare" at Wikipedia.com
  17. ↑ ""Earth Orbiting Satellite Observers Club"". Archived from the original on 2008-02-27. Retrieved 2008-02-14.
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