Battle of Tha Nang Sang Bridge

Battle of Tha Nang Sang Bridge in 8 December 1941 between the Imperial Japanese Army and Thai forces, consist of officers from the Royal Thai Army, Thai policemen and Thai junior soldiers, at Chumphon Province, Thailand.(Diorama at National Memorial)

On the first day of the Japanese invasion of Southeast Asia (8 December 1941), the Japanese Army sent troops to many parts of Chumphon Province. At Ma Hat Bay, the Japanese forces landed on beaches stretching from Ban Pak Nam Chumphon to Ban Kho Son. The 38th Infantry Battalion of the Royal Thai Army, about 17 km away, was too far away to intercept the initial invaders in time. As a result, roughly 100 of the reserve students and the local police force had to hold the numerically superior Japanese army at bay from positions on the west side of Tha Nang Sang Bridge until the 38th Infantry could arrive.

The force of reserve students and policemen sent their 1st Light Machine Gun Company across the bridge at 08:00. They then went through Wat Tha Yang Tai to block any Japanese reinforcements. The commander of 38th Infantry wished to send his 4th Heavy Machine Gun Company across the bridge to protect the government buildings on the Tha Taphoa River, but the Japanese troops fired upon the Thai defenders from the other side of the river. The reserve students, under command of Captain Thawin Niyomsen, commander of the Chumphon Junior Soldiers Training Centre, charged cross the bridge to seize strategic points on the east side. Under heavy Japanese fire, Captain Thawin was killed when he attempted to find a new position for his light machine gun squad. The remaining students, now headed by Sergeant Samran Khuanphan from the training centre, were able to maintain their position, and waited for friendly reinforcements. Thailand, however, surrendered to Japan before noon.^[1]

Royal Thai Army

Territorial Defense students have to study 80 hours per year and attend a period of field training, but commonly only for Grade 2 through Grade 5 students. The students must have a perfect presence for training course and are not allowed to skip any exams. At the end of every semester territorial defense students have to pass an exam to continue their study at the next grade.

Territorial Defense students have to pass:

• Marksmanship test using a rifle, where the test parameters are related to grade
• Paper test of multiple-choice questions (Only for year 3 to 5 students)
• Physical test covering procedures, use of tools, and discipline learned during the year
• Field training, for year 2 and above students.

Field training

Field training lengths (dependent on grade and gender of the student):

• Grade 2; male: three days
• Grade 3; male: five days
• Grade 4-5; male: seven days
• Grade 2-3; female: three days
• Grade 4-5; female: five days

Field training occurs at Khao Chon Kai Training Camp for Grade 2 and 3 students studying at a territorial defense training centre within the Bangkok Metropolitan Area or the central region of Thailand, and all Grade 4 and 5 students from throughout the country. For Grade 2 and 3 students studying in other areas, the field training occurs at the respective training centre's designated area.

Perks of graduation

Territorial defense students gain the following perks, depending on the training years they have passed.

• Students who complete Grade 1 are equivalent to private first class and their service period as conscript will be reduced by six months.
  • Reduced by another six months, if voluntary.
• Students who complete Grade 2 are equivalent to corporal and their service period as conscript will be reduced down to one year.
  • Reduced by another six months, if voluntary.
• Students who complete Grade 3 are equivalent to sergeant, and are exempt from conscription.
  • Those who wish may request to use the said rank title.
• Students who complete Grade 4 are equivalent to staff sergeant.
• Students who complete Grade 5 and their bachelor's degree are commissioned as acting second lieutenants.
  • As an equivalent of an off-duty commission officier, they are allowed to dress in officer uniform in any occasions (and carry sabres) as applicable.^[2]

In addition, they gain an additional total score when they take admission exams for application to military academies of the Armed Forces and the Police. Graduating the first grade gives 3 marks to add to total score, and one more mark is added for each subsequent years. (Up to 7 total marks)

Royal Thai Navy

Territorial defense training was introduced in 2009 for the Royal Thai Navy, only for students and youth living nearby the Sattahip Naval Base in Chonburi Province. About 90 students are accepted each year and training is done at the Sattahip Naval Base. Upon reaching Grade 3, students will then further separate into one of the three smaller units operated separately by:

• The Royal Thai Marine Corps
• Coastal Defense Command
• Strategic Naval Command

Royal Thai Air Force

Territorial defense training was introduced in 2006 and available until Grade 5 by 2010 for the Royal Thai Air Force, only for students studying in polytechnic colleges within the locale of the Don Muang Royal Thai Air Force Base, Bangkok. The study will involve only about the mechanical side of the air force only.

Small arms

Name	Type	Caliber	Origin	Notes
Type 86	Semi-automatic pistol	.45 ACP	Thailand	M1911A1 pistols produced under license.
Type 11	Assault rifle	5.56mm	Thailand	Thai license produced version of the Heckler & Koch HK33. Used by territorial defense students.
M16A1/A2/A4	Assault rifle	5.56mm	United States	Standard infantry rifle. Aging M16A1 will be replaced by IMI Tavor TAR-21 and M16A4.
M4A1 Carbine	Assault rifle	5.56mm	United States	Used by special forces. Some were equipped with SOPMOD kit.
M1 Garand	Semi-automatic rifle	.30-06	United States	Locally known as the Type 88 self-loading rifle. Used by Royal Guards and by territorial defense students as a non-firing training rifle.
M1/M2 Carbine	Semi-automatic rifle	.30	United States	Locally known as the Type 87 carbine. Used by territorial defense students as a non-firing training rifle.
Type 66	Bolt-action rifle	6.5x50mm Arisaka	Thailand	Some document claim that it is Arisaka produced under license but another document claim that it origin from Switzerland. Locally known as the Type 66 self-loading rifle (ปลยบ.66).Used by territorial defense students as a non-firing training rifle
Springfield	Bolt-action rifle	.30-06 Springfield	United States	Used in small numbers and only some boot camp.
FN MINIMI	Light machine gun	5.56mm	Belgium
M60 machine gun	General purpose machine gun	7.62mm	United States	Former main GPMG being replaced by FN MAG 58
FN M2HB	Heavy machine gun	12.7mm	United States
M203	Underbarrel Grenade launcher		United States
M79	Single-shot grenade launcher		United States
M72 LAW	Shoulder-fired missile		United States
RPG-2	Rocket-propelled grenade		Soviet Union
RPG-7	Rocket-propelled grenade		Soviet Union

Training years and rankings

Each student's training year can be distinguished by rectangular Thai Numeral ranging from 1 to 5 on a khaki-background tag. For command students, they are distinguished with colored background and pentagonal-shaped number tag. The official colorings are as follow.^[3]

• "Green": Platoon Leader
• "Red": Company Leader
• "Light Blue": Leader of Students(equivalent rank of Battalion leader)

In practice, the command student's ranking can go up to battalion or even regiment. These off-document ranks employ off-document insignia such as armbands with text notation. Such notations can also be employed for lower positions, as command students do not inherit their status into the Field Training.